浙江省生态公益林物种多样性时空格局研究

通过380个浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、松林、杉木林4种主要森林群落的典型样地调查,对不同群落类型物种多样性的时空格局进行研究,结果表明:在空间格局上不同群落类型物种多样性存在较大差异,乔木层多样性指数以针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为最高;针阔混交林的下木层物种数最高,其次是常绿阔叶林,但下木层各指数在各林型间均无显著差异;杉木林下草本层物种数指数最高,松林草本层各项指数都最低。从时间格局分析,不同群落类型的多样性指数随年龄变化各不相同,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层物种数在幼龄-中龄-近熟阶段趋势一致,均为先大幅增加然后略有下降,两种针叶林型的物种数都相对稳定;4种主要群落类型的乔木层Simpson生态优势度指数D,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林随时间变化趋势一致,均为先增加后略有下降再增加,且显著高于同年龄级的针叶林;常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′随时间各异,但都极显著高于同年龄级针叶林的指数。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。     

牛背梁自然保护区植物群落和针叶树小蠹虫群落物种多样性研究

对牛背梁自然保护区的山麓农田-侧柏群落(群落Ⅰ),油松-华山松-锐齿栎群落(群落Ⅱ),油松-华山松-栓皮栎群落(群落Ⅲ),油松-华山松-辽东栎群落(群落Ⅳ),巴山冷杉-落叶松群落(群落Ⅴ),红桦-牛皮桦-巴山冷杉群落(群落Ⅵ)6种类型群落的高等植物及其针叶树小蠹虫的多样性等进行研究.结果表明:在山麓灌丛群落至针阔混交林群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈递增趋势;在中山针阔混交林群落与巴山冷杉和落叶松群落、红桦-牛皮桦-巴山冷杉群落之间,物种多样性指数、群落均匀度指数和物种丰富度呈下降趋势.从总体来看,森林植被的多样性程度高于灌丛和草甸,阔叶林则高于针叶林.群落优势度指数的变化规律则与之相反.不同森林群落类型中针叶树小蠹虫的多样性、均匀度和优势度研究结果表明:针叶树小蠹虫群落物种多样性指数和均匀度由高到低的排列顺序依次为:群落Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅰ;针叶树小蠹虫群落优势度的变化趋势与之相反.不同类型的森林植物群落中,针叶树小蠹虫群落结构及多样性存在明显差异.生态环境复杂,植被丰富的中山针阔混交林群落中,针叶树小蠹虫多样性和均匀度指数均较大,但优势度指数低,小蠹虫大发生的几率较小.加强管理,促进森林生态系统的多样性和稳定性,对提高植物群落自身调控害虫种群数量具有重要意义.     

小五台山西台夏季鸟类群落结构研究

在小五台山自然保护区西台，通过路线调查法研究了该地区夏季鸟类群落的物种多样性及群落间的相似性，并对鸟类群落的物种多样性随空间的变化模式及物种生态位的关系进行了分析。结果表明，该地区不同鸟类群落物种多样性的排列顺序为：针阔混交林＞阔叶林＞针叶林＞溪涧＞灌丛＞亚高山草甸＞亚高山灌丛。鸟类的物种多样性随栖位而变化，并在不同的鸟类群落中表现出不同的模式。群落物种多样性随着生态位重叠的增大而减小。     

富源县不同群落水土保持能力比较

文章采用建径流小区定位观测方法,对富源县云南松次生林、华山松人工林、针阔混交林、次生灌丛和荒草地等主要植物群落进行水土保持能力的观测。分析表明:富源县的降雨量主要集中于5～10月,雨季降雨量占全年的86.48%,且降雨量主要是10mm以上的降雨产生;不同群落地表径流量、土壤流失量和侵蚀降雨次数依次均为荒草地>次生灌丛>云南松次生林>华山松人工林>针阔混交林,说明森林植被类型中针阔混交林保土保水能力最强,其次是纯林,在低效林改造和生态建设工程中应大面积推广混交林的营建。     

庞泉沟自然保护区鸦科鸟类的群落结构

１９９１年—１９９５年,对庞泉沟自然保护区鸦科鸟类的群落结构进行了初步研究,该区的鸦科鸟类按其生境类型可划分为５个群落：Ⅰ居民农耕带——大嘴乌鸦＋喜鹊＋红嘴山鸦;Ⅱ疏林灌丛带——大嘴乌鸦＋红嘴蓝鹊;Ⅲ针阔混交林带——红嘴蓝鹊＋喜鹊＋星鸦;Ⅳ针叶林带——星鸦＋松鸦＋红嘴山鸦;Ⅴ亚高山草甸带——喜鹊＋红嘴山鸦＋大嘴乌鸦。在这５个群落中,喜鹊、红嘴山鸦、大嘴乌鸦为广泛分布种。Ⅰ与Ⅳ群落间的相似性指数（０．２８５９）最小,Ⅱ与Ⅲ群落间相似性指数（０．８３５４）最大;Ⅱ与Ⅲ群落间多样性指数（１．９８９５,１．８２８０）较大,Ⅰ群落的多样性指数（１．３３８２）最小;各群落间均匀性指数（０．７９８６～０．９５６７）较大且相近;Ⅰ群落现存生物量（６４６２．４０ｇ）最大,Ｖ群落的现存生物量（２９２３．５６ｇ）最小。     

