不同牦牛放牧率下江河源区垂穗披碱草/星星草混播草地第一性生产力及其动态变化

江河源区2龄和3龄混播草地（垂穗披碱草＋星星草）牦牛放牧试验结果表明：在两个放牧季内，不同处理组的地上生物量开始阶段逐渐增加。之后逐渐下降。且随放牧率的增加同一时期地上生物量减小；2003年从7月20日开始、2004年从8月5日开始至9月20日，不同放牧率下同一时期的地上生物量差异显著（P〈0．05）；各放牧处理区2003年同一时期的地上生物量均高于2004年。且牧草生长季节地上平均生物量及其年度变化之间的差异显著（P〈0．05）。此外，不同放牧率下同一时期各土壤层地下生物量及其百分比组成、相同放牧强度下不同时期各土壤层地下生物量及其百分比组成均没有明显的趋向性变化；牧草生长季节地上平均生物量与放牧强度之间呈线性回归关系。0～30cm的地下生物量（包括活根和死根）与放牧强度之间呈二次回归关系；牧草生长季节地上与地下平均生物量之间呈二次回归关系，说明轻度放牧和中度放牧能刺激牧草的生长，具有补偿或超补偿生长的特点。     

高寒混播草地放牧生态系统中牦牛生产和植被变化特征的研究

垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）/星星草（Puccinellia tenuflora）混播草地三个放牧季的牦牛放牧试验结果表明：①经过连续三个放牧季的放牧,放牧强度与物种丰富度、多样性指数H′、多样性指数D（除了2003年）和均匀度指数J′（除了2004年）均呈显著或极显著的二次回归;②随放牧强度的增加,各处理组地上生物量呈降低趋势,且草生长季节地上平均生物量与放牧强度之间呈极显著的线性回归关系,0~30 cm的地下生物量（包括活根和死根）与放牧强度之间呈二次回归关系;③牧草生长季牦牛最佳放牧强度为7.23头/hm2。     

牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响

为探究长期牦牛放牧干扰对高寒草地的影响,本研究分析了不同放牧强度下的牧草地上、地下生物量,植物物种丰富度、种群密度,表层(0-10 cm)土壤含水量、土壤温度,以及牧草营养品质等。结果表明,1)牦牛放牧强度对牧草地上、地下生物量有极显著影响(P0.01)。其中,在放牧压力为零的对照区牧草地上生物量最大,约418.15 g·m-2;在高强度(6.5牦牛·hm-2)放牧下,牧草地下生物量显著高于其他各处理(P0.05);2)高强度放牧干扰降低了植被物种丰富度,但对植被群落密度、可食与不可食牧草生物量比重影响不显著(P0.05);放牧强度对高寒草甸表层土壤(0-10 cm)含水量和地表温度(0-10 cm)有显著影响(P0.05),随着放牧强度增大,表层土壤含水量总体呈下降趋势,地表温度呈递增趋势;3)放牧强度对牧草品质也有一定影响,但各放牧强度之间差异不显著(P0.05)。因此,适宜强度的牦牛放牧可能会促进牧草地下生物量生长,潜在影响不同经济类群的比重,维持高寒草甸生态系统健康。     

放牧强度对晋北盐碱化草地植物经济类群的影响

通过在晋北盐碱化草地设置不放牧（CK）、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)、重度放牧(HG)和极度放牧(EG)5个放牧强度研究该草地群落物种类群的变化,为确定草地合理的载畜量和放牧利用奠定基础。研究表明,随着放牧强度的增大,禾本科类群比例减小,CK与其他4个放牧强度之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;豆科类群比例呈增大的趋势,但各放牧强度之间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;菊科类群比例减小,EG与其他4个放牧强度之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;委陵菜属比例增大,CK和LG之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;杂草类群减小,CK与LG、HG、EG之间差异显著（P＜0.05）。随着放牧强度的增大,草地中禾本科类群、豆科类群和菊科类群的质量指数减小,委陵菜属和杂草类的质量指数增大。     

牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸地上、地下生物量的影响初析

牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸地上、地下生物量有显著的影响。莎草、禾草地上生物量和总地上生物量在不同放牧率之间差异显著(P<0.05),且随着放牧率的降低,禾草和莎草的比例增加,可食杂草和毒杂草比例下降;两季草场优良牧草生物量组成的年度变化与放牧率均呈负相关(P<0.01),与杂类草均呈正相关(P<0.01)。地上生物量的绝对生长率1999年在7月份达到最大,1998年冷季草场各放牧处理的绝对生长率在8月份达到最大,暖季草场对照和轻牧在7月份最大,而中轻和重牧在8月份最大。各土壤层地下生物量随放牧率增大呈明显下降趋势;暖季草场各放牧处理0～10 cm地下生物量占0～30 cm总地下生物量的88.04％～89.37％,10～20 cm占7.14％～9.34％,20～30 cm占2.25％～3.5％;冷季草场各放牧处理0～10 cm地下生物量占0～30 cm总地下生物量的88.01％～91.14％,10～20 cm占5.44％～8.04％,20～30 cm占3.42％～3.94％。地上生物量、各土壤层的地下生物量(包括活根和死根)与放牧率之间呈负相关,其线性回归方程为y=a-bx(b>0)。地下与地上生物量呈正相关,其线性回归方程为y=a+bx(b>0).     

不同放牧强度对牦牛生长和草地第二生产力的影响

试验研究了６种放牧强度对牦牛生长及草地第二性生产力的影响，结果表明，放牧强度对牦牛日增重有明显影响，日增重以０．２４牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２处理组最高，达７０７．９ｇ随着放牧强度的增大，牦牛日增重明显降低。其中，放牧强度对１岁牦牛影响最大，２岁牦牛次之，３岁牦牛再次。试验全期当放牧强度于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧强度，草地第二性生产力明显提高，当放牧强度高于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧     

干草原放牧强度对草地生态变化及其利用效果的影响

通过不同强度的放牧试验表明,不同的放牧强度对土壤表层含水量、植被特征和绵羊增重都有程度不同的影响。随放牧强度的增加,土壤表层（0-20cm）含水量、牧草叶层高度、多度呈下降趋势;草地地上生物量下降显著（P〈0．05,放牧羊只增重差异不显著,但单位草地面积的羊只增重重度放牧区和中度放牧区较轻度放牧区分别提高56．14％（P〈0．01）和23．26％（P〈0．05）。     

放牧强度对青藏高原东部高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响

通过对青藏高原东部玛曲高寒嵩草草甸植物群落在3个放牧梯度下的特征比较,分析了该类草甸主要群落特征对放牧强度差异的响应。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,草甸群落的高度、盖度和地上生物量都呈现显著降低的趋势;草甸群落中优势种群的莎草科和禾本科物种的优势度逐渐降低,被一些杂草类物种(黄帚橐吾和火绒草)所取代。放牧强度的增加,导致了禾草类和莎草类功能群生物量比例的显著降低,及豆科类、毒草类和杂草类功能群生物量比例的显著增加。中度放牧下的草甸群落表现出了最高的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,排序为中牧草甸>重牧草甸>禁牧草甸。随着放牧干扰强度的增加,高寒草甸群落将经历一个由上层的莎禾草类为主的草甸群落→上层莎禾草类＋中层杂草类共存的草甸群落→中下层杂草类为主的草甸群落的演替过程。     

放牧对川西北高寒草甸植物物种丰富度和生物量的影响

为确定川西北地区高寒草甸的最佳放牧强度,根据牦牛的采食量和草地地上生物量,设置了轻度(0.71头·hm~(-2))、中度(1.19头·hm~(-2))、重度(1.60头·hm~(-2))3个放牧强度处理,进行连续3年的放牧,测定其对草地植物物种丰富度、地上生物量的影响。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,植物物种丰富度呈下降趋势;放牧第3年,中度放牧草地年度地上生物量最高,显著高于其它两处理(P0.05),轻度放牧次之,重度放牧最低;和放牧第1年相比,轻度放牧和中度放牧草地地上生物量中杂类草生物量比例显著减少(P0.05),禾草生物量比例显著增加(P0.05),而重度放牧草地杂类草生物量比例未变,禾草生物量比例显著下降(P0.05),但3个放牧处理中莎草占地上生物量的比例均显著增加(P0.05)。因此,川西北地区高寒草甸的最佳放牧强度为1.19头·hm~(-2),这利于草地高产和优良牧草禾草及莎草的生长。     

