Early growth results of three Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus nitens hybrid clonal trials and their response to snow events

Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus nitens (G×N) hybrid clones are selected to combine complimentary characteristics of E. nitens and E. grandis. G×N hybrid clones also have the potential to increase growth rates and provide adaptability to a changing climate. A series of three trials planted across a range of high-productivity, mid-altitude sites in the KwaZulu-Natal midlands was established to test the suitability of a suite of G×N hybrid clones. Seven commercially available G×N clones together with two widely planted pure species controls, Eucalyptus dunnii and Eucalyptus smithii, were chosen for this study. The trials were set out in random complete block designs with nine treatments and four replications set out in square plots of 25 trees. The trials were measured for diameter at breast height at 23 months and monitored for snow damage over two winter seasons. Snow was noted at the Baynesfield site and subsequent snow damage assessments were performed. Basal area per hectare was calculated for each plot as a function of diameter at breast height and survival. Significant differences were observed between G×N hybrid clones in both growth and snow tolerance. The top-performing clones significantly outperformed both pure species controls in terms of growth and snow tolerance. Early results indicate that G×N hybrids may be better suited to high-potential, mid-altitude sites exposed to light snow risk than the currently recommended pure species.     

油茶幼林结实与果枝特性研究

通过对油茶自花授粉全同胞子代、无性系间控制授粉全同胞子代、半同胞子代和无性系四种不同群体的结果枝特性和开花结实特点等主要经济性状的研究,揭示了四种群体及其优良林分的结实特性和产量规律,为油茶杂交组合、优良家系和无性系等良种的生产应用和栽培技术、以及进一步开展杂交和选择育种研究积累了必要的技术和理论知识。     

Characterization of mean stem density,fibre length and lignin from two Acacia species and their hybrid

The objective of this study was to compare the wood properties related to wood pulp quality of two widely planted Acacia species viz.Acacia mangium Willd.and Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn.Ex Benth.and their hybrid.Acid insoluble lignin content(Klason),mean stem density and fibre length differed considerably among the species and hybrids.A.mangium possessed a high percent of lignin content compared to A.auriculiformis and the Acacia hybrid.However,mean stem density of A.auriculiformis was higher than A.mangium and the hybrid.Fibre length of heartwood tissues was generally shorter than that of sapwood tissues.The hybrid had longer fibres than the parent species.Lignin was negatively correlated with mean stem density.Generally,the wood properties of the hybrid were superior to its parent species.The significant intraspecific variation observed for wood properties of Acacia species could be used in breeding superior hybrids combining desirable traits of the two species.Considering thedifficulty involved in accurately measuring the lignin content compared to mean stem density,selection for plants with low lignin content can be achieved by indirect selection of high mean stem density.     

尾叶桉×细叶桉杂种无性系扦插生根和生长性状的研究

对尾叶桉×细叶桉5个杂种组合的181个无性系扦插生根和生长性状的研究表明:每穗根数、每穗最长根长和生根率3个扦插生根性状,杂种组合间和杂种组合内无性系间的差异均达0.01显著水平;46个月生树高、胸径和单株材积3个生长性状,杂种组合间差异不显著,杂种组合内无性系间的差异达0.01显著水平.无性系扦插生根性状和生长性状的广义遗传力介于0.32(每穗最长根长) ～ 0.94(生根率)之间,表明各性状受中等到高等程度的遗传控制.无性系扦插生根性状平均值与生长性状平均值的表型相关均不显著.无性系各生长性状在13、18、46个月生之间的年年相关均达到0.01显著水平,表明在较早生长期进行无性系选择具有一定的可行性.本研究初选出易扦插、速生的尾细桉杂种无性系24个,无性系间单株材积株间变异系数为13.87%～68.55%,无性系内变异可能与母株年龄效应、位置效应和立地环境条件等C-效应因子有关.对桉树杂交育种而言,杂交制种后直接进行育苗、扦插和无性系试验是一条快捷有效的无性系培育途径.     

