免耕栽培对超级杂交稻两优培九根系特性的影响

为了探明免耕对杂交水稻根系特性的影响．在前3年定位试验的基础上,于2007年在长沙以两优培九为材料,进行了翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽和免耕直播4种耕作方式的田间比较试验。在水稻直播条件下。分蘖中期免耕稻的根冠比和单株根干重均高于翻耕稻,增幅分别为23．42％0和3．33％,幼穗分化期增幅为30．01％和18．75％;在水稻移栽条件下,免耕稻分蘖中期的根冠比和单株根干重均高于翻耕稻．增幅分别为10．24％和10．57％,幼穗分化期增幅分别为22．67％和4．35％。无论直播或移栽．各个时期免耕稻的根系活力和根长均高于翻耕稻,免耕和直播能一定程度地提高水稻根系的活力。     

早稻免耕抛秧与全翻耕抛秧对比试验

为推广水稻免耕栽培技术提供依据,进行了早稻免耕抛秧与全翻耕抛秧对比试验。结果表明,免耕抛秧与全翻耕抛秧相比,有效穗有所增加,结实率提高2.7%,但每穗总粒数和千粒重会有所下降,产量增加405kg/hm2,每公顷可节支增收1179.00元。文中还讨论了免耕抛秧栽培的关键技术。     

杂交水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术

杂交水稻免耕抛秧栽培技术 ,是在翻耕抛秧栽培的基础上 ,将免耕和抛秧结合起来进行组装配套的最新栽培技术。免耕抛秧改“翻耕晒垡 ,大水泡田 ,耙平耙绒、浅水抛秧”为“板田免耕、化学除草、泼施底肥、均匀抛秧、湿润灌水” ,不打乱土层 ,不破坏结构 ,从而保持了水稻生长的自然生态环境 ,通过湿润灌溉创造了“以水调温、以水调肥、以水调气”的水肥气热因子协调良好的水稻生长环境 ,使水稻早生快发 ,增穗、增粒、增重 ,从而达到增产的目的。免耕抛秧栽培技术的推广 ,进一步把农民从繁重的体力劳动中解放出来 ,大大缓解了畜力机械耕田、生产…     

杂交水稻免耕抛秧增产原因及栽培技术

通过对免耕抛秧和翻耕抛秧的分蘖动态,经济性状,茎叶夹角、叶面积大小及根系进行调查,初步分析了免耕抛秧栽培的增产原因,并简单介绍了其配套栽培技术。     

稻草还田免耕抛秧栽培试验初报

稻草还田有利于免耕抛秧稻根系生长、早分蘖、低节位分蘖,可提高有效穗、成穗率、实粒数、结实率,进而提高产量。多点对比试验结果表明,稻草还田免耕抛秧栽培平均单产7.88 t/hm2,比常规翻耕抛秧栽培增产7.69%,稻草不还田免耕抛秧平均单产7.72 t/hm2,比常规翻耕增产5.47%。     

不同施氮量对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响

为探讨免耕移栽稻的氮肥管理措施和比较不同耕作方式下移栽稻的生长规律,研究了不同施氮量处理对免耕/翻耕移栽稻生长及产量形成的影响.结果表明,无论翻耕或免耕,增施氮肥可以促进分蘖的发生和叶面积的扩展;在水稻各生育时期,随着氮肥用量的增加,干物质的积累量有增加的趋势,每穗粒数和收获指数逐渐减少;水稻总吸氮量和实际产量逐渐增加,而氮肥吸收利用率、生理利用率和农学利用率及偏生产能力逐渐减小.翻耕移栽稻的分蘖能力、有效穗数和吸氮量显著高于免耕移栽稻,但翻耕和免耕对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响差异不显著,免耕移栽稻的氮肥生理利用率显著高于翻耕移栽稻.     

