我国云南西北部箭竹属一新种和井冈寒竹的中文名称

新种香格里拉箭竹近似黑穗箭竹Fargesia melanostachys(Hand-Mazz.)Yi,但秆的节间幼时被淡黄色小刺毛;笋无毛;箨鞘稍短于节间,无毛,鞘口繸毛3枚～8枚;箨舌截平形,有时呈三角形或弧形,基部两侧不下延;叶片次脉2～3对,小横脉清晰,容易于区别。井冈寒竹属Gelidocalamus Wen的模式种是井冈寒竹Gelidocalamus stellatusWen,按照植物中文名称的用法,不适宜称井冈短枝竹。     

川滇竹类新植物

本文报道了产于四川、云南的竹类二新种及一新组合。新种是屏山方竹和翼箨箭竹;新组合是落叶箭竹。     

四川方竹属一新种

本文报导了四川方竹属一新种,即蜘蛛竹Chimonobambusa zhizhuzhu Yi。这个新种与屏山方竹Ch.pingshanensis Yi et J.Y.Shi相近似,但节间初时灰绿色,密被灰色瘤基小硬毛,很粗糙;气生根刺在每节上（5）14枚～25枚,较短,长1.5 mm～2 mm;箨鞘背面紫褐色,被淡黄白色斑块,箨片直立;小枝具叶1枚～2（3）枚,叶鞘无毛,边缘亦无纤毛;叶耳及鞘口繸毛缺失或稀具1枚～2枚纤弱繸毛,易于区别。     

海南单竹属一新种

秆直立,高达9米,直径达4.8厘米,竹材厚约11毫米,节间圆柱形,最下部节间全部无毛,嫩时具显著的紫色条纹和紫色斑点。秆箨脱落性;背面被紧贴的黑褐色刺毛,嫩时具紫色斑纹,顶端弓形下凹;箨耳近扇形或狭长圆形;箨舌高约3.2毫米,边缘具长而基部粗糙的流苏状毛,箨片常外反,卵状披针形,基部截形,近基部边缘具长纤毛,秆枝簇生,主枝长而粗,小枝通常具叶5～8枚;叶耳卵形;叶舌高约0.5毫米;叶片披针形或长圆状披针形,长5～12厘米,宽6～19毫米,背面密被短柔毛,次脉4～5对。假小穗紫色或淡     

中国竹亚科分类系统之我见

1974年以来，竹亚科不仅发现了众多的新分类群，还从一些重要器官的形态解剖特征等对竹亚科系统分类有了较清晰的认识。本文从地下茎及其类型、秆、枝、芽、秆箨及叶等来作为鉴定与分类的重要依据。又将国产竹亚科的属分为4个族：竹族、倭竹族、节柱竹族与北美箭竹族。41个属。     

安徽野生竹类一新记录属及一新种

本文报道了安徽野生竹类一个新记录属－－矢竹属Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｓａｓａ，并描述了该属一个新种短箨茶秆竹Ｐ．ｂｒｅｖｉｖａｇｉｎａｔａ。该种产于皖西大别山区，与鸡公山茶杆竹Ｐ．ｍａｃｕｌｉｆｅｒａ和庐山茶秆竹Ｐ．ｈｉｒｔａ在地理分布上比较靠近。这些竹种可能为该属植物在向北扩展的过程中以适应较寒冷的气候而长期演化所形成。     

我国一经济竹种——泡竹

泡竹(Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro)是我国一经济竹种。据以前的记载(J.S.Gamble,The Bambuseae of British India:Ann.Roy.Bot.Gard.Calcutta 7:95—97.1896.),认为这种竹子仅产于印度、锡金和缅甸。其实这种竹子在我国原来有分布,不过为美国莫古礼(F.A.McClure)把产于我国的泡竹误认为(竹思)(竹劳)竹属(Schizostachyum)的新种——光秆(竹思)(竹劳)竹(S.leviculme McClure)发表。我们检查了这一新种所根据的模式标本(广西,辛树炽3656),再到模式标本产地以及其它产地观察研究,根据它的秆柄在地下延伸呈鞭状,秆表面不具硅质,秆箨早落,箨片直立而其基部约与箨鞘先端较近、等宽以及其它特征,确证它不是(竹思)(竹劳)竹属的种类,而是属于泡竹属的泡竹(Pseudostachyum     

云南方竹属一新种——乌蒙山方竹

描述了产自云南彝良的竹类植物一新种——乌蒙山方竹。该种形态接近永善方竹和筇竹，秆环隆起成脊似筇竹，节内环生气生根刺又似永善方竹；叶大小界于永善方竹和筇竹之间，正面颜色深绿似永善方竹，背面颜色灰绿色似筇竹；笋期居方竹与筇竹出笋期之间，为每年11月至次年4月。     

华南箣竹属一新种——毛秆竹(英文)

对竹亚科莿竹属一新种Bambusa hirticaulis R.S.Lin进行了描述,该新种与坭簕竹(Bambusa dissidimulator McClure)相近,区别在于秆下部节间和箨鞘背面中下部密被棕色硬刺毛,箨环上留有一圈棕色短刺毛.     

滇东北竹类新报道

本文报道了产于云南东北部的巴山木竹属一新种,它被命名为蔓竹。文章还补充描述了斑壳玉山竹的花,并报道了少花箭竹在云南的新分布。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.