不同氮肥施用量对茉莉王葡萄果实品质的影响

[目的]研究不同氮肥施肥量处理对茉莉王葡萄的果实品质和产量的影响.[方法]在葡萄园区,氮肥设施入量为0、300、450、600 kg/hm24个处理试验区(CK、N1、N2、N3),观察对葡萄果实品质的影响.[结果]施肥量为450 kg/hm2时,葡萄的果实品质质量和葡萄果实产量达到最高值.[结论]可为氮肥在茉莉王葡萄...     

中籼水稻多品种(组合)引种对比研究

[目的]为水稻品种种植选择提供参考。[方法]选取7个品种(组合)参加展示,考察产量与质量性状、全生育期天数,并比较抗逆性。[结果]参加展示品种(组合)产量7 282.5~8 854.5 kg/hm2,产量水平表现较高,米质表现都比较好,全生育期142~145 d,抗性较好。[结论]7个品种表现均较好,建议继续示范推广。     

纳米镁对水稻产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]探明纳米镁和离子镁对水稻产量、产量形成和氮素吸收利用的影响.[方法]以南粳9108为试验对象,设置了3个氮水平(0、180、270 kg/hm2)下不施镁肥和施用纳米镁或离子镁的盆栽试验.[结果]相同氮肥施用水平下,施用纳米镁和离子镁处理的水稻籽粒产量较不施镁处理均有所提高,且施用纳米镁处理的籽粒产量均高于施用...     

灌溉模式与施氮量互作对水稻茎蘖产量形成的影响

[目的]明确灌溉模式与施氮量及其互作对水稻根系形态、茎蘖产量形成的影响,以期为水稻绿色生产及水肥高效利用提供理论依据.[方法]采用大田试验的方法,以两优287为材料,设置浸润式灌溉(W1)、常规灌溉(W2)和淹水灌溉(W3)三种灌水模式,不施氮(N0,0 kg/hm2)、常规施氮(N1,165.0 kg/hm2)和高氮...     

亚麻新品种双亚15号的选育

双亚15号是[87-424(双亚五号)×比引7号]杂交育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5189.4kg/hm2、821.4kg/hm2、1233.0kg/hm2和652.7kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产11.8%、18.6%、15.0%和13.0%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5593.5kg/hm2、901.1kg/hm2、1376.5kg/hm2和634.9kg/hm2,分别比对照品种黑亚11号增产11.3%、18.3%、12.8%和9.5%.该品种长麻率19.2%、全麻率29.2%,纤维强度262N.     

籼粳杂交稻精准条播育秧机插减氮增产的效应研究

[目的]明确精准条播育秧机插对籼粳杂交稻产量形成的影响及其在减氮条件下降低产量损失的作用.[方法]以甬优538和甬优1540为供试品种,精准条播(precision drill sowing,PS)16条机插,并以相同播种量传统撒播(broadcast sowing,BS)机插为对照,同时设置不施氮肥(0 kg/hm2...     

配方施肥对单季稻产量及经济效益的影响

[目的]为配方施肥技术推广应用提供科学依据.[方法]采用田间多点试验研究了配方施肥对单季稻产量、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响.[结果]结果表明,与常规施肥比,施用配方肥处理水稻的产量增加了3.33％.配方施肥处理的N、P、K肥当季肥料利用率分别提高了12.13％、8.61％和10.47％.配方施肥处理的纯收入比常规施肥增加了511.4元/hm2,增幅达到4.85％.[结论]配方施肥技术值得在当地进行推广应用.     

抗倒酯对北方优质稻抗倒伏能力、产量和米质的影响

[目的]研究抗倒酯对优质稻抗倒伏能力及产量与米质的影响.[方法]以优质稻品种丰锦和沈农09001为试材,在分蘖期、拔节初期、孕穗期叶面喷施不同浓度(0、90、180和360 mg/L,1200 L/hm2)的抗倒酯,以倒伏指数、抗折力以及抗推力作为评价植株抗倒伏能力的指标,研究抗倒酯对优质稻抗倒伏能力及产量和米质的影响...     

亚麻新品种双亚12号选育报告

双亚12号是杂交(双亚5号×Viking)育成的纤维亚麻新品种.该品种具有优质、高纤、抗逆性强等优点.区域试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为4947.5kg/hm2、811.0kg/hm2,1208.8kg/hm2和604.3kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产9.8%、14.5%、11.5%和9.3%.生产试验原茎、长麻、全麻和种子产量分别为5567.8kg/hm2、874.2kg/hm2、1321.5kg/hm2和541.0kg/hm2,分别比对照品种增产8.7%、16.4%、10.3%和8.8%.长麻率19.6%、全麻率29.8%,纤维强度257.3N.     

新疆糜子品种比较试验

[目的]为发展新疆糜子产业,筛选培育出适合生产上栽培的优质、高产、抗逆性强的糜子品种。[方法]分别选择产自陕西和新疆的糜子地方品种品种SHS、SHE、HB和TL,以新疆新源县地方品种(XY)为对照(CK),采用完全随机区组排列田间比较试验。[结果]不同糜子品种在产量上表现不同,4个品种比对照增产,增产幅度为1.73%~6.24%。其中,陕西(SHS)产量最高,为3 417.2 kg/hm2,较对照增产6.24%;依次为陕西(SHE)、托里县(TL)和哈巴河县(HB)。[结论]陕西(SHE)地方品种可作为新疆大田试种品种进行应用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).