稻草还田免耕抛秧稻的立苗与根系生长以及对产量的影响

大田条件下,在晚季对免耕抛秧、常耕抛秧、稻草还田免耕抛秧和稻草还田常耕抛秧的立苗速度与立苗期的根系生长及其产量进行了比较。结果表明,免耕抛秧比常耕抛秧增产7.64%,稻草还田免耕抛秧与稻草还田常耕抛秧产量差异不大,但分别比常耕抛秧高10.72%和8.22%。免耕抛栽秧苗前期立苗速度较慢,后期立苗速度较快,总的立苗时间较常耕抛栽秧苗多1 d。免耕使立苗期根系及分枝数量、根系的总长度和根毛区长度及根系氧化能力下降。但是,稻草还田增加了立苗期根系及分枝数量和根系长度,提高了根系氧化能力,因而对抛栽水稻立苗有很好的促进作用,其促进作用在免耕条件下更明显。     

不同耕作方式对超级杂交稻剑叶生理指标和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在前4年定位试验的基础上。2008年在长沙继续进行了翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽和免耕直播的大田比较试验,探讨了免耕和翻耕条件下直播稻和移栽稻的剑叶生理指标和籽粒灌浆特性,结果表明无论是免耕还是翻耕。直播稻和移栽稻的剑叶过氧化物酶活性都不同,可溶性蛋白质含量先上升后下降,四种耕怍方式的可溶性糖含量下降趋势相差不大,膜脂过氧化的产物丙二醛含量在齐穗后25d显著上升。与翻耕稻比较,免耕水稻表现出叶片衰老延缓和籽粒干物质积累增加。     

不同耕作方式对超级杂交稻两优培九产量形成和养分吸收的影响

为了探明免耕对杂交水稻产量的影响．在前3年定位试验的基础上,于2006-2007年在长沙以两优培九为材料进行了翻耕移栽、翻耕直播、免耕移栽和免耕直播4种耕作方式的田间比较试验。结果表明在直播条件下,免耕稻与翻耕稻氮素的吸收量相似,而磷素和钾素吸收量分别比翻耕稻高11．52％和10．44％;在移栽条件下,免耕稻氮素和磷素的吸收量分别比翻耕稻高13．52％和0．67％,但钾素的吸收量比翻耕稻低12．36％。无论在移栽或在直播条件下．免耕稻与翻耕稻产量差异不显著．但无论在翻耕或在免耕条件下．直播稻产量略高于移栽稻,2006年和2007年试验结果一致。     

免耕移栽对两系杂交水稻两优培九若干群体特征的影响

为了探明免耕移栽对杂交水稻若干群体特征的影响,以两优培九为材料,于2004-2006年在长沙进行了免耕移栽、翻耕移栽2种栽培方式的田间比较试验.结果表明,与翻耕移栽相比,免耕移栽稻叶面积指数、光合势、穗前干物质量、穗后干物质量、总干物质量较低;免耕移栽稻茎鞘物质输出率、茎鞘物质转运率、茎叶物质表观输出率、茎叶物质表观输...     

育秧方式对免耕稻立苗期根系生长特性的影响

研究了编织布隔层旱育秧、编织布隔层湿润育秧和塑盘旱育秧3种育秧方式对免耕稻立苗期的根系生长的影响。结果表明,立苗期编织布隔层旱育秧和编织布隔层湿润育秧处理的单株总根数、白根数、一次分枝根数量、二次分枝根数量、根半径、根表面积、根冠比、单株根生物量、根系活力和超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著或极显著高于塑盘旱育秧处理。编织布隔层育秧对免耕水稻单条根长影响不大,但促进了根毛的生长。与编织布隔层湿润育秧处理相比,编织布隔层旱育秧对根系生长的促进作用更大。     

