印楝种子品质性状的遗传多样性及稳定性分析

在云南印楝资源全面调查的基础上,以实生株系的种子为研究对象,运用HPLC技术分析种子印楝素组分含量,采用描述统计、方差分析、系统聚类和重复力估计,定性、定量分析印楝实生株系种子品质的遗传多样性及稳定性。结果表明:云南引种栽培印楝实生株系的种子品质存在广泛变异,种子印楝素A、B、AB含量和印楝素A与印楝素B含量比的变异幅度分别为0.28% 0.85%、0.04% 0.39%、0.37% 1.15%和1.698.25;种子印楝素A、B、AB含量分为3个类型:高含量型(azA ≥ 0.69%、azB ≥ 0.25%、azAB ≥ 0.92%)、低含量型(azA ≤ 0.44%、azB ≤ 0.10%、azAB ≤ 0.51%)和中等含量型(azA=0.68% 0.45%、azB=0.24% 0.11%、azAB=0.91% 0.52%);按此标准将高印楝素AB含量型分为"印楝素AB优异型(azAB ≥ 1.15%)"、"印楝素A优、B劣型"(azA ≥ 0.85%、azB ≤ 0.21%)、"印楝素A劣、B优型"(azA ≤ 0.67%、azB ≥ 0.39%)和"印楝素AB含量高型"(azAB=1.05% 0.92%);反映在重复力上,印楝实生株系种子印楝素A、AB的重复力分别为0.2063、0.3252,都属于"中"重复力性状。"印楝素AB优异型"即具有优异种子品质性状的植株是印楝药用原料林培育的繁殖材料;"印楝素A优、B劣型"和"印楝素A劣、B优型"即种子品质性状优缺点互补的植株是药用印楝品质育种的杂交亲本。     

药用印楝表型选择的因子分析及综合评价

以因子分析和聚类分析作为药用印楝表型选择的分析评价方法,对药用印楝表型选择的分析评价方法进行实证研究,结果表明:性状间呈显著或极显著相关;特征根>1 的4个公因子累计方差贡献率为83.53%,第1、第2、第3和第4公因子方差贡献率分别为31.33%、22.98%、15.11%和14.10%,种仁质量(0.995 11)、种子质量(0.956 76)、种子长(0.780 12)、印楝素A+ B总含量(0.866 67)、印楝素B含量(0.819 34)、印楝素A含量(0.680 84) 、地径(0.939 04)、株产果实数(0.722 82)、印楝素B与印楝素A比(-0.833 60)是表型选择分析评价中的典型代表变量;Mantel检测发现,聚类分析能有效的表示33个基因型样株表型性状的相似(异)性(r = 0.81, p=1.00);各聚类群的性状特征概括为:种子印楝素A含量优异类、种子印楝素B含量优异类、种子高印楝素AB含量类、粒大饱满类、树体大结实多类和无优异特性类;优树的综合评价标准:综合得分≥0.59的为"好",综合得分为0.59~-0.19的为"中",综合得分≤-0.19的为"差",按此标准,筛选出"好"、"中"、"差" 优树各4株、16株、12株。与传统方法相比,新方法可以更全面、科学、客观、便捷、直观地分析表型选择的综合选择指标,综合评价优树的优劣。     

快速搅拌法室温浸提印楝油和印楝素

在室温下用间歇式快速搅拌法从印楝种仁中浸提印楝油和印楝素。讨论了料液比以及浸提时间对得率的影响。结果表明:印楝种仁300g,以750mL石油醚做溶剂,在快速搅拌条件下浸提21min时印楝油得率最高;将300g去油后的印楝种仁以900mL甲醇做溶剂,在快速搅拌下浸提21min时印楝素得率最高。由此得出,快速搅拌法浸提印楝油的最佳条件是:溶剂石油醚、料液比1∶2.5(g∶mL,下同)、时间每次7min、浸提3次,出油率30.4%;快速搅拌法浸提印楝素的最佳条件是:溶剂为甲醇、料液比1∶3、时间每次7min、浸提3次,印楝素A的得率为0.438%,印楝素B的得率为0.142%。     

影响印楝素稳定性及其含量的主要因素

印楝素的稳定性及其含量的高低受许多因素的影响。印楝素对光敏感，暴露在光下会逐渐失去活性；室温及低于20℃的贮藏温度有利于印楝素的稳定，而高于室内温度会加速印楝素的降解；印楝素在中性条件下比较稳定，室温条件下，在pH值为4～6的酸性水溶液中也稳定，但在碱性和强酸溶液中不稳定；中性有机溶剂对其稳定性有利。微生物的活动会加快印楝素的降解，不同的地理种源和种植土壤对印楝种实中印楝素的含量高低影响很大，在干季所结果实的种子中印楝素含量高于在雨季种植所结果实的种子。而不同组培条件对组培体的印楝素含量也会产生影响。     

