植物乳杆菌酸奶的加工工艺参数优化研究

为了得到富含植物乳杆菌酸奶的加工工艺参数,采用正交试验设计方法优化酸奶的工艺参数。以感官评价为指标,通过极差分析,确定最佳加工工艺参数为:嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌配比为1:1:2,接种量为5%,发酵温度为39℃,发酵时间为7 h。     

山药营养酸奶的工艺研究

介绍了山药营养酸奶的加工工艺、操作要点、配方和产品特点。此法生产的营养酸奶口感好,营养丰富,具有药食同源的功效。     

红薯全粉焙烤产品的研制

鲜红薯季节性强、储存期短,将红薯加工成干粉,不仅延长了红薯的保存期,且保留了红薯的纤维素、维生素、矿物质、淀粉等营养物质。研究红薯干粉加工成焙烤制品的性能,开发了红薯全粉曲奇饼干及紫薯全粉蛋糕的工艺路线。结果显示,红薯全粉曲奇饼干产品外形完整、表面呈金黄色,酥软,无异味,理化指标和微生物指标均符合《GB 7100—2015食品安全国家标准饼干》要求;紫薯全粉蛋糕产品外形整齐、底部平整,紫色均匀,无不规则大空洞,符合《GB 7099—2015食品安全国家标准糕点、面包》要求。     

紫薯玉米酸奶加工工艺研究

以紫薯、玉米、纯牛奶为原料,以海藻酸钠、黄原胶为稳定剂,以保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌作为发酵菌种,经过灭菌、冷却、接种、发酵、后熟等工艺制成紫薯玉米酸奶,通过感官评价、单因素试验和正交试验,对紫薯玉米酸奶的风味和理化性质进行分析,从而选择出紫薯玉米酸奶加工工艺的最佳配方。结果表明,当紫薯汁添加量20%,玉米汁添加量5%,白砂糖添加量7%,发酵时间5 h时,加工出的紫薯玉米酸奶口感丝滑、营养丰富。     

响应面法优化红薯蜂蜜酸奶果冻工艺研究

以红薯、蜂蜜、新鲜牛奶为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,运用Box-Behnken设计对果冻的配方进行响应面优化试验.以质构分析和感官品质为评价指标,确定了本款果冻的最佳配方为:红薯添加量11％,酸奶添加量28％,卡拉胶添加量0.60％,白砂糖添加量3％,蜂蜜添加量1％,柠檬酸添加量0.10％,该配方下所得果冻的感官评分为92.80±1.05分,硬度为(232.34±1.21)g,成品为乳白色且微黄,质地均一,口感细腻嫩滑,兼具酸奶、红薯与蜂蜜的风味.     

香芋酸奶的研制

根据传统型酸奶的制作工艺,对香芋酸奶的加工工艺和最佳配方进行了研究。实验以香芋、牛奶粉、蔗糖为主要原料,采用L9(34)正交实验确定了加工工艺参数,筛选出最优组合。实验结果表明,牛奶中加入40%香芋浆、7%蔗糖和5%混合发酵剂(保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌之比为1:1),在43℃发酵3.5h～4h,产品具有风味独特、营养丰富且成本低的优点。     

保鲜红薯粉丝的加工工艺研究

为得到保鲜红薯粉丝的最佳加工工艺,采用单因素和正交试验相结合的方法对其加工工艺进行研究。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为淀粉中加入4%的芡糊及40%的水调粉成团,在98℃熟化7 s,冷却后在1.50%的乳酸稀释液中浸泡5 min,密封包装后在100℃下灭菌5 min,然后在4℃冷藏4 h,在-8℃冷冻10 h,解冻后即可得到食用方便、口感爽滑的保鲜红薯粉丝。     

红薯挂面加工工艺研究

以高筋面粉、红薯粉、水为原料,以食盐、纯碱、海藻酸钠为添加剂,经过和面、熟化、压面、切面、晾晒等几个阶段制成红薯挂面,并通过感官评价、单因素试验和正交试验确定出红薯挂面加工工艺的最佳配方。结果表明,当红薯粉添加量9.0%,食盐添加量3.0%,纯碱添加量0.10%,海藻酸钠添加量0.30%时,加工出的红薯挂面营养丰富且口感最佳。     

酸奶干酪的制作

酸奶干酪是将半成品酸奶进行浓缩加工而成的，属于鲜干酪类。其制作工艺的独到之处在于它是对牛乳进行较高温度的热处理和用酸奶菌种作为发酵剂来凝固牛乳，然后按传统的干酪制作方法而制得。酸奶干酪与酸奶相比，含有较少量的水分（75％～80％）和较多的蛋白质（12％～15％），并含有大量的活性乳酸菌。     

铜仁珍珠花生糯米凝固型酸奶加工工艺优化

以花生、糯米和牛奶为主要原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化花生糯米凝固型酸奶加工工艺。结果表明,花生糯米凝固型酸奶的最佳工艺参数为：花生和糯米质量比1∶1（g/g）,花生糯米与水复配质量比1∶4.5（g/g）,花生糯米浆添加量20%,白砂糖添加量10%,酸奶发酵剂添加量0.05%,发酵温度41 ℃,发酵时间6 h,冷藏后熟,得到营养丰富、风味独特的花生糯米凝固型酸奶。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.