稻草基质育秧不同水分管理对水稻秧苗生长的影响

为了明确代土基质培育水稻机插壮秧的水分管理模式,以中嘉早17为试验材料,采取早稻稻草基质育秧,探讨3种水分管理方式(每隔1 d、3 d、5 d灌水1次致基质呈饱和状态)对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明,不同水分管理方式对秧苗素质有明显的影响。适宜的水分亏缺能抑制苗高,促进秧苗根系生长及提高根系的活力,提高成秧率。秧苗2~3叶期对水分亏缺敏感;水分亏缺使秧苗出叶缓慢,叶片长度及鞘长度变短,叶色变淡,对秧苗生长有抑制作用。适宜的水分增强C、N代谢,增加秧苗的干物质量,提高壮苗指数。稻草基质育秧以3 d(W2处理)左右灌水1次的处理有利提高秧苗综合素质,是适于培育水稻机插壮秧的水分管理方式。     

Productivity and Water Source of Intercropped Wheat and Rice in a Direct-sown Sequential Cropping System: The Effects of No-tillage and Drought

Abstract

In Japan, wheat-rice crop rotation with the practice of rice transplanting has been quite popular in the past. Mechanized direct-planted wheat-rice sequential cropping was developed at the Aichi Prefecture Agricultural Research Center by intercropping them for two months in spring. An objective of this study was to evaluate the introduction of continuous no-tillage to the cropping system with emphasis on water stress. The water source of intercropped wheat was also elucidated using deuterated heavy water to analyze water competition between crops. Continuous no-tillage of wheat-rice direct planting was performed for six seasons (three years) in an experimental small paddy field. No-tillage resulted in a doubled soil penetration resistance in the surface layer of soil, indicating the risk of suppressing root development. The higher yield of wheat in the dry plot suggested that excess-moisture stress occurs in the field. In the no-tillage plot, light transmission to intercropped rice seedlings increased significantly due to the reduced wheat biomass production. Wheat and rice yields were not statistically lowered by the no-tillage practice. This indicated that it is possible to introduce continuous no-tillage to the cropping system. The no-tillage significantly increased the deuterium concentrations in the xylem sap in wheat after the application of simulated rainfall with deuterated water. This indicated that the water uptake dependency of wheat shifted from stored soil water to recently applied water, which suggested the higher competition between the crops may occur under no-tillage conditions.     

Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–wheat rotation in North Western IGP

The rice–wheat rotation covering 13.5 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is vital for food security. Its sustainability is at risk as the current production practices are inadequate resulting in high cost of cultivation and inefficient use of inputs (i.e. water, labor and energy). In a field study, we evaluated resource conserving and cost-saving alternative tillage and crop establishment options with an aim to improve system productivity and efficiency. Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice after reduced and no-tillage, followed by wheat after no-tillage. Conventional-tilled (puddled) transplanted rice followed by conventional-tilled wheat was included as a current practice. Rice yields of transplanted rice were similar irrespective of tillage/puddling. However, both dry and wet direct-seeded rice yielded 0.45–0.61 Mg ha⁻¹ lower than puddled transplanted rice. Wheat yield after no-tillage was either higher or equivalent to conventional practice. Wheat provided more economic return (US $35 ha⁻¹) than rice. No-till wheat was 6% more profitable than the conventional practice (T1). Rice transplanting with or without puddling had similar water application but dry direct-seeded rice had 10–12% lower and wet direct-seeded rice 20–24% higher. Machine labor without tillage was lower by maximum of 51 and 43% in rice and wheat, respectively. Similarly, human labor was also 9–16% lower in no-till rice compared to other practices. Two years results consistently showed $35 more net income when rice was transplanted without puddling than that of conventional practice. Direct-seeded/un-tilled rice had variable response in 2 years; US $16 more in year 1 and similar in year 2 to the puddled transplanted rice. Direct-seeded or transplanted rice after no-tillage can be more efficient and profitable alternatives to current practice (puddled transplanted rice), however, require further refinement in areas of cultivar development for no-till direct-seeding condition, nutrient, water and weed management to harness maximal potential.     

