泥炭和堆肥对几种污染土壤中铜化学活性的影响

由于重金属在土壤中的难移动性和污染危害的长期性,有关重金属在土壤中化学行为的研究受到重视[1]。重金属铜在土壤环境中既有植物营养问题,又有土壤污染问题[1,2]。研究土壤铜的形态区分与转化、作物吸收积累与反应规律,有利于确定土壤铜的环境容量和铜污染土壤的改良方法[1,3]。由于铜与土壤有机质之间存在着特殊的亲和力,研究添加外源有机物质对土壤铜形态与活性的影响作用[1,4],有利于揭示有机物质对污染土壤铜作用的规律,为指导铜污染土壤的改良提供依据。本文主要介绍在盆栽条件下泥炭和堆肥两种有机物质对几个不同污染水平土壤铜化学活性的影响。     

有机肥料和无机肥料对土壤微量元素含量的影响

五年定位监测的田间试验结果表明，施用有机肥料对土壤铁，锰，铜，锌的消耗县有明显的补充作用，但对有猁硼的补充仍显不足。因此，土壤硼营养有可能成为作物产量的限制因子。长期单施三要素化肥的土壤有效态铁，铜均明显下降。     

金盏菊栽培中园林废弃物堆肥与牛粪替代泥炭的效果分析

  【目的】   探究园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭用于金盏菊 (Calendula officinalis L.) 无土栽培的可行性。   【方法】   在添加10% 珍珠岩和10% 蛭石 (体积比) 不变的条件下,将园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥按照V_{园林废弃物堆肥}∶V_{牛粪有机肥} = 4∶0 (T1)、3∶1 (T2)、2∶2 (T3)、1∶3 (T4) 和0∶4 (T5) 配制栽培基质,并以T0处理 (10% 珍珠岩 + 10% 蛭石 + 80% 进口泥炭) 作为对照,总计6种栽培基质,用于金盏菊无土栽培。在180 天的温室培育后,测定并分析金盏菊总鲜质量、根鲜质量、地上部分鲜质量、根长、花朵数、冠幅以及株高等指标,利用冗余 (RDA) 分析探究影响金盏菊各形态指标的主要因素,并根据植株形态指标综合评价体系来评估金盏菊生长状况,最终确定不同配比的栽培基质品质的优劣。   【结果】   T0处理与T1处理的金盏菊根系发育优于T2～T5处理;T1～T5处理的金盏菊地上部分生长情况均优于对照组T0处理,其中T5处理的金盏菊株高、冠幅生长效果最优,T2处理的金盏菊花朵数增多效果最优;T1～T5处理金盏菊生物量积累均高于对照组T0处理。通过RDA分析可知,金盏菊地上部分的生长、总鲜质量和地上部分鲜质量主要受栽培基质的速效磷、速效钾、全氮、pH、电导率 (EC值) 和容重影响;金盏菊地下部分生长情况主要受栽培基质的EC值、有机质、总孔隙度、通气孔隙和持水孔隙影响。通过综合评价可知,T1处理栽培基质条件下金盏菊综合评价指数最高 (0.72),金盏菊的综合生长状况最优。   【结论】   园林废弃物堆肥和牛粪有机肥替代进口泥炭进行金盏菊无土栽培可以有效提高金盏菊品质,降低我国花卉无土栽培对进口泥炭的依赖。其中,以10% 蛭石 + 10% 珍珠岩+80% 园林废弃物堆肥对金盏菊生长最为有利,既可利用廉价的有机固体废弃物,又可提高金盏菊的生产效益。      

桐城县土壤中微量元素状况

介绍了安徽省桐城县主要土壤的微量元素含量和土壤、作物对微肥的反应。     

太原市土壤中微量元素状况

从１９８０至１９８９年，我们对太原市不同成土母质，不同类型土壤微量元素的含量进行了分析研究。结果表明，花岗岩母质是有效态微量元素含量较高的母质，砂页岩中有效铜、铁含量最高，黄土母质的微量元素含量均低；有效锌、硼（包括盐化潮土）、锰、铜、铁含量在淋溶褐土和棕壤等土壤中较高，而在褐土性土、石灰性褐土、粗骨土、潮土、盐化潮土等土壤含量较低；在太原市土壤中，有效态微量元素含量一般偏低。     

同位素稀释技术在土壤微量元素地球化学活性分析中的应用

土壤中微量元素的地球化学活性是评价土壤质量以及环境风险的重要指标.现有的分析方法虽多,但因技术限制难以适用于所有类型的土壤,致使标准不统一,对科研工作提供的参考性不足.同位素稀释技术(isotopic dilution technique)对固/液交换过程造成的扰动极小,近年来被越来越多的研究人员认为是量化土壤微量元素...     