模拟践踏和降水对高寒草甸阴山扁蓿豆根系特征的影响

放牧家畜主要通过践踏、采食和排泄物三方面影响草地稳定性、恢复力和生产力。研究践踏与降水对高寒草甸植物根系特征的影响,有助于全面理解放牧对草地的影响,进而为草地放牧管理提供依据。以天祝高寒草甸分布的阴山扁蓿豆为研究材料进行了为期2年的野外试验,研究了模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏及模拟降水量对阴山扁蓿豆根系特征的影响。结果表明,同一放牧强度下,牦牛践踏对阴山扁蓿豆根系生长的不利影响大于藏羊践踏。随着模拟牦牛和藏羊践踏强度的增加、降水量的降低,阴山扁蓿豆根表面积、根体积和根系生物量在各土层（0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm）均呈下降趋势。少雨和牦牛重度践踏抑制了阴山扁蓿豆0～20 cm土层的根系生长;平水和丰水处理下阴山扁蓿豆根体积和根系生物量在各处理间均无显著差异,家畜践踏对深层根系（20～30 cm）的影响较小。总体来看,降水减少会极显著地影响各土层根表面积、根体积和根系生物量,水分对阴山扁蓿豆根系的影响大于家畜践踏。     

放牧率对牦牛生产力的影响初析

通过2年的牦牛放牧试验,结果表明:放牧率对牦牛生产力有显著的影响,牦牛个体增重与放牧率呈线性回归关系;在试验期内,轻度放牧组的日增重较快,中度放牧次之,重度放牧最慢,而且随着放牧率的提高,牦牛平均个体总增重依次为136.7kg,128.6kg,93.5kg,轻度放牧比中度放牧和重度放牧分别高6.3%和46.2%。经方差分析表明,3个处理的牦牛平均个体增重有显著的差异(P<0.05),进一步作新复极差测验,30%和50%之间差异不显著,但他们和70%之间的差异均显著。     

放牧强度对牦牛生长的影响

两年的试验结果表明,牦牛在冬季个体增重与放牧强度呈显著的线性回归关系,但夏季则呈极显著的二次多项式回归关系。在不同放牧强度下,牦牛体重、日增重随着时间的变化分别呈极显著线性回归和高次多项式回归关系;在试验期间,牦牛的增重、每公顷增重与放牧强度均呈明显的线性回归关系。方差分析结果表明,处理间牦牛平均总增重差异显著(F=5.03>_0.05=3.68),新复极差测验结果表明,轻度放牧和中度放牧之间差异不显著,但二者和重度放牧间差异显著。     

小肽添加剂对生长猪生长性能的影响

试验研究三种不同的小肽添加剂制品对生长猪生长性能的影响。试验选用72头初始体重在(34.64±8.32)kg的杜×长×大三元阉公猪,随机分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复3头猪试验各组分别饲喂基础日粮(对照组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽A(小肽A组),基础日粮加100mg/kg小肽B(小肽B组),基础日粮加50mg/kg小肽C(小肽C组),试验期28d。测定其对生长猪的生长性能的影响,结果表明,与对照组相比,小肽A组、小肽B组和小肽C组的生长猪的平均采食量分别提高了9.8%、7.0%和12.5%(P0.05),平均日增重分别提高了15.8%、12.8%和21.7%(P0.05),料肉比分别降低了5.1%、6.3%和8.5%(P0.05)。     

Determining an optimum lysine:calorie ratio for barrows and gilts in a commercial finishing facility

