跨境动物疫病传入风险评估指标体系构建

本研究利用实体-联系模型(entity relationship model,E-R)和相关文献,对动物疫病跨境传入的实体与相关属性特征进行分析和总结,旨在构建一个跨境动物疫病传入风险评估指标体系。新构建的指标体系由国家疫情流行因素、国家疫病监测与防控因素、疫病固有因素等9个一级指标、36个二级指标构成,从疫情国传出风险、生物特征风险、输入国传入风险3个维度进行风险因素分析。该指标体系的构建为动物疫病传入风险防控的大数据平台建设、疾病管理和决策等提供了支持。     

安徽阜阳市重大动物疫病风险评估机制初探

分析了当前我国动物疫情面临的严峻形势及阜阳市动物疫病防控现状,对当下动物疫情的处理机制以及存在的问题进行探讨,列出导致动物疫病发生的风险因素,提出了制订控制风险因素的评估模块和办法。     

预防畜禽疾病的四项措施

随着规模化、集约化养殖业的快速发展，养殖业在农业生产中所占比例不断提高，给广大农民脱贫致富提供了一条重要途径，但许多养殖户缺乏养殖技术，疫病防治观念淡漠，只追求眼前利益，缺乏长远规划，致使疫病不断出现，给养殖户造成极大的经济损失。无情的事实证明动物疫病风险大于市场风险。只有生产中的各个环节密切配合、协调一致，动物才能保持最佳的健康状况。笔者认为应运用综合的方法，制定合理的免疫程序及畜禽营养标准、改善饲养管理、营造适宜畜禽生长环境，破坏病原、宿主、病媒的生存条件，达到从根本上消除疾病的目的。     

人畜共患病的危害与防制措施

人畜共患病是由同种病原体引起,流行病学上相互关联,在动物和人之间自然传播的疫病。可以经由多种途径进行传播,包括通过人与患病动物的直接接触,或者经由动物、被污染的空气、水或者食物进行传播。人畜禽共患疾病的分类方式世界各国不尽相同,可以从其病原、宿主,流行病学或病原的生     

动物防疫和防疫监督的工作用语及含义浅析(六)

(接上期)动物疫病(疫情)测报、测报网络和疫病诊断所谓动物疫病(疫情)测报是对动物疫病监测、病原(源)存在状态和疫情报告、疫病(情)分析及发展趋势预测等一系列概念的总称,是一个完整的工作体系(或系统)。其中,动物疫病(疫情)的监测主要是疫病发生和传播流行前及流行过程中的监视手段,应属预防措施的大范畴,同时在疫病发生、发展、流行过程中的监测又为控制扑灭疫情提供依据。其整个测报体系包括了对动物生存环境(如水源、土壤、饲料、中间宿主、传播媒介、饲养场地、运输工具、屠宰场地等的测报和动物本身及其排泄物的测报。所谓疫病(疫情…     

内蒙古自治区动物疫病风险监管机制的建立与实践

本文介绍了内蒙古自治区动物疫病风险监管机制的建立与实践,从风险控制的目标设定、采取的工作措施入手,探讨了如何创新和理顺动物卫生监督体制,最大限度地降低动物疫病发生风险。     

进境SPF鼠传入疫病风险分析

为识别并及时防范进境SPF鼠携带病原传入的风险,根据《一、二、三类动物疫病病种名录》《中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录》以及相关公告、国家标准和国际组织要求,通过风险识别确定汉坦病、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎、鼠痘、小鼠肝炎和仙台病毒病等5种疫病会带来一定风险。从病原学特征、疫病发生、易感动物、传播途径等方面进行5种疫病的定性评估,使用风险评估矩阵确定综合风险水平,认定这5种疫病传入风险较高,传入后果较为严重。因此,应对这5种疫病实施重点监测,同时采取相应的风险管理措施,重点包括加强出口国相关动物卫生证书审核,提高隔离场管理水平,增强SPF实验鼠卫生和健康管理意识。     

猪水疱病病毒研究进展

猪水疱病是猪的一种急性传染病,与口蹄疫和水疱性口炎等水疱类疫病具有同等的重要性,被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为A类疾病。文章主要介绍了本病病原近年来在分子生物学方面的研究概况,主要包括RNA基因组的结构和功能的研究、结构蛋白功能的新发现、抗原结构的研究、病毒的诊断研究以及与柯萨奇病毒B5的关系等方面的研究现状。     

大连市动物防控预警预报分析系统的应用

正随着我国畜牧业的整体发展,各类新发疫病不断增加、非典型病例不断增加、病原结构变异程度不断增加和混合感染情况不断增加,造成动物疫病防控形势日趋严峻。为了提高大连市重大动物疫病预警预报和综合防控能力,大连市开发了动物防控预警预报分析系统(一下简称"系统")。该系统包括:兽医实验室信息管理、动物疫病风险评估、流行病学调查管理、动物疫病免疫统计分析、畜牧业统计监测预警、动物疫病诊断专家内部培训     

