定时饲喂器丰容对笼养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响

2017年3—6月,在上海动物园笼养环尾狐猴展区布设定时饲喂器,探讨其对环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响。采用瞬时扫描法记录环尾狐猴行为,分析环尾狐猴的行为变化及其对定时饲喂器的认知。开展定时饲喂器丰容后,环尾狐猴的休息行为显著减少,移动和取食行为显著增加(Mann-Whitney U,P<0.05),对展区空间利用发生了显著变化(chi-square test,P<0.05)。环尾狐猴通过学习,适应了定时投喂器的工作模式,并形成了相应的行为模式。本次丰容在短时间内效果较好,但在后期,动物的反应速度减慢。     

雏鸭的公母鉴别技术

1.雏鸭生殖器官鉴别法:用左手拖住雏鸭,用右手大拇指和食指翻压其肛门,如感觉到有米粒硬结的是公鸭,无米粒状感觉的是母鸭.也可将雏鸭握在左手中,使其腹部朝天,成仰卧姿势,然后用右手大拇指和食指轻轻翻开肛门,如果见到芝麻粒大小突出物(阴茎)的是公鸭,没有突出物的是母鸭.     

圈养环尾狐猴血常规两种检测方法的比较应用

血液生理指标的测定可以为动物的饲养繁殖及健康状况提供一定的科学依据。空腹采集上海动物园圈养健康环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)的血液样本,分别用人工镜检法和全自动血液分析仪测定7项血液生理参数,对检验结果进行分析,并得出这些常规指标的变动范围和最佳的检测方法,以实现对环尾狐猴血常规的快速准确分析。结果显示,两种检验方法获得的结果中白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比率、淋巴细胞比率差异不显著(P0.05),红细胞计数、单核细胞比率、嗜碱性粒细胞比率、嗜酸性粒细胞比率差异显著(P0.05);白细胞计数(r=0.971)、单核细胞比率(r=0.887)、淋巴细胞比率(r=0.967)、中性粒细胞比率(r=0.879)应用两种方法获得的结果相关性较好;红细胞计数(r=0.493)、嗜酸性粒细胞比率(r=0.256)的相关系数都较低,且P值接近或大于0.05,呈弱相关或极弱相关。针对环尾狐猴的血液生理指标检测,仪器检验在某些方面具有稳定、快速的特点,但考虑野生动物细胞的特殊性,应与人工镜检结合,以提高检验结果的准确性。     

松鼠猴病毒性肺炎的诊断和治疗

松鼠猴(Saimiri sciureus)属灵长目卷尾猴科，产于哥伦比亚和巴拉圭。体形纤细，体长22～36cm，尾长25～40cm，体重500～1100g。毛短、厚、柔软，体色鲜艳多彩，口缘和鼻吻部为黑色，眼圈、耳缘、鼻梁、脸颊、喉部和颈两侧为白色，头顶为灰色到黑色。背部、前肢、手和脚为红色或黄色，腹部浅灰色。眼大，眼距很短，耳大。尾无缠绕性。     

一例犬子宫蓄脓的诊治脓的诊治

1技术要点1.1仔猪的阉割技术1.1.1仔公猪的阉割阉割人员左脚踩住仔猪颈部,右脚踩住尾根。术部常规消毒后,左手中指、食指和拇指捏住仔公猪阴囊颈部,将睾丸推向阴囊底部,使皮肤紧张。右手持刀沿阴囊缝际外1～2cm处做一2～3cm的切口,深度以划破睾丸为好。然后挤出睾丸,切断阴囊韧带,在睾丸上方1～2cm处捻断精索。术部涂上碘酊,伤口一般不需要缝合。1.1.2仔母猪的阉割阉割人员让猪背向自己,右脚踩住猪颈部,左脚踩住猪左后肢?部,使猪呈头颈胸侧卧,腹部仰卧的姿势。术者左手中指顶住左侧髋结节,拇指压在同侧后数第二对乳头外2～3cm处(此处即为手…     

初生雏鸭的雌雄鉴别有三法

(1)按捏肛门法。用左手托住初生雏鸭,以大拇指和食指轻夹其颈部,用右手大拇指和食指轻轻平捏肛门下门,先向前按,随即向后边缩。如手指皮肤感觉有芝麻粒或小米粒大小的突起状物,即是公雏,无突起状物感者是母雏。 (2)翻肛门法。将初生雏鸭握在左手掌中,用中指和无名指夹住鸭的颈部,使头向外,腹朝上,成仰卧姿势,然     