微波辅助法提取印楝素的研究

介绍了一种有效利用微波辅助从印楝(Azadirachta indica A.Juss)种仁中提取印楝素的方法。通过考察辐射时间、溶剂、物料比以及辐射功率等因素对提取率的影响，得出结论为：预处理过的印楝种仁粉末6.65g(相当于印楝种仁10g)，以甲醇做溶剂、微波功率210w、物料比1：3(g／mL)、辐射时间为3min*3次，提取率最高。与传统的磁搅拌法相比，该方法不仅工艺简单，而且可以提高产率，缩短提取时间。用高压液相法定量地测定了所提取印楝素的含量，其提取率可达0．519％．     

印楝生物学特性及引种栽培

报道了印楝的形态特征和3个来自不同水分条件的印楝种源在引种地的适应性及经济性状的表现。初步认为3个印楝种源;（1）物候期不同;（2）保存率,生长量,结果枝数,结果枝比等生长指标也都存在明显差异。（3）种子的印楝素量＞0．4％,高于原产地的平均水平。从适应性和经济性状比较,来自干旱,半干旱地区的2种源优于来自湿润地区种源。     

印楝无性系当代种子农药品质性状的遗传变异及农药型印楝优株评价

[目的]建立一套适合印楝药用优树无性系测定的分析评价方法,并进行农药型印楝优株评价。[方法]以印楝药用优树和平均木无性系为试验材料,通过不完全谱系设计建立无性系品比试验,采用重复力估算法在表型水平上对无性系当代种子农药品质性状进行遗传变异分析,提出"农药型印楝"的概念和标准,根据该标准进行农药型印楝优株评价。[结果]无性系种子印楝素组分含量随优树种子印楝素组分含量的变化而变化,但在无性系内和无性系间都存在不同程度变异:同一无性系各分株间的印楝素B变异(5.26%37.55%)较印楝素A变异(6.06%15.80%)和印楝素AB变异(2.95%16.14%)大,印楝素B和印楝素AB几乎呈退化和/或趋中遗传倾向,而印楝素A则既有退化和/或趋中遗传倾向又有超母遗传倾向;无性系间种子印楝素组分含量性状具有异质性(P0.01)。无性系印楝素A重复力(0.78)、印楝素B重复力(0.81)和印楝素AB重复力(0.83)均较高,表明无性系间印楝素组分含量的差异主要是由遗传效应和一般环境效应造成的,受特殊环境效应影响较小。按农药型印楝标准,评定LD0505、WW0401、AT0515三个无性系为"农药型印楝品种",LD0505和WW0421是"农药型印楝亲本"。[结论]重复力估算法适用于印楝药用优树无性系测定的分析评价,优树种子农药品质性状的遗传传递力强,无性系能保持优树农药品质的优良特性;评定LD0505、WW0401、AT0515为农药型印楝品种,LD0505和WW0421还可作为农药型印楝亲本,其余优树无性系不宜选择。     

会理县金沙江干热河谷印楝品质调查研究

指出了会理县金沙江干热河谷系长江中上游脆弱生态环境重点治理区,印楝是该区引进的优良生态经济树种,其经济开发价值取决于印楝素含量。通过初步调查分析表明:会理县前期引种之印楝,印楝素含量平均达到0.3666%,高于0.3%的经济开发含量,整体品质较好。会理初步选择了10株印楝素含量在0.4123%～0.4918%的优良单株,为今后良种选择打下了基础。     

影响印楝愈伤组织生长和印楝素积累主要因素的初步研究

采用干重法和分光光度法分别测量印楝愈伤组织的生长量和印楝素含量,研究了愈伤组织固体培养条件。结果表明,印楝愈伤组织的最适固体培养基为MS NAA 3.0mg/L 6-BA 1.0 mg/L 蔗糖40g/L 琼脂0.7%,以pH值为5.8,培养温度(25±2)℃,光照900Lx培养条件下的印楝素产出率最高,达44.76OD457/皿。     

超声波用于强化有机溶剂提取印楝素

研究了用超声波强化有机溶剂提取印楝素的工艺过程，分别考察溶剂、料液比、超声波作用时间、超声波功率对提取率的影响实验发现，较理想的提取条件为：13．3g印楝种仁粉，料液比1：2，超声波功率200W；超声波作用时间与溶剂有关。甲醇15min、乙醇20min、乙酸乙酯10min；3种溶剂较佳提取率分别为0．3786％、0．3658％、0．2462％提取样晶利用高效液相色谱仪采用外标法测定提取物中印楝素的含量。实验结果表明，超声波强化提取与搅拌提取相比，不仅缩短了提取时间，而且提取率有所提高。     

Variation in seed morphometric characters,oil content and azadirachtin content of seeds,in vitro shoot cultures and callus cultures among different populations of Azadirachta indica