平潭岛不同演替阶段植被群落物种多样性特征

以平潭岛天然次生林为研究对象,分析灌草丛、针叶林、针叶混交林、常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成、重要值、物种多样性特征的变化,探讨平潭岛与邻近海岛和大陆的群落物种多样性差异。结果表明:4种群落类型共有53科89属104种植物,群落类型间及各层次的丰富度、多样性、均匀度从灌草丛到针阔混交林阶段呈上升趋势,阔叶林阶段呈下降趋势。群落各层次的丰富度、多样性变化,乔木层为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林;灌木层为针阔混交林>针叶林>常绿阔叶林>灌草丛;草本层为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌草丛。单因素方差分析,乔木层丰富度、多样性、均匀度在针阔混交林和针叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05);灌木层和草本层多样性在针阔混交林与灌草丛和常绿阔叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。平潭岛群落物种多样性水平明显低于普陀山岛和大陆。     

古交市植被类型与生物多样性分析

运用GPS辅助技术,以实地采样调查为主,对调查的样方资料进行统计分析,根据优势度原则对古交市的植被类型进行了分类。分类结果表明,古交市物种丰富,其植被类型可以分为5类,即针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌丛、荒草丛。应用Margalef丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H')、Simpson指数(D)、群落均匀度指数(JH)和(JD)对古交市内5种植被类型的物种多样性进行研究。结果表明,乔木层中以针阔混交林的生物多样性最高,灌木层以荒草丛生物多样性最高,草本层灌丛的生物多样性最高,不同森林类型的生物多样性也不同。       

广东顺德5种类型人工林群落物种的多样性

对顺德区5种人工林群落物种多样性进行了定量研究.结果表明:窿缘桉、台湾相思与湿地松群落物种多样性指数为灌木层>草本层>乔木层,针阔混交与阔叶混交群落物种多样性指数为灌木层>乔木层≥草本层,均匀度指数(E a除外)为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;群落间乔木层差异显著,灌木层与草本层变化趋势相对较复杂,但针阔混交林群落与阔叶混交林群落之间,窿缘桉、台湾相思与湿地松群落间无显著差异;7种多样性指数中,乔木层与灌木层采用的研究指数幅度更宽广,可采用SP、SW与P指数测度物种多样性,草本层采用Jsp、P指数较好;提出了基于物种多样性的人工林群落管理措施.     

四川海子山自然保护区鸟类群落结构及多样性

应用样线法,调查海子山自然保护区鸟类的组成和群落结构,经调查确认保护区内有鸟类16目48科210种,以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,鸟类区系成分复杂,古北界种类略占优势。根据鸟类栖息地的生境类型,将保护区鸟类划分为5个群落。调查得知,不同群落的优势种、常见种有较大差异;同一群落类型的物种组成、数量、遇见频次的季节差异明显。运用Shannon Weinner指数计算各群落的多样性;采用E=H／Hmax。计算群落中各群落物种的均匀度;用百分率相似性数（index of percent similarity）对各群落做相似性比较。结果表明：保护区内鸟类群落结构与各群落类型内部的空间异质性程度密切相关,群落的空间结构越复杂,则物种多样性就越高;湿地鸟类群落的均匀度指数最高,而高山灌丛鸟类群落的均匀度指数最低;各群落类型百分比相似性指数均较低;鸟类群落结构具有较大差异。     

文峪河上游森林景观格局动态特征分析

基于3期遥感影像,并结合实地调查数据,运用SVM机器学习的分类方法,从植被覆盖度、景观要素类型动态变化、景观格局指数等方面,综合分析文峪河上游近10年的森林景观格局动态变化特征.结果表明:研究区针叶林和针阔混交林面积之和均超过84％,是研究区域的主要景观要素类型;针阔混交林转为针叶林、疏林灌丛转为针阔混交林、针叶林转为...     