Our objective was to determine an optimum Lys:calorie ratio (g of total dietary Lys/Mcal of ME) for 35- to 120-kg barrows and gilts (Pig Improvement Company, L337 x C22) in a commercial finishing environment. Seven (3 barrow and 4 gilt) trials were conducted using randomized complete block designs (42 pens per trial, a total of 7,801 pigs). Six treatments with increasing Lys:calorie ratio were used in each study. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with 6% choice white grease. Lysine:calorie ratios were attained by adjusting the amount of corn and soybean meal. No crystalline Lys was used. In barrow trial 1 (43 to 70 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (2.21, 2.55, 2.89, 3.23, 3.57, and 3.91) increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, income over feed costs (IOMFC), and feed cost per kilogram of gain, and decreased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat. In barrow trial 2 (69 to 93 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.53, 1.78, 2.03, 2.28, 2.53, and 2.78) improved (linear, P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and IOMFC, and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.01) backfat. In barrow trial 3 (102 to 120 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.20, and 2.40) increased (linear, P < 0.03) ADG and G:F, and numerically improved (linear, P = 0.12) IOMFC. In gilt trials 1 (35 to 60 kg), 2 (60 to 85 kg), and 3 (78 to 103 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (2.55, 2.89, 3.23, 3.57, 3.91, and 4.25; 1.96, 2.24, 2.52, 2.80, 3.08, and 3.36; and 1.53, 1.78, 2.03, 2.28, 2.53, and 2.78, respectively) improved (quadratic, P < 0.04) ADG, G:F, IOMFC, and feed cost per kilogram of gain, and decreased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat. In gilt trial 4 (100 to 120 kg), increasing the Lys:calorie ratio (1.40, 1.60, 1.80, 2.00, 2.20, and 2.40) improved (linear, P < 0.02) ADG, G:F, LM depth, IOMFC, and (quadratic, P < 0.06) feed cost per kilogram of gain. These studies suggest that feed cost per kilogram of gain decreases, and reductions in biological performance and IOMFC are rather modest when feeding marginally Lys-deficient diets early (35 to 70 kg) in the grower-finishing period compared with the more severe penalties in growth and economic performance of feeding marginally deficient diets in the late finishing period (70 kg to slaughter). The equations (Lys:calorie ratio = -0.0133 x BW, kg, + 3.6944 and = -0.0164 x BW, kg, + 4.004, for barrows and gilts, respectively) best describe our interpretation of the Lys:calorie ratio that met biological requirements and optimized IOMFC on these pigs (PIC, L337 x C22; 35 to 120 kg) in this commercial finishing environment.     

牦牛放牧强度与小嵩草高寒草甸植物群落的关系

分析牦牛放牧强度对小嵩草(Kobrecia parva)高寒草甸生物量和群落结构的影响.结果表明:优良牧草比例和牦牛个体增重的年度变化呈正相关;在牦牛放牧条件下,优良牧草比例年度变化是评价小嵩草高寒草甸放牧价值的直接度量指标;而相似性系数和草地质量指数的变化与牦牛生产力没有明显的联系,只能指示植物群落整体的相对变化程度;当放牧强度为1.86头/hm2时,能维持优良牧草比例和牦牛年度增重,是保持小嵩草高寒草甸不退化的适宜放牧强度.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilisation on forage and animal production of a continuously grazed irrigated grass/clover pasture in the Rûens area of the southern Cape

Abstract

The production of an irrigated grass/clover pasture was evaluated under continuous grazing at a range of stocking rates (20.6 to 35.9 Merino ewe units ha^‐1 and two nitrogen fertiliser treatments (0 and 300 kg N ha^‐1 a^‐1) over a period of four years. The clover content of the pastures declined, while the grass component increased with increased pasture age on both nitrogen treatments, leading to grass domination by the end of the trial period. The clover content (%) of the green dry matter (DM) was higher and the grass content (%) lower on the zero‐nitrogen than the nitrogen‐fertilised pastures, with the average daily gain of the sheep and wool production per ewe unit highest at low stocking rates on the zero‐nitrogen treatment. However, the total amount of green DM was higher on the nitrogen‐fertilised than on the unfertilized treatment, resulting in higher stocking rates for maximum wool and meat production per hectare. A higher profit margin was realised at lower stocking rates on the zero‐nitrogen treatment when compared with the fertilised treatment. The low weaning mass of the lambs at high stocking rates on the fertilised pastures questions the profitability of using nitrogen fertiliser on irrigated grass/clover pastures.     

Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible lysine requirement and optimal sulphur amino acids to lysine ratio for 30–50 kg pigs

Two experiments were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement and the ideal SID sulphur amino acids (SAA) to Lys ratio for 30–50 kg crossbred pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 72 crossbred pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 28.9 kg were allotted to one of six dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Each diet was assigned to six pens containing two pigs each. Six diets were obtained by supplementing graded levels of L‐Lysine?HCl to create six dietary levels of SID Lys (0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, 1.00%, 1.10% and 1.20%). Responses of weight gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F) to increasing the SID Lys content of the diet fitted well with the curvilinear‐plateau model; whereas, for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) two‐slope linear broken‐line model was well fitted. The optimal SID Lys requirement for the pigs of this period was 1.10%. Experiment 2 was a dose–response study using SID Met+Cys to Lys ratios of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% and 64%. A total of 72 crossbred pigs with initial BW of 32.9 kg were randomly allotted to receive one of the six diets. Diets 1–5 were formulated to contain 1.0% SID Lys to be second limiting in Lys and diet 6 contained 1.11% SID Lys to be adequate in Lys. The average optimal SID SAA:Lys ratio for maximal ADG and G:F and minimal PUN was 65.2% using curvilinear‐plateau and linear broken‐line models.     

Impact of Stocking Rate and Rainfall on Sheep Performance in a Desert Steppe

Livestock performance is a critical indicator of grassland production systems and is influenced strongly by precipitation and stocking rates. However, these relationships require further investigation in the arid Desert Steppe region of northeastern China. We employed a randomized complete block design with three replications and four grazing treatments (nongrazed exclosure [Control]), lightly grazed [LG], moderately grazed [MG], and heavily grazed [HG]) by sheep in a continuously grazed system (June to November), to test the effect of stocking rate on sheep performance. The planned stocking rates were 0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 sheep · ha^?1 · mo^?1, for the control, LG, MG, and HG treatments, respectively. However, actual stocking rates were calculated for each paddock in each year based on a 50-kg sheep equivalent (SE). Annual net primary production (ANPP) was determined at peak standing crop in August 2004 to 2008. Live weight gain was determined for the summer and fall periods, as well as the total grazing period, in each year. ANPP decreased with increasing stocking rate, and daily live weight gain per head decreased linearly with increasing stocking rates over the total grazing period but in a quadratic manner over the summer period with a plateau at the lower rates. Maximum sheep production per unit area over the total grazing season occurred at about 2 SE ha^?1 for about a 5-mo grazing period, but individual gains per sheep were predicted to decline after about 1 SE ha^?1 presumably because of forage limitations. However, in order to achieve stable annual production, we recommend that the Desert Steppe be grazed at about 0.77 SE ha^?1 for a 5-mo period (0.15 SE ha^?1 · mo^?1). This estimate is based on published grazing strategies that consider an average ANPP with a recommended utilization rate of 30%.     

能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响

试验旨在探讨能量水平对舍饲育肥牦牛生长性能、屠宰性能、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物数量的影响。选取体况良好、平均体重为（192.66±3.64）kg、3周龄左右的舍饲育肥麦洼公牦牛60头,采用单因素随机区组设计,分为3组,每组20个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。饲喂粗蛋白质（CP）水平为14.81%,增重净能（NE_g）分别为4.17（低能量组,LE）、4.48（中能量组,ME）、4.79（高能量组,HE） MJ/kg的3种日粮。预试期7 d,正试期90 d。结果显示,ME和HE组的平均日增重（ADG）分别为1 099.89和1 019.02 g/d,相对于LE组分别极显著提高了27.26%和17.90%（P < 0.01）,且两组的料重比（F/G）值有显著低于LE组的趋势（P=0.073）,而屠宰率有显著提高的趋势（P=0.092）,但各组的干物质采食量（DMI）和净肉率无显著差异（P > 0.05）;随着日粮能量水平的提高,牦牛瘤胃pH有显著降低的趋势（P=0.064）,且以ME组最低;日粮能量水平的提高,有显著影响瘤胃异丁酸浓度（P=0.063）和乙酸/丙酸（P=0.074）的趋势;ME组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）和乙酸浓度均显著高于其余两组（P < 0.05）,而戊酸浓度则随日粮能量水平的提高极显著升高（P < 0.01）。提高日粮能量水平有降低瘤胃黄色瘤胃球菌的相对含量的趋势（P=0.068）,但对白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌没有显著影响（P > 0.05）。在本试验条件下,舍饲育肥牦牛日粮中适宜的NE_g水平为4.48 MJ/kg（日粮DM）。