绵羊骨代谢相关基因VDR密码子偏好性分析

【目的】明确绵羊维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)基因密码子的使用特征,探究不同物种VDR基因进化规律,为骨代谢等相关疾病动物建模提供参考依据。【方法】利用CodonW、EMBOSS、Usage Codon和DNAMAN等软件对VDR基因CDS区的同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)、密码子碱基含量、有效密码子数(ENc)及密码子偏好指数(CBI)等参数进行统计分析,并在多物种间进行比较,同时利用ENc-Plot关联分析和中性绘图等方法分析VDR基因密码子偏好性使用的主要影响因素,并基于多物种同义密码子相对使用度数据与系统进化聚类分析探究密码子使用模式与生物进化的内在联系。【结果】绵羊VDR基因中有23个偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子;大猩猩、鸸鹋、褐家鼠等其他14个物种在密码子使用上表现出了与之较为相似的特征,而在半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸等个别氨基酸编码时,鸸鹋、褐家鼠和麻雀等部分物种显现出独有特点;ENc-Plot绘图和中性绘图分析显示,选择压力对VDR基因密码子偏好性的影响强于突变压力。【结论】以G/C结尾的密码子为VDR基因优势密码子,自然选择是导致其偏好性的主要力量,密码子偏好使用存在物种特异性,并与物种亲缘关系进化存在关联性。     

羊只助产术

羊的难产原因有很多:胎儿过大,母羊营养不良,产道异常,胎位不正,拴养时间过长,缺乏运动等,都可引起难产。严重时采用催产药物也无济于事,笔者通过多年临床实践采用徒手助产术助产数例,取得了较好的效果。助产方法:助手将羊固定好,置于铺有软草头低尾高的地面,为了便于矫正,推回拉出胎儿,首先应向产道内灌入适量的食用植物油,为了增强其抵抗力和努责力,手术前可内服50%葡萄糖600mL,肌注樟脑磺酸钠5mL。术者手经常规消毒后,左手在腹部捏住胎儿,慢慢将脸儿往后推。如有横生,术者左手捏住胎儿,扭转胎向,直到胎位正常,右手拇、食二指,慢慢插入阴…     

常用仔猪断尾法

1烧烙断尾法 断尾与仔猪3日龄注射铁剂同时进行.由饲养员在栏内将仔猪横抱,腹部向下,侧身站立,将仔猪臀紧贴栏墙,术者站在通道上,左手持仔猪尾根拉直,平直在栏墙水泥地面上,右手持已充分预热的250瓦弯头电烙铁(烙铁头宽1.5厘米左右)在距尾根2.5厘米左右处,稍用力压下,随烧烙及压力,尾巴被瞬间切断.实践采用此法既简便快捷、安全,又无大量出血和炎症现象.     

乌苏里貉MC3R基因密码子偏好性分析

【目的】明确乌苏里貉黑素皮质素受体3(melanocortin 3 receptor, MC3R)基因密码子使用偏好特征和影响因素,了解不同物种间遗传进化和密码子偏好性的关系,为开展MC3R基因异源高效表达研究提供理论依据。【方法】以乌苏里貉和其他15个物种的MC3R基因CDS序列为材料,应用Codon W、EMBOSS等软件分析MC3R基因密码子偏好性的6个参数指标;通过Neutrality-plot、ENc-plot及PR2-plot分析探究密码子偏好性形成的影响因素;基于各物种MC3R基因CDS序列信息构建系统发育树,基于同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)构建不同物种的密码子使用偏好性热图。【结果】乌苏里貉MC3R基因密码子GC和GC3s均>0.5,密码子偏好使用以G/C结尾;偏好使用的密码子有25个(RSCU值>1),其中16个以C结尾,9个以G结尾。经Neutrality-plot、ENc-plot及PR2-plot分析得出,自然选择是MC3R基因密码子使用偏好形成的主要影响因素。基于基因序列和RSCU值的聚类分析显示,在系统进化上乌苏里貉与犬属同一分支,后与赤狐、...     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, GA, USA

In the current study, we determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Serum samples were tested from 52 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) using an agglutination assay. Three ring-tailed lemurs (5.8%) were positive for T. gondii (titer of 1:50); one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) and one black and white ruffed lemur (25%) were positive for S. neurona (titers of 1:1000); and one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) was positive for E. cuniculi (titer of 1:400). All blue-eyed black lemurs were negative for antibodies to T. gondii, S. neurona, and E. cuniculi. This is the first detection of antibodies to T. gondii in ring-tailed lemurs and antibodies to S. neurona and E. cuniculi in any species of prosimian.     

Cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at a South Carolina zoo

In September 2008, two ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), comprising a mother-daughter pair, at the Greenville Zoo, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, were diagnosed with cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) subsequent to sudden death of the adult lemur. On necropsy, a single bot warble was discovered in the subcutis of the axillary region. Histopathology revealed a severe eosinophilic bronchopneumonia. The juvenile lemur was inspected and found to have warbles on three separate dates in late September. One representative bot fly larva was identified as a Cuterebra sp. that normally infests lagomorphs in the southeastern United States. Cuterebrid myiasis is rarely reported in lemurs and has not been previously associated with pneumonia or death in these animals.     