不同基本苗对早稻分蘖和产量形成的影响

以两系杂交早稻陵两优211与常规早稻品种湘早籼6号为材料,比较不同基本苗数对早稻农艺性状及产量构成因素的差异。结果表明:(1)基本苗6~8苗/穴时,每穴茎蘖数明显多于1~4苗/穴处理,且能更早达到分蘖高峰。(2)分蘖期叶面积指数与基本苗数呈正相关,而在乳熟期叶面积指数、叶片SPAD值与基本苗数均呈负相关。(3)成熟期地下部分和地上部分干物质量随基本苗数增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,地上部分干物质量均以移栽苗数4苗/穴最高,杂交早稻地下部分干物质量以移栽苗数4苗/穴最高。(4)产量随基本苗数增加而增加,有效穗数变化趋势与产量一致,每穗总粒数、实粒数和结实率与产量变化趋势相反,但每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重各移栽苗数处理间差异不明显,受品种遗传特性的影响可能较大。(5)随着移栽苗数的增加,杂交早稻产量的最大增长幅度没有常规早稻的大,有效穗数也呈现相同趋势。试验结果表明每穴插3~5苗是获得早稻高产稳产的重要措施。     

Simple Bioassay for PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Rice Seedlings Based on Lateral Root Growth Inhibition

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is an essential layer of plant disease resistance. Robust bioassays for PTI are pre-required to dissect its molecular mechanism. In this study, we established that lateral root growth inhibition as a simple and robust measurement of PTI in rice seedlings. Specifically, flg22, a well-characterized PAMP from bacterial flagellin, was used to induce PTI in rice seedlings. While flg22 treatment induced PR gene expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in the roots of rice seedlings to support the PTI triggered, this treatment substantially repressed lateral root growth, but it did not alter primary root growth. Moreover, treatments with chitin (i.e., a fungal PAMP) and oligogalacturonides (i.e., classical damage-associated molecular pattern) clearly inhibited the lateral root growth, although a priming step involving ulvan was required for the chitin treatment. The bioassay developed was applicable to various rice cultivars and wild species. Thus, lateral root growth inhibition represents a simple and reliable assay for studying PTI in rice plants.     

耕播方式对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、养分吸收和利用的影响

为给稻茬小麦机械化高产高效生产提供参考,以冬小麦品种扬麦23为材料,研究了水稻秸秆全量还田、耕作层土壤含水量85.7％条件下不同耕作方式(耕翻、旋耕和板茬)和播种方式(条播、带状条播和均匀摆播)对稻茬小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、养分吸收和利用的影响.结果 表明,板茬处理更利于小麦对养分的吸收,成熟期氮、磷、钾积累量比耕翻...     

不同栽培方式对杂交中稻产量及冬水田肥力的影响

以杂交中稻川香9838为材料,于2010-2015年进行了冬水田耕作方式、栽插密度、施氮量与栽秧方式4个因素对杂交中稻产量影响的定位研究。结果表明,耕作方式、施氮量、栽秧方式这3个因子各水平间产量差异不显著,密度间产量差异极显著;因各因素间的互作效应显著,24个处理间的产量差异均不显著(F=0.89)。究其原因,翻耕、高密、高氮虽然其干物质生产量高,从土壤中吸收的氮素也较多,但因氮素利用率不如低密处理高,最终没能表现出增产效果。笔者认为,冬水田采用"免耕、栽插密度12万丛/hm2、施氮量120 kg/hm2和等行距栽培",可在保证较高产量前提下,大幅降低水稻生产成本。第5年定位结束后,各处理稻田土壤养分析结果表明,翻耕、高密和高施肥量处理下稻田土壤肥力较高,但从第5年定位试验结束后的后效试验(不施肥、相同栽培密度)产量看,翻耕免耕,密度12.00万丛/hm218.75万丛/hm2。可见,在连续免耕和高密种植5年后,虽然产量水平没有下降,但其水稻地力产量下降。