对基层兽医实验室防范生物安全风险的探讨

基层兽医实验室作为市、县两级动物疫病防控体系的重要组成部分,承担着样品采集、动物疫病监测、诊断等重要任务,直接从事病原微生物实验活动,生物安全风险隐患较大。实验室位置及实验室功能布局、生物安全警示标识和生物安全设施设备、人员生物安全意识和生物安全防护意识是决定生物安全风险高低的主要因素,对这些风险因素进行分析,提出只有采取加强实验室基础设施建设、加大生物安全设施设备资金投入力度、强化实验室工作人员生物安全管理法规和标准的培训、加强实验室生物安全监督管理等措施,才能防范生物安全风险发生。     

动物疫病风险分析的产生、演变和发展

动物疫病风险分析是研究动物疫病风险的产生、发展,对人与畜牧业危害,以及如何有效控制的一门新型学科,其主要作用是使动物卫生管理工作中的决策更具有科学性、透明性和客观性。本文对动物疫病风险分析的概念、演变过程及其在国际上的发展及应用情况进行综述,以期为我国动物疫病工作从应急治疗式管理向风险预警式管理转变提供借鉴。     

Factors Involved in the Dissemination of Disease in Fish Populations

Abstract

Infectious diseases have been observed in both human and animal populations for millenia. Unlike diseases of “higher” animals, the dispersal of disease in fish populations rarely has been studied quantitatively. However, the principles that govern the spread of diseases of humans and other mammals should, with modification, be applicable to the study of infectious diseases in fishes. Disease in populations is a dynamic phenomenon; fluctuations in prevalence and impact are dependent on the interactions among host, pathogen, and environment. Models of the dynamics of infectious diseases in salmon and other fishes can be constructed and refined to reflect the characteristics of diseases by integrating the most important factors in the process. Among the factors that have been shown to be important in other systems are the “contagiousness” of the pathogen (transmission coefficient, β), duration of infection, host population density, development of immunity, and efficacy of therapeutants.     

Relationships of the Host,Pathogen, and Environment: Implications for Diseases of Cultured and Wild Fish Populations

Abstract

Many effects of diseases on cultured fish are known; they are less clear in wild fish populations. Cultured fish represent captive populations that can be subjected to intense scrutiny with an increasing range of diverse and powerful tools. Disease represents a spectrum from acute mortality to rather benign or inconsequential syndromes, all sharing the common feature of a deviation from the normal structure or function of the host. Understanding these deviations among cultured and wild fish populations and balancing their implications against ecological, economic, and political concerns are challenges for both fish health scientists and fisheries managers. The severity of a given disease is dependent on the interaction of numerous variables of the host, the parasite, and the environment. To understand diseases and their impacts on fish populations, we must know which variables are important, how we measure them, and finally how we assess the results of our measurements. We have perhaps been most successful with variables associated with the pathogen. We often can more easily isolate and scrutinize the pathogen than either the host or the environment. The host variables of importance (for which we lack considerable knowledge) include actions of the immune system in general and specifically the influence of genetics and nutrition on host resistance–susceptibility to disease. Lastly, the contribution of the environment, a nebulous term encompassing everything other than the host and pathogen, is only partly appreciated. While we can measure certain physical and chemical parameters of the environment, we have a poor understanding of the biological–ecological variables that influence host–pathogen interactions. Ultimately, diseases of wild fish must be considered in the context of these complex interactions including numerous physical, chemical, biological, and ecological parameters, which may yet be discovered as integral parts of the aquatic habitat.     

Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis

ABSTRACT: Non-typhoidal Salmonella represents an important human and animal pathogen world-wide. Most human salmonellosis cases are foodborne, but each year infections are also acquired through direct or indirect animal contact in homes, veterinary clinics, zoological gardens, farm environments or other public, professional or private settings. Clinically affected animals may exhibit a higher prevalence of shedding than apparently healthy animals, but both can shed Salmonella over long periods of time. In addition, environmental contamination and indirect transmission through contaminated food and water may complicate control efforts. The public health risk varies by animal species, age group, husbandry practice and health status, and certain human subpopulations are at a heightened risk of infection due to biological or behavioral risk factors. Some serotypes such as Salmonella Dublin are adapted to individual host species, while others, for instance Salmonella Typhimurium, readily infect a broad range of host species, but the potential implications for human health are currently unclear. Basic hygiene practices and the implementation of scientifically based management strategies can efficiently mitigate the risks associated with animal contacts. However, the general public is frequently unaware of the specific disease risks involved, and high-risk behaviors are common. Here we describe the epidemiology and serotype distribution of Salmonella in a variety of host species. In addition, we review our current understanding of the public health risks associated with different types of contacts between humans and animals in public, professional or private settings, and, where appropriate, discuss potential risk mitigation strategies.     