Differences in bird species diversities between a natural mixed forest and a coniferous plantation

Bird species diversity and bird species richness were surveyed in a natural mixed forest (mature forest) and in a coniferous plantation (30–40 years old) monthly from 1990 to 1994. These forests were 20 km apart and had similar weather conditions and soil types. There were larch and cedar plantations, and hardwoods along streams in the coniferous plantation. In the natural mixed forest, 55 bird species were found, whereas 40 species were recorded in the coniferous plantation. The species diversity of bird communities was significantly higher in the natural mixed forest than in the coniferous plantation mixed with hardwood trees. This result indicates that the coniferous plantation mixed with hardwood trees, presumed to be a more simplified environment, is likely to be less inhabitable for many bird species than the natural mixed forest, suggesting a relationship between the diversity of the forest environment and the diversity of the bird community. A higher number of bird species was recorded in the small coniferous forest mixed with hardwood trees compared with those in the coniferous plantation. The mixing of broad-leaved trees in a coniferous plantation was suggested to be effective in increasing number of bird species. These tendencies were recorded all through the year during our study. In snow-covering periods, both the diversity and the bird species richness fell in all study sites every year. Snow cover would have greater effect on bird species diversity in the coniferous plantation than in other forest types probably due to diet shortages caused by the snow cover over the forest floor.     

Bird communities following high-severity fire: Response to single and repeat fires in a mixed-evergreen forest,Oregon, USA

Fire is a widespread natural disturbance agent in most conifer-dominated forests. In light of climate change and the effects of fire exclusion, single and repeated high-severity (stand-replacement) fires have become prominent land management issues. We studied bird communities using point counting in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion of Oregon, USA at various points in time after one or two high-severity fires. Time points included 2 and 3 years after a single fire, 17 and 18 years after a single fire, 2 and 3 years after a repeat fire (15 year interval between fires), and >100 years since stand-replacement fire (mature/old-growth forest). Avian species richness did not differ significantly among habitats. Bird density was highest 17 and 18 years after fire, lowest 2 years after fire, and intermediate in repeat burns and unburned forest. Bird community composition varied significantly with habitat type (A = 0.24, P < 0.0001) with two distinct gradients in species composition relating to tree structure (live to dead) and shrub stature. Using indicator species analysis, repeat burns were characterized by shrub-nesting and ground-foraging bird species while unburned mature forests were characterized by conifer-nesting and foliage-gleaning species. Bird density was not related to snag basal area but was positively related to shrub height. Contrary to expectations, repeated high-severity fire did not reduce species richness, and bird densities were greater in repeat burns than in once-burned habitats. Broad-leaved hardwoods and shrubs appear to play a major role in structuring avian communities in the Klamath-Siskiyou region. In light of these results, extended periods of early seral broadleaf dominance and short-interval high-severity fires may be important to the conservation of avian biodiversity.     

Wildlife species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in Pacific Northwest conifer forests: A review

Non-coniferous vegetation, including herbs, shrubs, and broad-leaved trees, makes a vital contribution to ecosystem function and diversity in Pacific Northwest conifer forests. However, forest management has largely been indifferent or detrimental to shrubs and trees that have low commercial value, in spite of a paradigm shift towards more holistic management in recent decades. Forest management practices that are detrimental to broad-leaved trees and shrubs are likely to decrease habitat diversity for wildlife, but the number of species that may be affected has not previously been enumerated. I reviewed life history accounts for forest-dwelling vertebrate wildlife species and derived a list of 78 species in Oregon and Washington that are associated with non-coniferous vegetation. The diversity of direct and indirect food resources provided was the primary functional basis for associations of most species with non-coniferous vegetation. Thus, a diversity of herbs and broad-leaved trees and shrubs provides the foundation for food webs that contribute to diversity at multiple trophic levels in Pacific Northwest conifer forests. Given the number of species associated with non-coniferous vegetation in conifer-dominated forests, maintaining habitats that support diverse plant communities, particularly broad-leaved trees and shrubs, will be an important component of management strategies intended to foster biodiversity. Silvicultural practices such as modified planting densities, and pre-commercial and commercial thinning, can be used to control stand density in order to favor the development of understory herbs, shrubs, and a diversity of tree species within managed stands. Allowing shrubs and hardwood trees to develop and persist in early seral stands by curtailing vegetation control also would benefit many species associated with non-coniferous vegetation.     

武夷山国家级自然保护区植物物种多样性研究

以植物群落调查样地资料为基础，从不同类型、不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数对武夷山国家级自然保护区植物群落多样性进行了分析。本区植物群落多样性的变化规律为：物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度随该区植被演替趋势从针叶林、针阔叶混交林到常 阔叶林而增加，群落间变幅较大；植物生长型在物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度等多样性指数上均表现出灌木层＞乔木层的规律。毛竹林作为一种重要的植被类型，其灌木层物种多样性高于其它3种森林类型，但由于毛竹是无性繁殖，其在林分中占绝对优势，故乔木层物种多样性明显低于其它3种森林类型。     