植物动力2003对土壤微量元素和pH值的影响

本文报道了植物动力2003 中的微量元素、稀土元素的成分和含量,研究了在恒温条件下,植物动力2003 对北京褐土表土、生土、东北黑土和广东红壤中微量元素和土壤pH 值随培养时间的变化。结果表明:PP2003 原液中含有多种元素。其中主要有中量元素硫和微量元素锌,其含量分别为16180mg/L 和12550mg/L。施用PP2003 后可以提高土壤的缓冲能力,使土壤pH 值变化缓慢,保持相对稳定。对土壤中交换态微量元素含量变化的影响则随土壤类型不同而异。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0．09～3．67mg／kg，平均0．35mg／kg；有效锰22～572mg／kg，平均244mg／kg；有效锌0．15～4．02mg／kg，平均O．53mg／kg；有效铜0．09～5．78mg／kg，平均1．03mg／kg；有效铁3．2～162mg／kg，平均21．5mg／kg；有效锰2．0～131．4mg／kg，平均23．4mg／kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异，其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌，棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌；成土母质是影响土壤微黾元素的重要因素之一，发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高，而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系，其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

草炭对砂质土壤保水特性的影响

通过比较草炭、砂土、草炭－砂土混合基质水物理特性和3种灌溉频率条件下基质蒸发量和水势的变化,分析了草炭对砂质土壤保水特性的影响。研究结果表明：用腐质化程度低的高位草炭改良砂土,改良基质的孔隙度、田间持水量、饱和含水率显著增加,基质保水能力提高;干旱处理过程中体积收缩程度也随基质中草炭含量的增加而增大。灌溉频率对基质蒸发量和水势也有显著影响,随着灌溉频率的增加,基质中草炭含量越高,表面蒸发越快。用较低的灌溉频率,纯草炭仍能保持更多的水分,为植物提供更多的有效水。     

Influence of moisture on the vital activity of actinomycetes in a cultivated low-moor peat soil

It was found that the actinomycetal complex of a cultivated low-moor peat soil is characterized by a high population density and diversity of actinomycetes; representatives of eleven genera were isolated from this soil: Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Actinomadura, Saccharopolyspora, Microbispora, Microtetraspora, Streptosporangium, Nocardioides, Saccharomonospora, Kibdelosporangium, and Thermomonospora. Some genera were isolated from the soil under all the studied levels of soil moisture. The so-called rare (rarely occurring) genera (Saccharomonospora, Kibdelosporangium, and Thermomonospora) were isolated upon the low level of soil moisture, which ensured an absence of competition from the more abundant actinomycetes. Spores of all the studied actinomycetes could germinate under the low moisture level (a _w = 0.67). The level of moisture a _w = 0.98 was found to be optimal for the development of the actinomycetes. The complete cycle of the development of all the actinomycetes up to spore formation occurring was only observed under the high moisture level (a _w = 0.98).     

Effect of tylosin and tylosin fermentation waste on microbial activity of soil

The effect of tyiosin fermentation waste and pure tyiosin on microbial activity in soil was investigated. The addition of tylosin fermentation waste at concentrations equivalent to 0.4, 1.2 and 2 tonnes ha^?1 in the field stimulated microbial activity as measured by O₂ uptake. CO₂ release and N mineralization. After 10 weeks incubation half of the C in the waste had been released as CO₂ while mineralization of N ranged between 31 and 38%. Tylosin was detected in the leachates, and at 10 weeks between 20 and 32% of the tylosin present in the waste had been leached from the soil. Addition of high concentrations of pure tylosin. equivalent to those which would be found in 4. 20 and 40 tonnes fermentation waste ha^?1 in the field, resulted in a decrease in microbial respiration for 5–7 weeks after the addition of the antibiotic. N mineralization was reduced throughout the experiment, compared with the control. A higher concentration of tylosin was detected in the leachates in this experiment and after 10 weeks the quantity of tylosin detected represented between 16 and 24% of the tylosin added. It is suggested that the full fertilizer potential of large additions of antibiotic waste to soil could be reduced to some extent due to the inhibitory activity of the residual antibiotic.     

Effects of crumb rubber waste as a soil conditioner on the nematode assemblage in a turfgrass soil

The impacts of waste crumb rubber soil amendment on nematode abundance, community structure and soil characteristics were studied in pot grown Lolium perenne L. Three treatments, no crumb rubber (CK), 10% and 15% crumb rubber (CR), were arranged in a randomized complete design. After 3 months’ turfgrass growth, soil nematodes were extracted and identified to genus level, and populations of total, bacterivorous, fungivorous, omnivorous, predatory and plant parasite nematodes were counted. Genus diversity, richness, evenness, plant parasite index (PPI) and maturity index (MI) were calculated to compare nematode community structure. Thirteen genera of soil nematodes in all treatments were identified, of which Helicotylenchus was dominant. Crumb rubber incorporation significantly decreased plant parasite and omnivorous nematode populations, but increased the abundance of predatory nematodes. However, fungivorous and bacterivorous nematode populations were not significantly affected by crumb rubber amendment. Pots treated with 15% CR had the lowest number of plant parasite, omnivorous nematodes and the highest number of fungivorous, predatory nematodes. Shannon's diversity index (H′), evenness (J′), PPI and PPI/MI reduced in pots receiving crumb rubber, whereas dominace (λ) and maturity index (MI) increased in crumb rubber treatments. In addition, CR application decreased soil bulk density and pH value, but increased soil moisture.     