We studied seed morphometric characters, oil content and azadirachtin content in a medicinally important and insect repellent tree species Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Ten populations were selected from two central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and twenty candidate plus trees were selected from each population based on tree attributes. Azadirachtin content was estimated in seeds, in vitro shoots and callus cultures through HPLC. Significant variation(p \ 0.05) was observed in seed morphometric characters, oil content and azadirachtin content among the ten populations. Maximum value for 100 seed weight was obtained in seeds of Raigarh(30.51 g) which was on par with seeds of Bargi(28.37 g)and Chhatarpur(26.36 g). The ratio of highest kernel to seed was also obtained in seeds of Raigarh(60.11%).Kernels from Chhatarpur population recorded the highest oil content(24.20%), which was equal to that in Sihore(23.75%) and Katni(21.75%). We recorded highly significant variation in azadirachtin content in seed samples,in vitro shoot samples and callus cultures. Maximum azadirachtin was present in the seeds of Gwalior(0.882%)which was on par with azadirachtin content in seeds of Chhatarpur, Katni, Sihore, Shahdol and Chhindwara.Maximum azadirachtin in the in vitro shoots was present in the cultures of Gwalior(0.218%) which was statistically on par with Sihore(0.176%). Similarly, in callus cultures of nodal segments maximum azadirachtin was recorded in the Gwalior population(0.033%) which was statistically on par with Sihore(0.028%). The trees of Gwalior and Sihore populations can be produced in large numbers through vegetative propagation to obtain seeds with higher azadirachtin content.     

Variation in seed morphometric characters,oil content and azadirachtin content of seeds,in vitro shoot cultures and callus cultures among different populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis>

We studied seed morphometric characters, oil content and azadirachtin content in a medicinally important and insect repellent tree species Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Ten populations were selected from two central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and twenty candidate plus trees were selected from each population based on tree attributes. Azadirachtin content was estimated in seeds, in vitro shoots and callus cultures through HPLC. Significant variation (p < 0.05) was observed in seed morphometric characters, oil content and azadirachtin content among the ten populations. Maximum value for 100 seed weight was obtained in seeds of Raigarh (30.51 g) which was on par with seeds of Bargi (28.37 g) and Chhatarpur (26.36 g). The ratio of highest kernel to seed was also obtained in seeds of Raigarh (60.11%). Kernels from Chhatarpur population recorded the highest oil content (24.20%), which was equal to that in Sihore (23.75%) and Katni (21.75%). We recorded highly significant variation in azadirachtin content in seed samples, in vitro shoot samples and callus cultures. Maximum azadirachtin was present in the seeds of Gwalior (0.882%) which was on par with azadirachtin content in seeds of Chhatarpur, Katni, Sihore, Shahdol and Chhindwara. Maximum azadirachtin in the in vitro shoots was present in the cultures of Gwalior (0.218%) which was statistically on par with Sihore (0.176%). Similarly, in callus cultures of nodal segments maximum azadirachtin was recorded in the Gwalior population (0.033%) which was statistically on par with Sihore (0.028%). The trees of Gwalior and Sihore populations can be produced in large numbers through vegetative propagation to obtain seeds with higher azadirachtin content.     

文冠果人工种群的果实表型多样性及其变异

以文冠果果实为研究对象,调查了研究区内44株文冠果果实的19个表型性状,利用变异系数、方差分析和相关分析研究了调查区内文冠果人工种群的变异情况。方差和变异系数分析结果表明,研究区内文冠果果实表型性状差异都极显著,并在不同个体之间存在很大的变异幅度。其中,单株结果量和种子产量变异最大(变异系数大于76%),其次是单果质量、单果种质量和单果仁质量(变异系数约30%),再次是单果出种数和果柄长度(变异系数大于20%),而种子长、种子宽、种形比和心室数变异较小(变异系数低于10%),种仁出油率变异最小(变异系数6.13%);单株间丰产性差异明显,并具有一定的遗传稳定性。相关性分析结果表明,文冠果人工种群果实不同性状的相关性不一样并差异显著,其中果长、果宽、果质量、种质量、仁质量、种子长、出种数、出种率、千粒质量和果柄粗的相关性强,与多个性状呈显著相关,而果形比、出仁率、结果量和种子产量与个别性状呈显著相关,果实心室数和果柄长相关性最弱,与所有性状相关性不显著。     

Effect of maternal soil treatment on first year growth and autumn frost hardiness of Pinus sylvestris L. full‐sib families

After‐effects of maternal soil treatment, controlling for photoperiod and weather conditions, were tested in a nursery experiment with Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. Three full‐sib crosses were replicated in 4 different soil treatment plots of a grafted experimental seed orchard (63"54'N). Weight of filled seeds, percentage of empty seeds, first year hypocotyl and epicotyl length, and autumn frost hardiness (from artificial freeze testing) were evaluated. Systematic effects from maternal soil treatment were small compared to family differences for all characters studied. However, epicotyl length of the progenies showed a positive relationship with N needle content of the mother grafts. The results also indicated an important interaction between maternal soil treatment and autumn frost hardiness of the families. It is suggested that the altered mother tree treatment could lead to a change in progeny performance, corresponding to a 1.5 degree difference in latitudinal origin of natural stand seedlings. The results demonstrate the advantages of providing the mother tree with uniform conditions in early progeny testing.     