乌拉山自然保护区主要森林群落物种多样性与群落结构研究

乌拉山自然保护区位于典型草原与荒漠草原的交界处,是研究干旱区山地物种多样性的理想区域。利用α多样性指数、β多样性指数以及重要值,对乌拉山主要森林群落（白桦林、油松林）林下灌木层和草本层的物种多样性以及群落结构进行了研究,结果表明：（1）群落草本层α多样性指数明显高于灌木层;（2）群落灌木层、草本层α多样性指数表现为：白桦林〉天然油松林〉人工油松林;天然油松林〉人工油松林〉白桦林〉柄扁桃灌丛;（3）群落β多样性指数表现出同一种森林群落类型之间绝大多数呈轻度相似性;不同森林群落类型之间呈极不相似;生境条件的差异、人为干扰等因素对群落β多样性的影响较为明显;（4）群落物种组成以菊科、蔷薇科植物为主,草本植物以多年生中生、中旱生、旱生植物为主,林下灌木水分生态型以中生为主。     

四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落结构特征研究

本文对四川盆地丘陵区主要森林群落--人工柏木纯林、次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林的群落结构特征进行了研究.结果表明：在群落的物种组成、生活型、层片结构以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson生态优势度指数表征的群落综合特征上,次生混交林与人工林具有很大差异.人工柏木纯林物种数量少,乔、灌、草层的物种多样性和均匀度较低,生态优势度较高;次生栎柏混交林和桤柏混交林物种数量较多,乔、灌、草层有较高的物种多样性和均匀度,较低的生态优势度.     

岷江上游亚高山典型森林植被群落数量特征研究

本文应用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数，Simpson生态优势度指标以及群落均匀度指标，定量研究岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的组成结构特征。以原始林的数量特征为参照，比较分析了岷江上游亚高山植被自然恢复与人工恢复的群落数量特征。结果表明，岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的物种多样性指数为0.55～4.62，多数在1-3之间，多样性指数值偏低。生态优势度为0.06-0.92，多数在0.40-0.80之间。群落均匀度为0.27～1.39之间。原始林的群落组成及结构特征取决于人为干扰程度。在森林植被恢复过程中，人工营造的混交林的群落结构优于自然恢复的次生林的群落结构，因而具有较好的生态效应，而人工营造的纯林的群落结构则比自然恢复的次生林差。人工林的林木生长速度大于天然更新的林木。     

无人为干扰下不同生境阔叶林的群落结构特征

以江西武夷山国家级自然保护区核心区为无干扰环境,选取河岸带、内陆森林和林线3种生境阔叶林群落为研究对象。群落结构特征分析结果显示：1）不同生境类型的群落建群种不同,但群落各层主要优势种的重要值均呈差异不显著,物种组成上均以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科、山矾科、杜鹃花科、蔷薇科、冬青科等为常见,且种属数较多。2）立木总株数（乔灌木）林线群落高于其他生境群落,但不同生境类型的群落间乔木与灌木平均株数均呈差异不显著。3）群落各层物种的种数及各物种多样性指数均有河岸带＆gt;内陆森林＆gt;林线,乔木层、草本层与层间植物物种种数以及物种多样性Patrick、Gleason、Margalef和Shannon-Weiner指数,河岸带均与其他生境类型群落差异呈显著性;而灌木层物种种数及多样性Simpson和Pielou指数差异不呈显著性。4）散点图和线性回归得出林线群落活立木平均高度和平均胸径均高于其他生境类型的群落。     

淳安县生态公益林植物群落基本特征分析

采用标准样地调查与路线调查相结合的方法,对淳安县域内的主要生态公益林类型进行了群落特征的野外调研,对植物群落的种类组成、区系特征、群落结构和物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,淳安县生态公益林植物群落物种丰富,共记录到维管束植物242种,隶属于74科162属。群落内区系地理成分复杂,与热带植物区系关系较密切,但温带区系成分也占有相当大的比重。根据Raunkiaer的分类系统对群落生活型分析,高位芽植物占绝对优势。群落总体水平的多样性指数表现为:阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;群落不同层次的多样性指数表现为:灌木层>草本层>乔木层。     

Effects of Bamboo Fargesia murielae on Plant Diversity in Fir Forest on Mountain Shennongjia

Simultaneous flowering caused a gregarious dieback of umbrella bamboo (Fargesia murielae) all over the world in 1993-2000. Mountain Shennongjia in Central China‘s Hubei Province is the only native home of umbrella bamboo, where it dominates the understorey of the farges fir (Abiesfargesii) forest between 2 400 and 3 100 m, covering the ground for more than one century before a periodically flowering death. Data from 20 quadrats along a vegetation sequence revealed that the density, coverage,and height of umbrella bamboo negatively affected the species richness, diversity, and evenness of vascular plants in the forest. Local climax community of fir-bamboo was the poorest in species diversity, while the bamboo-free communities (i.e. shrubs and meadows)were bearing a higher species diversity. The simultaneous dieback of umbrella bamboo is an ecological relcase, which can pcriodically promote the plant diversity in the fir forest.