Field anesthesia of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) using tiletamine-zolazepam, medetomidine, and butorphanol

Telazol has been commonly used for field anesthesia of wild lemurs, including ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Telazol alone provides good induction, but doesn't cause adequate muscle relaxation and sedation for collecting consistent somatic measurements and high-quality dental impressions that are sometimes needed. Variability in induction response has been seen between individuals that have received similar dosages, with young lemurs seeming to need more anesthetic than mature lemurs. This investigation evaluated Telazol induction in young (2.0-4.9 yr) and mature (> or = 5.0 yr) ring-tailed lemurs and compared postinduction supplementation with medetomidine or medetomidine-butorphanol. Forty-eight lemurs were anesthetized with Telazol administered via blow dart; then, 20 min after darting, they were supplemented via hand injection with either medetomidine (0.04 mg/ kg) or medetomidine-butorphanol (0.04 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). The odds ratio for young lemurs to need more than one dart for induction, relative to mature lemurs, was 3.8, even though the initial dose of Telazol received by young lemurs (19 +/- 7 mg/kg) was significantly higher than the initial dose administered to mature lemurs (12 +/- 5 mg/kg). The total Telazol dosage was also significantly different between young lemurs (33 +/- 15 mg/kg) and mature lemurs (18 +/- 9 mg/kg). Both medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol provided good muscle relaxation and sedation for all procedures. Physiologic values were similar between the two protocols. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry was generally good, although there were a few SaO2 values < 90%. Recoveries were smooth, but long. Time to head up was correlated with total Telazol dosage in mature lemurs. In young lemurs, time to standing was correlated with Telazol induction dosage and time of last Telazol administration. Lemurs that received hand injections of Telazol took longer to recover than those that did not. Further refinements are needed to increase induction reliability and to decrease recovery time, particularly in young lemurs.     

Molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne Ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA.

In recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. Clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) from St. Catherines Island, Georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. All 52 adult lemurs were serologically tested for exposure to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for E. chaffeensis, A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia canis were conducted on blood samples from all 56 lemurs. Blood from all lemurs was inoculated into DH82 cell cultures for E. chaffeensis isolation. Of the adult lemurs, 20 (38.5%) and 16 (30.8%) had antibodies reactive (> or =1:128) for E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum, respectively. Two ring-tailed lemurs were PCR and culture positive for E. chaffeensis. Molecular characterization of the two E. chaffeensis isolates showed that both contained 5-repeat variants of the variable-length PCR target (VLPT) antigen gene and 3-repeat variants of the 120-kDa antigen gene. Sequencing of the VLPT genes revealed a novel amino acid repeat unit (type-9). One lemur infected with E. chaffeensis was slightly hypoproteinemic and had moderately elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. These lemurs from St. Catherines Island have been exposed to or infected with tick-borne ehrlichiae, or both, but showed no clinical disease.     

Evaluation of modified techniques for immobilization of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) can be anesthetized with Telazol via blow dart, but improved techniques are needed so that each lemur is reliably induced with a single dart. Medetomidine-butorphanol (MB) is a good supplemental protocol to be administered once the lemurs are captured, but other protocols may provide longer periods of sedation and immobility. One possible way of increasing the efficacy of each dart is to increase the time it is retained in the leg. In this investigation, a "double-sleeve" technique was used to try to increase the time of dart retention. This technique used a standard silicone sleeve on the needle, along with a second sleeve at the needle hub. Induction values were compared between lemurs darted with double-sleeve needles and those induced with needles that each had a single silicone sleeve. Once the lemurs were induced, supplementation with MB (0.04 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg) was compared with supplementation with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) (10 mg/ kg and 0.04 mg/kg). Twenty-three lemurs were darted with Telazol by using single-sleeve needles, and 24 were darted with double-sleeve needles. The number of darts per lemur and number of escapes were not different between animals darted with a single sleeve compared with a double-sleeve; thus, there were no significant improvements in induction success with the double-sleeve technique. Adequate sedation and muscle relaxation were achieved with both MB and KM; however, lemurs that received MB were more relaxed and needed fewer additional supplements that those that received KM. Single-sleeve dart needles are recommended for Telazol induction of ring-tailed lemurs via blow dart and MB is preferable to KM for supplemental sedation and muscle relaxation.     