The effect of exogenous corticosterone on West Nile virus infection in Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis)

ABSTRACT: The relationship between stress and disease is thought to be unambiguous: chronic stress induces immunosuppression, which likely increases the risk of infection. However, this link has not been firmly established in wild animals, particularly whether stress hormones affect host responses to zoonotic pathogens, which can be transmitted to domesticated animal, wildlife and human populations. Due to the dynamic effects of stress hormones on immune functions, stress hormones may make hosts better or poorer amplifying hosts for a pathogen contingent on context and the host species evaluated. Using an important zoonotic pathogen, West Nile virus (WNV) and a competent host, the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), we tested the effects of exogenous corticosterone on response to WNV infection. Corticosterone was administered at levels that individuals enduring chronic stressors (i.e., long-term inclement weather, food shortage, anthropogenic pollution) might experience in the wild. Corticosterone greatly impacted mortality: half of the corticosterone-implanted cardinals died between five - 11 days post-inoculation whereas only one of nine empty-implanted (control) birds died. No differences were found in viral titer between corticosterone- and empty-implanted birds. However, cardinals that survived infections had significantly higher average body temperatures during peak infection than individuals that died. In sum, this study indicates that elevated corticosterone could affect the survival of WNV-infected wild birds, suggesting that populations may be disproportionately at-risk to disease in stressful environments.     

Potential of zoonotic transmission of non-primate foamy viruses to humans

The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human-to-human transmission pose a serious risk for world-wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well-documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.     

The devil is in the details—Host disease and co‐infections are associated with zoonotic pathogen carriage in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Traditionally, zoonotic pathogen ecology studies in wildlife have focused on the interplay among hosts, their demographic characteristics and their pathogens. But pathogen ecology is also influenced by factors that traverse the hierarchical scale of biological organization, ranging from within‐host factors at the molecular, cellular and organ levels, all the way to the host population within a larger environment. The influence of host disease and co‐infections on zoonotic pathogen carriage in hosts is important because these factors may be key to a more holistic understanding of pathogen ecology in wildlife hosts, which are a major source of emerging infectious diseases in humans. Using wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a model species, the purpose of this study was to investigate how host disease and co‐infections impact the carriage of zoonotic pathogens. Following a systematic trap and removal study, we tested the rats for the presence of two potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Bartonella tribocorum and Leptospira interrogans) and assessed them for host disease not attributable to these bacteria (i.e., nematode parasites, and macroscopic and microscopic lesions). We fitted multilevel multivariable logistic regression models with pathogen status as the outcome, lesions and parasites as predictor variables and city block as a random effect. Rats had significantly increased odds of being infected with B. tribocorum if they had a concurrent nematode infection in one or more organ systems. Rats with bite wounds, any macroscopic lesion, cardiomyopathy or tracheitis had significantly increased odds of being infected with L. interrogans. These results suggest that host disease may have an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of rat‐associated zoonotic pathogens. Our multiscale approach to assessing complex intrahost factors in relation to zoonotic pathogen carriage may be applicable to future studies in rats and other wildlife hosts.     

新生隐球菌病研究进展

隐球菌是条件致病性深部真菌,易发于细胞免疫功能受损的人群.新生隐球菌是隐球菌属的重要致病菌,属环境腐生菌,可从土壤和鸽粪中分离到,并被认为是人和动物最主要的传染源.医学方面,近年来由新生隐球菌引起的感染有逐渐增多的趋势,主要引起人的脑膜炎和肺炎.动物医学方面,可引起马的呼吸道病、牛羊的乳腺炎.鸽是隐球菌的自然宿主,但并不引起发病.该文从隐球菌病的病原特征、分类、毒力因子、致病性等生物学特性进行了概述,并对人和动物新生隐球菌病的传染和流行的基本环节、发病机制、临床表现、防治等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

Potential of Zoonotic Transmission of Non‐Primate Foamy Viruses to Humans

The zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human‐to‐human transmission pose a serious risk for world‐wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well‐documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.     

The application of epidemiology in aquatic animal health -opportunities and challenges

ABSTRACT: Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 42 The development of aquatic epidemiology 73 Transboundary and emerging diseases 93.1 Import risk analysis (IRA) 103.2 Aquaculture and disease emergence 113.3 Climate change and disease emergence 133.4 Outbreak investigations 134 Surveillance and surveys 154.1 Investigation of disease prevalence 154.2 Developments in surveillance methodology 164.2.1 Risk-based surveillance and scenario tree modelling 164.2.2 Spatial and temporal analysis 164.3 Test validation 175 Spread, establishment and impact of pathogens 185.1 Identifying routes of spread 185.1.1 Ex-ante studies of disease spread 195.1.2 Ex-post observational studies 215.2 Identifying risk factors for disease establishment 235.3 Assessing impact at the population level 245.3.1 Recording mortality 245.3.2 Farm health and production records 265.3.3 Assessing the impact of disease in wild populations 276 Conclusions 317 Competing interests 328 Authors' contributions 329 Acknowledgements 3310 References 33.