Future outlook for Pinus patula in South Africa in the presence of the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium circinatum)

Approximately 50% of the area planted to softwood trees in South Africa has been established with Pinus patula, making it the most important pine species in the country. More effort has gone into developing this species for improved growth, tree form and wood properties than with any other species. This substantial investment has been threatened in the last 10 years by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. The fungus infects and contaminates nursery plants and, once transferred to the field, causes severe mortality of young trees in the first year after establishment. Although nurserymen have some control of the disease, it is recognised that the best long-term solution to mitigate damage because of F. circinatum infection is to identify tolerant species, clones and hybrids for deployment in plantations in the future. Research has shown that alternative species such as P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. elliottii are suitable for warm sites. Pine hybrids, particularly between P. patula and the high-elevation sources of P. tecunumanii, appear to be a suitable replacement on subtemperate and temperate sites. Although these alternative species and hybrids are more sensitive to subfreezing temperatures than P. patula, their planting range can be increased by including cold tolerance as a selection criterion. Future breeding efforts will most certainly focus on improving the tolerance of pure P. patula to F. circinatum, which can be achieved by identifying specific family crosses and tolerant clones. The commercial deployment of disease-tolerant control-pollinated P. patula and hybrid families will most likely be established as rooted cuttings, which requires more advanced propagation technology. In the long term, new seed orchards comprised of P. patula clones tolerant to F. circinatum could be used to produce seed for seedling production.     

关于杨树品种命名的探讨兼谈河北省杨树种类与分布

杨树种类繁多,人工选育的品种日益增多。为便于生产推广和国际交流,每个杨树品种均应有一个合法的拉丁名。天然杨树,种以下分类单位为变种、变型;栽培杨树,种以下分类单位为栽培变种(品种);杂种杨树的拉丁名,是由属名和种加词(种名)构成,而在种加词的前面要置以乘号(×)。其复形杂种的品种命名,均以栽培变种(品种)对待,其集合加词放在该杂种名称之后。 河北省现在杨树种类,有3个组(派),13个种,6个杂种,7个变种,3个变型,6个栽培变种(品种)。     

Variability of total flavonoids in Crataegus--factor evaluation for the monitored production of industrial starting material

European Hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) are traditionally used for their demonstrated cardioprotective benefits. Most products are based on the compendial leaf and flower drug (LFD), which is standardised on the total flavonoid content (TF). In order to reduce variability associated with the wild plant origin and to ease product standardisation, we set out to develop a sustainable source of high quality raw material. Firstly, the LFD of wild trees in Germany was screened in terms of TF content (spectrophotometric analysis, calculated as hyperoside) according to the current pharmacopoeia requirements. Secondly, eleven high value provenances were selected, propagated, cultivated and the grafted clones were reanalysed. Thirdly, major environmental and sourcing influences were assessed: the year of harvest, the growing location, exposure to sunlight, the harvest time and the portion of leaf, flower and wood within the LFD. We found the TF in LFD of 150 wild grown Crataegus ranged between 0.28% and 1.92% (average 1.15%). Pure single styled Crataegus monogyna and hybrid trees represented the major portion (57%) of all screened trees. The hybrids with mainly two-styled flowers (pure Crataegus laevigata and hybrids) showed slightly higher TF values. The selected clones proved to maintain a high TF profile in cultivation, although superiority was attenuated when not only O-glycosides, but also C-glycosides were covered by the assay. Environmental influence surpassed in part the genetic variation of the selection in this study. In conclusion, cultivated high performance trees under central European conditions produced LFD exceeding the Pharmacopoeia standards. Careful monitoring of production - particularly in terms of the harvest time and actual LFD location and composition - has decisive impact to guarantee consistent high TF values.     

Hybrid and clonal variability of nutrient content and nutrient use efficiency in Eucalyptus stands in Congo

For 20 years, there has been 42,000 ha estate of clonal Eucalyptus plantations around Pointe-Noire in Congo on sandy soils that have very low reserves of available nutrients. These plantations have been based on a natural hybrid (E. PF1). This hybrid is being replaced by E. urophylla × E. grandis (UG), a more productive hybrid developed by the breeding program of UR2PI. A study of biogeochemical cycles showed that nutrient removal by harvesting is the main nutrient output in the E. PF1 ecosystem. It is therefore important to quantify the nutrient content (NC) in both hybrids to compare corresponding nutrient removal values.

