凝固型酸豆奶的研制

以大豆为主要原料,对驯化的乳酸菌种进行发酵,制成营养丰富和酸甜适中的酸豆奶。研究大豆的处理方法、菌种的驯化方法和加工工艺及操作要点,得到酸豆奶的发酵条件为:接种量为5%,蔗糖加入量为7%,发酵温度为42℃,发酵时间为4h。     

台湾青枣乳酸发酵饮料的研制

通过单因素试验(青枣果肉添加量、蔗糖添加量、奶粉添加量、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间)研究青枣发酵饮料的感官品质,通过正交试验,确定台湾青枣发酵饮料的最佳配方为青枣果肉添加量30%,蔗糖添加量10%,奶粉添加量6%;青枣发酵乳酸饮料的最佳发酵工艺为发酵时间35 h,发酵温度30℃,接种量0.25%。     

发酵豆奶加工工艺研究

研究一种嗜好性良好的豆奶制作方法,探讨豆乳与牛奶比、蔗糖添加量、乳酸菌接种量和卡拉胶添加量对发酵酸度和感官总评分的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定的最佳配比为豆乳牛奶比1∶3,蔗糖添加量7%,乳酸菌接种量0.015%,卡拉胶添加量0.1%。在此参数条件下,发酵豆奶的感官评分达91.6分,具有普通发酵酸奶特有的酸甜可口风味,还有特殊的豆香味,组织细腻,质地均匀,无分层,口感好,为其规模化生产提供了依据。     

发酵豆奶加工工艺研究

研究一种嗜好性良好的豆奶制作方法,探讨豆乳与牛奶比、蔗糖添加量、乳酸菌接种量和卡拉胶添加量对发酵酸度和感官总评分的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定的最佳配比为豆乳牛奶比1∶3,蔗糖添加量7%,乳酸菌接种量0.015%,卡拉胶添加量0.1%。在此参数条件下,发酵豆奶的感官评分达91.6分,具有普通发酵酸奶特有的酸甜可口风味,还有特殊的豆香味,组织细腻,质地均匀,无分层,口感好,为其规模化生产提供了依据。     

咖啡豆奶的研究

探讨了咖啡豆奶加工工艺,采用感官评定确定了咖啡豆奶的最佳生产条件,结果表明,采用3%的接种量,豆奶发酵最佳条件为:保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌之比为1∶1,乳糖3%,发酵温度为43℃,发酵时间为6h;咖啡豆奶的最佳配方为:酸豆奶55mL,咖啡量0.5g,水45mL;稳定剂的添加量为黄原胶0.05%,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)0.1%,海藻酸钠0.01%。     

紫薯金针菇复合保健酸乳发酵工艺优化研究

以紫薯、金针菇和脱脂乳粉为主要原料,添加蔗糖和稳定剂,经乳酸菌发酵,在单因素试验的基础上,进行正交试验优化,研制紫薯金针菇复合酸乳的最佳制备工艺。结果表明,影响紫薯金针菇复合保健酸乳品质的因素主次顺序为:紫薯添加量>蔗糖添加量>金针菇添加量>发酵剂接种量;最优配方及制备工艺条件为:紫薯添加量10%,金针菇添加量15%,蔗糖添加量7%,发酵剂接种量5%,复合稳定剂CMC-Na+海藻酸钠(1∶1)的添加量为0.2%,在42℃温度条件下发酵4 h。制得的紫薯金针菇复合酸乳色泽为均匀一致的紫色,组织细腻、稳定,酸甜适口,具有紫薯和金针菇的清香和奶香味,风味独特,营养丰富,是一种良好的保健酸乳。     

酸豆乳冰淇淋的研制

采用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌,对酸豆乳冰淇淋制备的工艺条件进行了研究。其中对灭酶时间、发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量及冰淇淋的复合乳化稳定剂的添加量进行了单因素实验,并对发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间进行了正交实验,确定酸豆乳冰淇淋制备的最佳工艺条件为:灭酶时间15min,发酵时间6h,发酵温度44℃,接种量5%,复合乳化稳定剂添加量0.3%。     

乳酸菌的分离选育及对樱桃番茄果脯品质的研究

以樱桃番茄自然发酵液和酸奶为原料,通过分离、纯化、产酸量测定、形态学鉴定、生理生化试验等方法,筛选出优质乳酸菌,并在此基础上,深入研究了不同的接种量、不同的发酵时间、不同的发酵温度对樱桃番茄果脯品质的影响。结果表明,共筛选出乳酸菌7株,其中L-5,L-4,L-3在产酸速度、产酸量、耐糖性等方面优于其他的4株菌;这3株菌株中,L-5最好。接种L-5的发酵条件为:接种量为2%,发酵温度40℃,发酵时间15 h,制得的产品色、香、味俱佳。     

巴旦杏乳酸发酵饮料的工艺研究

通过对巴旦杏乳酸发酵饮料工艺条件的研究,确定了最佳工艺参数为：巴旦杏浆与复原脱脂乳配比6：4（v／v）、木糖醇5％、蔗糖1．5％、接种量4％、发酵时间5h;饮料最佳的稳定条件：PGA：CMC—Na（2：1）添加量为0．30％、GMS：SE（3：2）添加量为0．20％、均质压力30MPa、均质温度50℃。     

美式铁盘比萨饼的制作工艺研究

考察了发酵温度、发酵时间、真菌α-淀粉酶和葡萄糖氧化酶对比萨饼品质的影响,以确定比萨饼制作工艺的最佳条件。正交试验结果表明,制作比萨饼的最佳工艺条件:发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为90 min,真菌α-淀粉酶添加量为4 mg/kg,葡萄糖氧化酶添加量为30 mg/kg。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.