Effects of the soil on the activity of pentachlorophenol

There is little doubt that pesticides have contributed in no small measure to modern agriculture. However, it is apparent that many pesticides pollute agricultural products, soils, and water, affecting ecosystems. Pesticides should be examined not only from the standpoint of expanding agricultural production but also the aspect of environmental pollution should be considered. The major fractions of the pesticides applied to crops are known to enter the soil eventually, where they follow various fates, such as; absorption by organisms including crop plants, adsorption by soil colloids, chemical and biological degradation and decomposition, leaching from soils with gravitational water, all according to the properties of the pesticide, the nature of the soil and climate.     

绿化植物废弃物堆肥对城市绿地土壤的改良效果

针对城市中普遍存在的绿地土壤退化和有机废弃物处理处置难的现状,选择典型城市土壤进行绿化植物废弃物堆肥不同用量的绿地现场土壤改良实验.结果表明:绿化植物废弃物堆肥能提高土壤持水能力;降低土壤的酸碱度;增加土壤有机质、总N、总P、有效P、生物量C、N和微生物总量;堆肥对土壤全K的含量总体影响不大,但速效K的含量却成倍增加;说明绿化植物废弃物能改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤肥力,且随着堆肥用量的增加,对土壤的改良作用也越显著;鉴于绿化植物废弃物高C/N,其用量宜控制在13240 kg/hm~2以内.绿化植物废弃物堆肥就地利用即能改良城市退化土壤,又减少城市废弃物量,有利于提高城市生态环境质量.     

油田高矿化度废水对土壤微生物影响的研究

对油田高矿化度废水不同污染程度土壤中微生物调查研究结果表明,当旱地土壤中石油浓度＞0.5%、废水浓度＞0.1%时,对异养菌、放线菌和固N菌产生显著的抑制作用,而真菌、酵母菌数量随石油浓度的增高而增加,当水田中石油浓度＞3％时即对好气民养菌有显著抑制作用,废水浓度＞0.1%时即对厌氧异养菌和施线力产生显著抑制作用。     

Effects of silver nanoparticles on the microbiota and enzyme activity in soil

To assess the impact of silver nanoparticles (SNP) on soil microbial biomass, microbial activity, and enzyme activities, a medium‐term experiment over four months was performed in which soil was applied with increasing SNP‐application rates compared to a control. The treatments included a single SNP‐application dose analogous to 3.2 (SNP‐1), 32 (SNP‐10), and 320 (SNP‐100) μg Ag (kg dry soil)^–1 and a control without SNP application, respectively. At the end of the experiment, clear evidence was found that microbial biomass was significantly decreased with increasing SNP‐application rate, while basal respiration was increased in this direction. In addition, metabolic quotients were increased in the SNP treatments compared to the control. This is at least circumstantial evidence that the efficiency of substrate use was lowered in SNP‐treated soils. Another suggestion might be that after four months microbial‐community composition was changed due to SNP. No treatment effects were found for microbial biomass N, fluorimetric enzymes, and the abiotic soil parameters pH and soil organic C.     

The influence of earthworms on the mobility of microelements in soil and their availability for plants

The influence of earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Lumbricus rubellus, L. terrestris, and Eisenia fetida) on the mobility of microelements and their availability for plants was studied. The contents of water-soluble Fe and Mn compounds extracted from the coprolites were 5–10 times higher than that in the soil (enriched in calcium carbonate and dried) consumed by the earthworms. This digestion-induced effect became higher with the age of the coprolites (up to 9 days) and took place under their alkalization. In the excreta (surface + enteric) of earthworms, the Fe concentration exceeded those of Mn and Zn by many times. Iron and manganese were mostly concentrated (>80% and >60%, respectively) in the organic part of the excrements. In the tests with hydroponics, the excreta were found to be a source of iron compounds available for plants that were similar to Fe₂(SO₄)₃ or Fe-citrate by their physiological effect in the case when the Fe concentration in the excretions was above 0.7 μM. However, the single application of excreta of different earthworm species into the CaCO₃ enriched soil did not significantly affect the plant (cucumber) nutrition. The analysis of the transport of microelements with xylem sap showed that this fact appeared to be due to the absence of an Fe deficit in the cucumber plants because of their high capability for the absorption of weakly soluble iron compounds.     

草炭风化炭改良盐碱土的生态效应研究

采用草炭和风化炭进行改良盐碱土的盆栽试验.结果表明,施用草炭、风化炭使土壤盐分略有上升,主要使Ca2+和Na+增加;土壤有机质含量因草炭、风化炭的施用而增加,且与有机物料的用量呈正相关关系;土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量也均随有机物料的施用而增加.水稻株高、穗长和每穗粒数均有所增加,水稻籽实产量显著提高.