The work dealt with four UG clones and the most planted clone of E. PF1. Twelve trees per clone were sampled at the logging age (8 years) in a clonal test for UG clones and in a nearby stand for E. PF1. Tables were established to predict, from girth at breast height (C_1.30 m), the biomass and nutrient content of stemwood, bark, dead and living branches, leaves, and were applied to the inventory of the different stands to evaluate corresponding biomass, NC and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) on a per-hectare basis.

Total biomass differed between the two hybrids and among UG clones: 109 t ha⁻¹ for E. PF1 and 108–155 t ha⁻¹ for UG clones. In E. PF1 trees, total NC was globally lower for N, K, and Mg, but greater for P and Ca. In stemwood, nitrogen content was similar for both hybrids. By contrast, in UG clones, NC was much lower for P (−72%) and Ca (−40% to −55%). The same trends were observed for NUE: equivalent for both hybrids for N, but higher in UG clones for P (+72%) and Ca (+43% to +59%). A marked variability among clones was observed for K and Mg. UG clones allocated proportionally more nutrients in leaves than E. PF1.

These results show that clones should not be selected only on growth traits but also on NUE and on the concentration of nutrients in tree components removed by harvesting. It will be then possible to limit the cost of fertilising needed to maintain stand growth and soil fertility.     

Genetic parameter estimates for interspecific Eucalyptus hybrids and implications for hybrid breeding strategy

The Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe initiated a hybrid breeding program of Eucalyptus grandis with E. tereticornis (G × T) and E. camaldulensis (G × C) in order to provide suitable genotypes for planting in areas that are marginal for E. grandis in terms of drought and frost. A total of seven hybrid trials were established at four sites, representative of low to medium rainfall. The female parents were from E. grandis preselected for superior volume production. No pure species were included in the trials to act as controls and allow for estimation of hybrid vigour. Survival, growth and stem straightness were assessed at 18 and 43 months from planting. Survival was generally above 80% for all hybrids across sites. G × C hybrids performed better than G × T hybrids, showing a 20% difference in mean height at 43 months. Female and male variances were generally insignificant (P > 0.05) and in some cases, the estimates were 0. This was not unexpected, as the parents for the hybrids were preselected for superior height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume production as pure species. Ratio of dominance to phenotypic variance ( $ \hat{d}^{2} $ ) was significant for all traits for all hybrids (P < 0.05). Trait–trait dominance correlations (r _D ) at 43 months between height and DBH were generally large and positive, above 0.6. Type-B dominance correlation (r _BD ) suggested evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E), but one high elevation site contributed most to the observed G × E. If these results are confirmed in larger mating designs with progeny established on multiple sites, it seems that the most appropriate breeding strategy for E. grandis × E. tereticornis and E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrids may be one that exploits both additive and dominance genetic variance, such as the reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) scheme or RRS with forward selection.     

落叶松种间及种内和种间杂种家系间的物候变异与早期选择

对造林后1～3年生7种(变种)落叶松和7个种内和种间杂种家系的9个物候期进行连续定株观察及生长量调查,利用方差分析方法研究落叶松种间、家系间物候期的变异,利用主成分分析方法划分落叶松种(家系)的物候群,利用典型相关分析方法确定物候期与幼林生长量之间的关系.结果表明:除侧枝芽膨大外,落叶松种间、家系间各物候期的变异均达极显著水平.同样,种内个体间、家系内个体间也存在一定的物候期变异,但同种家系内个体间的变异明显小于杂种家系内个体间的变异.兴安落叶松顶芽展叶、抽新梢时间明显早于其他种,封顶也最早;其次是长白落叶松和华北落叶松;朝鲜落叶松和欧洲落叶松的封顶时间比长白和华北落叶松还要迟半个月;日本落叶松顶芽膨大和展叶时间最晚,封顶时间也明显迟于其他种.以日本落叶松为母本的各种间杂种,在物候上多数表现出中间偏母本的特性,而在抗病能力方面较父本有所改善,在抗寒性方面却明显优于母本.日本落叶松生长最快,其次是长白和朝鲜落叶松,而日×长、日×兴杂种生长量超过母本,表现出超亲杂种优势,表明在东北地区落叶松杂种利用潜力巨大.根据主成分聚类结果,可将14份遗传材料分为4个物候型.除侧枝芽开始展叶、完全展叶和抽新梢以外的其他物候因子与生长量之间相关紧密.物候因子对生长量有相当好的预测能力,即顶芽萌动、展叶越早,封顶越迟,生长期越长,对树木的生长越有利.     