濒危树种极东锦鸡儿(Caragana fruticosa)种子的萌发特性

以濒危树种极东锦鸡儿成熟种子为材料,研究极东锦鸡儿种子物理性状和温度对其种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:极东锦鸡儿种荚结实率较低,且约有1/4种子受虫害;成熟种子含水量为6.6%,千粒重18.6 g。种子长、宽和厚存在一定变异。种子长度平均为0.42 cm,宽度平均为0.27 cm,厚度平均为0.24 cm,长宽比为0.64。种皮透水性良好。不同温度条件对种子发芽率具有极显著影响。25℃条件下种子发芽率最高,为38.33%。随着温度的升高或降低,种子发芽率降低。发芽试验的第八天是计算种子发芽势的适宜时期。不同温度条件对极东锦鸡儿幼苗高度的影响极显著,对胚根长度影响显著。25℃有利于幼苗高度和胚根长度的增加,较高温度(30℃)有利于幼苗生物量增加。     

Morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Balanites aegyptiaca</Emphasis> fruits and seeds within and among parkland agroforests in eastern Niger

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile. is one of the priority indigenous fruit trees for rural communities in the West African Sahel. As part of a participatory tree domestication program in Niger, phenotypic variation in fruit and seed morphology was assessed in four natural populations in eastern Niger. Measured variables were weight of the fruit, seed coat and kernel; length and width of the fruit and seed (25 trees per population, 30 fruits per tree). Derived variables were the tree’s coefficient of variation (CVs) for each measured variable, and two sets of factor scores from principal components analysis of tree means and CVs. ANOVA indicated significant variation in all measured variables due to trees nested in populations. ANOVA and simple linear regression indicated significant geographic variation in some variables: the drier parts of the sample region tended to have heavier fruits and kernels, longer/narrower seeds, and lower within-tree variability in fruit and seed width. Length and width were strongly correlated between fruits and seeds, fruit weight was moderately correlated with seed dimensions, and CVs of fruit weight and width were moderately correlated with the CV of seed width. Some hypotheses for the geographic variation are presented, and some practical implications of the correlations for tree domestication programs are discussed.     

北方地区皂荚种子及荚果形态特征的地理变异

对我国皂荚北方自然分布区7个产地采集的皂荚种子及部分荚果进行取样测定,分别测定荚果及种子10项形态指标,结果发现:各指标在同一群体不同家系间差异显著;不同群体间,除荚果宽、种子长、荚果长宽比外,其余指标差异均达显著或极显著水平;单荚果质量、荚果长度、荚果宽度及荚果长宽比表现为同地理经度上的南北变异;荚果宽厚比及种子长宽比,表现为同地理纬度的东西变异;荚果厚度、种子长度与种子长宽比表现为西南-东北向变异;种子千粒质量无明显的地理变异规律,主要与分布地点的海拔高度、水分、太阳辐射及炎热状况的综合作用有关.     

短萼仪花荚果与种子性状测定初报

对短萼仪花群落中5个优良单株的荚果长、荚果宽、荚果长宽比、种子长、种子宽、种子长宽比及种子单粒质量等性状进行测定分析,发现单株间种子表型性状差异均达到极显著水平;变异最大的为种子单粒质量,其变异系数为20.41%;种子表型性状间具有一定的相关性。     

不同采摘时间及采后不同处理对茶果相关指标影响

为了确定油茶最佳采摘时间和采后处理方法,选取生长长势一致6年生湘林210号和长林18号普通油茶优良无性系,分别在不同成熟阶段进行采摘,对采摘后进行不同方法处理,并测定油茶单果重、果皮含水量、籽重、籽含水率、仁出油率等相关指标,结果表明:不同采摘时间湘林210号单果重变化较大,随着成熟程度增加单果重略有降低,长林18号的...     

不同林龄红松人工林优树选择技术的研究

通过对红松的生长指标(树高、胸径、冠幅、侧枝长、侧枝粗、活枝下高)以及结实性状指标(种子长、种子宽、千粒质量、出仁率、球果长、球果宽、出种率、单株产种量)调查,采用单因素方差分析和多重比较方法对不同林龄红松人工林优树选择进行研究,结果表明:红松人工林选优的最佳林分的林龄为50~70a。