功能性白灵菇营养面包的研制

以高筋小麦粉和白灵菇粉为主要原料,开发研制富含功能性成分的营养面包.通过单因素试验和正交试验优化功能性白灵菇营养面包的配方.结果表明,功能性白灵菇营养面包的最佳配方为:以高筋小麦粉量(100％)为基准,白灵菇粉添加量5％,酵母添加量2.5％,冰糖粉添加量16％,黄油添加量10％.在此条件下能得到的功能性白灵菇营养面包白灵菇风味尚佳,面包形状完整,有弹性,口感好.     

白灵菇研究进展

从分类依据和分子生物学技术的应用介绍了白灵菇的分类现状，从基本成分、蛋白质和多糖含量的分析介绍了白灵菇的营养成分和药用价值，并从栽培品种、管理措施、贮藏、保鲜等几个方面，综述了白灵菇的研究进展。提出了加强白灵菇研究的关键性问题。     

影响白灵菇商品价值的表现及原因

白灵菇色泽洁白,质地细腻,食之脆嫩可口.其蛋白质含量极高,富含多种维生素和氨基酸,是一种珍稀的天然保健食品,具有很高的药用价值与食用价值,市场前景非常看好.但在实际栽培中经常遇到白灵菇不能正常出菇的问题,影响了白灵菇的商品价值.     

白灵菇产木聚糖酶营养条件的优化

以白灵菇为出发菌株,研究该菌株在不同碳源、氮源、无机盐的条件下产木聚糖酶活力大小,从中筛选出最佳培养基配方。通过测量菌丝干重,采用DNS法测定白灵菇产木聚糖酶活性大小,并根据碳源、氮源、无机盐对白灵菇产木聚糖酶的活性的影响,得出白灵菇最适培养基组成为：甘蔗渣5%、黄豆粉2%、MgSO40.15%、KH2PO40.3%、ZnSO40.01%、VB12粒。发酵液酶活力可达到60.50U/ml。     

白灵菇高活力液体菌种培养条件研究

为了提高白灵菇液体菌种的活力,通过采用单因子和正交发酵试验方法,以白灵菇菌丝生物量、菌球密度及萌发活力指数为检测指标,研究白灵菇高活力液体菌种培养基配方。结果表明,该菌株的最适碳源为玉米粉,最适氮源为黄豆粉和蛋白胨,最佳培养基碳氮配方为玉米粉3%,葡萄糖1.5%,蛋白胨0.6%,黄豆粉2%。     

白灵菇保鲜贮藏技术

白灵菇是一种近年发展起来的珍稀菇种,菇体色泽洁白,肉质致密细腻,风味芳香浓郁,是目前很具发展前景的珍稀菌类.通常白灵菇在采后4天～5天,水分便会散失,风味变劣,导致其商品价值下降,于是延长保鲜时间成为提高白灵菇的经济收益的一条有效途径.     

白灵菇预煮液主要营养与风味分析评价

白灵菇最主要的加工产品是罐头,但在加工过程中必然会产生大量的预煮液。通过测定白灵菇预煮液的主要营养成分、水解氨基酸、游离氨基酸以及风味物质组成,评价白灵菇预煮液的营养风味价值,以便为进一步开发利用白灵菇预煮液资源奠定基础。结果表明,在可溶性固形物为2%的白灵菇预煮液中,蛋白质含量为0.35%,水解氨基酸达到22种,总量为212.25 mg/100 mL,游离氨基酸量为86.8 mg/100 mL,呈鲜、甜味氨基酸占游离氨基酸的68.5%;经气质分析,对风味起主要作用的为醇类,特别是1-辛烯-3占挥发物总量的30.399%。     

白灵菇切片变温压差干燥工艺

介绍了利用内循环式真空热泵干燥设备和应用变温压差干燥技术对白灵菇切片进行干制的生产工艺及适宜干燥的工艺条件,为白灵菇产品的开发提供新方法.     

白灵菇贮运保鲜技术

1 贮藏特性 与其他菇类相比,白灵菇属耐贮藏品种.新鲜的白灵菇具有极强的呼吸作用,一旦离开培养基,采后2～3天内菇体水分大量散失,首先菌褶变褐,继而整个菇面发黄变褐,失去外观商品质量,风味也随之劣变,失去商品价值.因此,延长鲜菇运输与上市时间,解决其采后的保鲜问题,是白灵菇产业发展的必由之路.     

白灵菇液体培养菌丝的富锌能力研究

探讨白灵菇富锌能力,为其富锌培养提供依据,对培养基锌浓度对菌丝生长及锌含量的影响进行研究。采用0~500 mg/L以25 mg/L递增的不同锌浓度的培养基摇床培养白灵菇菌丝2周,用重量法测定菌丝生物量,用双硫腙比色法测干菌丝锌含量。结果表明：随着培养基中锌浓度升高菌丝生物量逐渐增加,至325 mg/L达最大值,为1.146 g,是对照的5.63倍,随后逐渐降低;锌含量一直呈现增加趋势,最高为26.5056 mg/kg,是对照的6.32倍,各处理之间差异达极显著水平。故认为培养基中锌离子浓度对白灵菇菌丝生长和锌含量有较大影响。综上所述,白灵菇富锌培养时,培养基中的锌浓度应该以 325 mg/L为宜。在此浓度菌丝锌含量可达24.79 mg/kg,虽不是最高含量,但高于此浓度,锌对白灵菇菌丝生长有抑制作用。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.