Preventing dental calculus formation in lemurs (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus collaris) and baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

The prevention of calculus accumulation in exotic animals is a relatively unexplored topic. A 6-mo study in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and collared lemurs (Eulemur fulvus collaris) and two studies in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) (7.5 wks and 6.5 mo) tested the benefits of a primate diet coated with 0.6% sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) in controlling calculus in these species using a sequential crossover design. The control regimen was an identical, but non-HMP-coated, dry primate chow. At study initiation, the primates were given a thorough dental prophylaxis and provided with the control diet or experimental diet. At the conclusion of the test period, the animals were anesthetized and examined for clinical calculus independently by two examiners. The animals were then given another dental prophylaxis, provided the alternate ration, and the foregoing procedures were repeated. When the animals were provided the HMP-coated diet, significant reductions in calculus formation of 48-62% were observed in the lemurs and the baboons. No clinically significant changes were observed in body weights or in blood chemistry values as a result of ingestion of the HMP-coated regimen.     

Comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-based anesthetic protocols in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

The relative efficacies and cardiorespiratory effects of three injectable anesthetic combinations containing medetomidine were evaluated in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). In addition, the direct effects of medetomidine on heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated in lemurs anesthetized with isoflurane. For injectable anesthesia, captive adult ring-tailed lemurs were anesthetized with medetomidine and ketamine (0.04-0.06 mg/kg, i.m. and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), or medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 0.3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively). For inhalation anesthesia, lemurs were mask-induced and maintained with isoflurane for 30 min before receiving medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m.). Sedation produced by medetomidine-ketamine was unpredictable and of short duration. Both medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine (MBK) and medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam (MBMz) provided adequate anesthesia for routine physical exams; however, the effects of MBMz lasted longer than those of MBK. Heart rates and respiratory rates were within clinically normal ranges for all groups, and lemurs remained normotensive throughout the study. Common side effects such as hypertension and bradycardia associated with the use of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist combinations in other species were not observed. Likewise, medetomidine administration had no effect on HR in lemurs receiving isoflurane. Lemurs in all groups were well ventilated and remained well oxygenated throughout the procedures, though arterial partial pressure of O2 was lowest in the MBMz group. All three injectable medetomidine combinations were effective in ring-tailed lemurs but only MBK and MBMz provided adequate depth and duration of anesthesia for use as sole regimes. For many clinical procedures in lemurs, MBMz offers advantages over MBK because of its longer duration of action and its rapid and more complete reversibility with specific antagonists.     

Foot use and hand preference during feeding in captive black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti)

Postural origin theory predicts that body postures are related to hand preference in nonhuman primates due to hemispheric specialization. Foot preference, especially in manipulating objects, is also a good predictor of hemispheric specialization in humans. We studied limb (hand and foot) preferences in 11 captive adult black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to see how limb preference is influenced by postures and foot manipulation. Hand preference was significantly different for this group between quadrupedal standing and clinging postures, and sitting and clinging postures, but not between bipedal standing and clinging postures. Individuals were significantly more likely to use the right hand in the clinging posture than in quadrupedal standing or sitting postures. In the sitting posture, individuals maintained their respective hand preference even when the food was on the other side of the body. There was a gender difference in the sitting posture, where females preferred their right hand but males preferred their left. Individuals who did not routinely use their feet to manipulate objects, compared to those who did, shifted to greater right hand use from the clinging posture to the bipedal posture. One male individual and his offspring were more likely to use their feet to manipulate objects than the rest of the monkeys. In the present study, we reveal the first evidence of a postural effect on hand preference in R. bieti as well as a foot preference in this species. Our results mostly agree with the postural origin theory and hemispheric specialization.     

Biomedical evaluation of free-ranging ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve, Madagascar.

Complete health assessments were performed on 20 adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 10 males and 10 females, free ranging within the Tsimanampetsotsa Strict Nature Reserve in southwest Madagascar. Each animal was anesthetized using tiletamine and zolazepam, weighed, and given a thorough physical examination. Blood was collected for hematology, determination of plasma total protein concentration, serum chemistry, determination of fat-soluble vitamin and trace mineral concentrations, assessment of iron metabolism, toxoplasmosis and viral serologies, and examination for parasites. Feces were collected for bacterial culture and parasite examination, and representative numbers of ectoparasites were collected. Blood values differed significantly in a number of ways from values in captive lemurs, possibly associated with recent food consumption, hydration, and diet. There was no evidence of serious infectious disease and no hemoparasites. The enteric flora appeared unremarkable, although results may have been skewed toward cold-tolerant bacteria. The fecal parasite burden was low, but there were large numbers of ectoparasites (mites) present. Our study demonstrated that a substantial amount of data can be collected from free-ranging populations, information that is invaluable in the management of captive populations, particularly with regard to disease, and in assessing risks associated with reintroduction programs.