富硒农产品营销思维与策略

富硒产业发展关键是营销,营销思维决定富硒产品出路。本文围绕富硒产品特定市场背景及富硒产品特性、特定市场营销思维,提出富硒产品市场销售模式及理念的倒逼思维,走特定富硒产品、特定市场的"订制营销"之路,选择适合富硒产品市场的销售模式,将富硒农产品生产与销售回归到理性的市场中来。重点阐述了富硒农产品市场营销思维及营销策略,以促富硒农产品走出营销困境,做大做强富硒产业。     

发挥桃源独特优势，打造中国富硒农产品基地县——桃源县富硒产业发展的现状与对策

桃源发展富硒产业具有天然硒资源与完全自主知识产权的双重优势;经多年探索努力,依靠核心技术,开发成功18类52种富硒农产品,开创了富硒产业雏型。提出了强化“品牌”“规模”“质量”“链式”“服务”意识,通过推进经营企业化、生产集约化、产品标准化、产业科学化、服务一体化建设,确保富硒产业的可持续发展,打造中国富硒农产品基地县。     

石台县天然富硒大米产业现状与发展

石台县具有发展天然富硒大米产业的天然富硒资源及优越的生态环境,境内有多个富硒大米生产基地,拥有"大山第一村"、"石台硒米"等多个品牌。由于石台县富硒耕地分布较为分散、富硒大米行业检测标准及市场监管不完善、品牌效应难以发挥,致使产业整体竞争力不强。本文提出加强富硒大米种植与加工技术的研发创新、完善富硒大米地方标准的制定与监管、发展品牌营销战略、"互联网+"富硒水稻等举措,对充分利用富硒资源,促进石台县功能农业转型及带动石台经济稳定增长具有重要意义。     

坚持“富硒土壤+”,推进富硒产品标准化

富硒农产品的功能性决定了它具有广阔的市场。为了规范化、标准化生产富硒农产品,提出了"富硒土壤+"的概念,即利用天然的富硒土壤+科学补硒的途径生产富硒农产品。论述了"富硒土壤+"是标准化生产富硒农产品的唯一途径,简述了桃源县实施"富硒土壤+"所取得的成效,同时提出了推进富硒产品标准化的举措。     

魏可葡萄叶面肥富硒的应用效果

【目的】探讨在魏可葡萄植株生长发育阶段喷施含亚硒酸钠（Na2SeO3）的氨基酸硒液叶面肥生产富硒葡萄的应用效果。【方法】以苏南地区优势果品魏可葡萄为材料,在叶面上喷施富含硒源（Na2SeO3）的葡萄富硒液,使无机硒经植物生理代谢转化为有机硒而贮存在魏可葡萄果实内,探讨葡萄应用叶面肥富硒的效果。【结果】在不施硒的条件下,魏可葡萄果实内的硒含量为6μg／kg。从葡萄生长的绽叶、初花、盛花、初果期开始叶面肥喷施,葡萄果实内硒含量分别累积到54、44、36、32μg／kg,比对照组增长4．3～9．0倍,且不同富硒时期与富硒效果呈显著正相关关系（R^2=0．9675）,葡萄氨基酸叶面肥富硒效果明显。[结论]从绽叶期开始喷施富硒液能显著提高魏可葡萄果实中硒含量。     

水稻产业及硒肥施用技术研究

通过收集资料、查阅文献和走访调查等方法,对广西富硒水稻产业发展现状及富硒水稻生产技术应用现状进行研究,并针对富硒水稻生产中定量富硒技术问题,开展了水稻硒肥适宜施用量田间试验和验证研究,为解决广西富硒水稻产业发展中存在的主要问题提供具有参考价值的建议和对策。     

发展富硒产业,振兴乡村经济

发展富硒产业,推广富硒生产技术是提升农产品质量、增加农民收入及振兴乡村经济的重要举措;分析了推广富硒技术的经济效益和发展前景;介绍了富硒机理与科学富硒方法;提出了发展富硒产业的建议。     

发展富硒产业,助推乡村振兴

农产品富硒对于调整种植结构,提高农产品质量、效益和竞争力,振兴乡村经济具有重要意义。从加强领导、摸清底子、谋定而动、加大投入、树立标杆、营造氛围、创新营销等方面阐述发展富硒产业的对策,助推乡村振兴。     

“全国富硒农产品开发学术研讨会”征文通知

硒是人们每天必需的15种营养元素之一,开发富硒农产品是农民增收、企业增效、居民受益的朝阳产业。富硒农产品开发潜力巨大,市场前景广阔,具有很好的社会效益和经济效益。为总结交流研究成果,加快富硒农业技术向产业化发展,促进富硒技术研究的深化、富硒产品的开发和推介,引导富硒产品消费,决定于2013年在湖南省常德市召开“全国富硒农产品开发学术研讨会”。通过富硒产业对接、富硒食品推广推介、产品展示展销、学术研讨等活动,将中国的富硒生态产业推向一个新的高度。通过大会,鼓舞富硒产业企业和科研单位深度挖掘特色资源,增强富硒食品产业科技含量,同时提高富硒地区农民收入．培育富硒龙头企业。壮大县域经济。     

隆回县富硒有机稻开发的实践与思考

介绍了隆回县富硒有机稻开发的自然资源优势、种植模式和标准化种植技术,阐述了开发富硒有机稻所采取的主要措施,并从政策等方面对今后富硒有机稻的发展进行了思考。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).