Relative susceptibility of Salix clones to chrysomelid beetles: evidence from the Stott willow collection at Ness

Willow species and hybrids growing in the Stott willow collection at Ness, UK, differed markedly in their susceptibility to leaf damage by insects, predominantly chrysomelid beetles, with the rank order of susceptibility remaining relatively constant over 2 years. Some species displayed a wide range of variation in susceptibility amongst clones; others very little. The range of susceptibilities of hybrids tended to mirror those of the parent species, with the hybrid usually sustaining leaf damage levels intermediate between those of the parents. Leaf damage in most species was higher on the lower leaf surface up to mid-season, beyond which leaf perforation damage became prevalent. Damage levels did not appear related to leaf toughness. Apparent levels of leaf damage were lower in October versus July/August samples across nearly all species. Heavy leaf damage in one year did not appear to induce the production of leaves that were more resistant to insect attack in the following year.     

两种优良巴西杂交桉树的组织培养和快速繁殖

本研究以巴西尾巨桉和巨赤桉两种优良杂交桉树的带芽茎段为外植体进行离体培养和快速繁殖研究.结果表明:尾巨桉和巨赤桉再生芽诱导的最佳培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L-1,继代增殖的最适培养基为改良MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L-1+NAA 0.15 mg·L-1.芽诱导和继代增殖中6-BA的浓度对两种杂交桉树有显著影响.生根培养中,尾巨桉和巨赤桉生根情况差异显著,尾巨桉茎芽最适生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2 mg·L-1+IBA 1.0 mg·L-1,巨赤桉茎芽最适生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.15 mg·L-1+IBA 1.0 mg·L-1.两种杂交桉树组织培养体系的建立,为桉树良种选育和遗传转化体系的研究提供技术参考.     

广西东门林场桉树无性系选育研究概述

对东门林场多年来所做的桉树无性系选育研究进展以及结果进行了总结分析。通过大量桉树树种(种源、家系)的引进,在优良种源、林分及优良单株选择的基础上,进行杂交育种和子代测定,开展优树选择和无性繁殖,开发出优良无性系,并通过无性系对比试验和区域试验,最终选育出优良无性系进行推广造林。东门林场先后选育出1800多个桉树优良无性系,其中已有140多个在林业生产中广泛推广和应用,树立了东门的“DH”(东门杂交种)品牌形象,充分展示东门林场的资源优势和技术优势,为我国的桉树无性系事业发展做出了贡献。     

科学经营,持续改良,巴西桉树领先的法宝——巴西桉树人工林高产经营考察报告

巴西桉树面积达到470万hm2,占人工林面积的83.93%,是巴西林业经济的大部分和国民经济的重要组成部分。科技是巴西桉树发展的翅膀,使生长量从1960年代的10 m3.hm-2.a-1大幅提高到目前的40 m3.hm-2.a-1水平,帮助巴西成为世界桉树人工林水平最先进的国家。巴西特别重视桉树的遗传改良,林纸公司都有自己的育种计划,不断生产新品系;目前,巴西各林业公司以巨桉×尾叶桉无性系为主,在生产一线使用的有5~8个巨尾桉无性系,储备的无性系更多一些。最小耕作法,使巴西桉树持续高产,其要点是必须保留采伐剩余物,拿走采伐剩余物5 a后的土壤分析表明N、P、K和Ca分别损失4%、13%、31%和5%,这将严重改变立地质量;整地必须严格控制扰土面积,在地势较平坦地区采用全机械"深耕裂土"方式整地,在丘陵区用小型手工机械挖暗穴整地方式或者人工用镐松土;造林采用小型手工机械栽植和施肥,这样可以减少扰土面积,但效果不减。机械化或小型机械化是桉树种植、经营和采伐的必由之路。白蚁和杂草严重影响桉树生长,必须严加控制。萌芽更新是巴西桉树人工林主要更新方式之一,与再造林相比,桉树萌芽更新有诸多优势,造林程序少、成本大幅降低;生长量方面,到7年生砍伐时,可能减产16%,利润却可增加21%。"镶嵌式"造林格局在巴西最典型,在河流、道路、小班分界、林道等地方要保留一定的次生林,以保护环境、隔离病虫害、美化生态以及防火等。对劳工的保护、尊重、提高劳动待遇是高质量完成各项造林、经营和采伐任务的根本保证。     

First-year freeze hardiness of pure species and hybrid taxa of Pinus elliottii (Engelman) and Pinus caribaea (Morelet)

Six pine taxa were compared for freeze hardiness following 2 whole plant freeze tests carried out in early and late winter 1993–94. Pure species included slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelman) (PEE), Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet) var. bahamensis (PCB), and var. hondurensis (PCH). The same six slash pine parents served as the female parents of the pure slash pine taxon and were control pollinated to create the F₁ hybrids of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. bahamensis (F1B), the F₁ of slash pine × Caribbean pine var. hondurensis (F1H), and the backcross of slash pine × (slash pine × var. hondurensis (B1H). Four traits related to adaptation (bud set, foliage/stem damage, survival) were compared. Significant differences existing among the three species at all temperatures for both freeze tests. The 3 hybrid taxa were intermediate to parental taxa for all measured traits and only at extreme temperatures was there an indication of hybrid vigor. However, inspection of foliage damage curves to estimate temperatures at which 50 percent damage occurs indicated that the hybrids deviated from the mid parent value toward the more freeze susceptible parent. Discriminant functions which included foliage damage and survival traits provided the best segregation of taxa groupings and the combining of canonical variable 1 for these discriminant functions placed hybrids intermediate to parental taxa. Parent × taxa interaction was significant, suggesting that within these taxa, family to family variation occurred, but different maternal parents were associated with the freeze hardly families in different taxa.This is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-04852 of the Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611     

我国杨树杂交育种的现状和发展对策

在简要介绍了我国杨树资源并回顾了４０年来的杂交育种成就后，把我国杨树杂交育种过程划分成两个时期。第一个时期解决了北方杨树栽培的品种化问题，第二个时期在一定程序上用自己选育的无性系改变了黄河以南到长江中下游地区直接用引入无性系造林的现状。但由于两个时期是一个世代的短期育种活动，方法和程序上缺少改进，都把由种间杂种Ｆ１中选择无性系作为重点，加之基因资源有限，都存在推广无性系亲缘相近潜育的危险性，缺乏长     

Effects of host plant hybridization on resistance to willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora sp.

Patterns of resistance to willow leaf rust caused by Melampsora sp. were measured on Salix eriocephala, Salix sericea, and their interspecific hybrids in natural field populations in 1991–94 and on potted plants in common garden experiments in 1994 and 1995. Testing was carried out to establish if the resistance of hybrids was intermediate between pure parental species (additive), equal to one of the parents (dominant), lower than both parents (susceptible), higher than both parents (resistant), or not different than either parent (null hypothesis). Support was generally found for hybrid susceptibility in the field and common garden experiments, with the null hypothesis of no difference having some support. The results from the common garden study suggest that the susceptibility of hybrids seen in the field is due to genetic differences. Hybridization between these species of willows results in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. The variation among years in the relative susceptibility of hybrid and parental willows may be due to environmental effects on the willows or to shifts in the abundance of Melampsora races.     

油茶子代林群体产量性状的研究

通过对油茶无性系及其半同胞子代、自交子代和杂交子代4种不同群体的产量结构、产量频率分布、产量构成等产量性状进行系统深入的研究,探索4种群体及其优良林分的结实特性和产量规律,为油茶杂交子代,优良家系和无性系等良种的生产应用和栽培技术、以及进一步开展杂交和选择育种研究积累了必要的技术和理论知识．     

云南橡胶树选育种现状和展望

报道云南引入橡胶树新种质的研究和新品种推广规模种植的现状,提出进一步加快橡胶树亚马逊种质、魏克汉种质杂交组合的鉴定,通过常规选育程序,选育出适合云南植胶生态环境的新品种;收集、研究存在于生产胶园中的高产速生特异单株种质,作为有效选育新品种的新材料;应用分子标记和遗传转化技术,对橡胶树种质特异性进行研究,可以提高品种选育目的性,提高筛选效率,缩短育种周期。