可溶性有机碳的含量动态及其与土壤有机碳矿化的关系

采用我国东部地区的黑土、潮土、黄泥土和红壤水稻土,通过室内分析和培育试验,研究了不同水分条件下可溶性有机碳含量及土壤有机碳矿化量的动态变化,分析了淹水导致可溶性有机碳含量的变化程度及其对土壤有机碳矿化量的可能影响.结果表明,可溶性有机碳含量与水土比呈直线相关关系,累计提取量随浸提时间增加,单次提取量随提取次数降低.在8周的培养期内,淹水处理的可溶性有机碳含量均显著高于好气处理,黄泥土一号高46%～117%(p＜0.05),黄泥土二号高112%～285%(p＜0.001),潴育黄泥田高21%～73%(p＜0.05).在培养的前3周(黄泥土一号)或前4周(黄泥土二号),不同水分处理的日均土壤有机碳矿化量有极显著差异(p＜0.01),其后,差异不显著;但在整个培养过程中,淹水处理的累计土壤有机碳矿化量均极显著高于好气处理(p＜0.01).培养过程中,土壤有机碳的矿化速率动态与可溶性有机碳含量的变化趋势相一致,特别是黄泥土二号,可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳日均矿化量达到极显著的相关关系(好气相关系数0.942,淹水相关系数0.975).结果还表明,两种黄泥土有机碳矿化量(包括日均矿化量和累计矿化量)的差异并不与全土有机碳含量相关,而主要是其可溶性有机碳含量明显不同所致.因此,对于原土可溶性有机碳含量较高的土壤,淹水显著提高可溶性有机碳量是导致其土壤有机碳矿化量高于好气处理的主要原因.     

黄土区几种土壤培养过程中可溶性有机碳、氮含量及特性的变化

对不同地域农田和林地土壤进行35 d好气培养研究,结果表明:不同土壤培养过程中可溶性有机碳(SOC)含量呈明显下降,而可溶性有机氮(SON)含量却呈明显增加趋势。不同农田土壤相比,在培养起始时和培养过程中红油土SOC和SON的平均含量均高于黑垆土和淋溶褐土;同为黑垆土,林地土壤SOC和SON含量均明显高于相应农田土壤。与起始值相比,土壤培养后提取的可溶性有机物的UV280和HIXem(Hu-mification index)值均明显增加,其中HIXem值在培养的第8天和第35天时呈显著增加趋势。随着培养过程的持续,SOC/SON比值逐渐下降。相关分析发现,培养第35天时SOC的减少幅度与UV 280增加比例呈显著正相关;培养第8天时SOC的减少比例与起始HIXem值呈显著负相关。说明UV280和HIXem值可以在一定程度上反映可溶性有机物种类和结构特性的变化。     

溶解性有机碳溶液灌溉和苜蓿间作消减黄土区苹果园深层土壤硝酸盐的研究

近年来,黄土区苹果园由于氮肥使用不当,导致土壤中硝酸盐的大量累积,将严重威胁土壤生态安全。溶解性有机碳（Dissolved organic carbon,DOC）输入和深根系豆科作物间作是消减苹果园深层土壤硝酸盐的潜在可行途径,但其效果与影响因素研究目前较薄弱。为此,本研究在渭北黄土区苹果园中设置了灌溉DOC溶液（D）、苜蓿间作（M）、灌溉DOC溶液+苜蓿间作（D+M）以及对照（CK）四个处理,测定0～600 cm土层硝酸盐、DOC、土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon,SOC）、含水率及反硝化微生物丰度等指标。研究表明：D和D+M处理下,0～400 cm土壤剖面硝酸盐消减比例达到50%左右,但单一的M处理消减效果不明显;D处理消耗的DOC与硝酸盐之间的C、N质量消耗比例约为5︰1,D+M处理的C、N质量消耗比例约为4.35︰1;D和D+M处理均增加了0～600 cm土层nir S、nir K和nos Z反硝化基因拷贝数,并提高了DOC、SOC和反硝化微生物对硝酸盐消减的贡献率。总体而言,D+M处理消减硝酸盐效果最好,可作为黄土区果园深层土壤硝酸盐治理的可行措施。     

Contributions from different microbial processes to N2O emission from soil under different moisture regimes

Nitrous oxide emissions from a sandy-loam textured soil wetted to matric potentials of either-1.0 or-0.1 kPa were determined in laboratory experiments in which the soil was incubated in air (control), air plus 10 Pa C₂H₂ (to inhibit nitrification), 100 kPa O₂ (to suppress denitrification), 10 kPa C₂H₂ (to inhibit N₂O reduction to N₂ in denitrification) or following autoclaving. The total N₂O production, consumption and net N₂O emission from the soils together with the contributions to N₂O emission from different processes of N₂O production were estimated. The rate of N₂O production was significantly greater in the wetter soil (282 pmol N₂O g^-1 soil h^-1) than in the drier soil (192 pmol N₂O g^-1 soil h^-1), but because N₂O consumption by denitrifiers was also greater in the wetter soil, the net N₂O emissions from the wetter and the drier soils did not differ significantly. Non-biological sources made no significant contribution to N₂O emission under either moisture regime and biological processes other than denitrification and nitrification made only a small contribution (1% of the total N₂O production) in the wetter soil. Denitrifying nitrifiers were the predominant source of N₂O emitted from the drier soil and other (non-nitrifying) denitrifiers were the predominant source of N₂O emitted from the wetter soil.     

温度对土壤吸附有机肥中可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

可溶性有机碳、氮(Soluble organic carbon or nitrogen,SOC和SON)可被土壤吸附.土壤可溶性有机碳、氮组分复杂,土壤对可溶性有机物吸附的不均一性会导致可溶性有机物组分的变化,大部分疏水性化合物被吸附,而亲水性化合物被释放进入溶液中[1].因此,可溶性有机碳、氮在土壤中的吸附,直接影响其在土壤-水系统中的迁移和行为[2-3].林地土壤中含有相当数量的可溶性有机养分,因此,关于林地土壤对可溶性有机养分的吸附特性,国外研究者已开展了不少研究.研究表明,可溶性有机碳吸附特性与土壤性质如pH、表面积、有机碳、铁铝氧化物和黏粒含量等因素有关[4-5].关于农业土壤对可溶性有机碳的吸附特性的影响,国内也开展了一些研究,主要集中在pH、铁铝氧化物含量等对吸附影响方面[6-9].     

Carbon and oxygen controls on N2O and N2 production during nitrate reduction

Here we provide evidence that the form of carbon compound and O₂ concentration exert an inter-related regulation on the production and reduction of N₂O in soil. 6.7 mM d-glucose, 6.7 mM D-mannitol, 8 mM L-glutamic acid or 10 mM butyrate (all equivalent to 0.48 g C l⁻¹) were applied to slurries of a sandy loam soil. At the start of the experiment headspace O₂ concentrations were established at ∼2%, 10% and 21% O₂ v/v for each C treatment, and 2 mM K¹⁵NO₃ (25 atom % excess ¹⁵N) was applied, enabling quantification of ¹⁵N-N₂ production, ¹⁵N-(N₂O-to-N₂) ratios and DNRA. The form of C compound was most important in the initially oxic (21% O₂ v/v) soils, where addition of butyrate and glutamic acid resulted in greater N₂O production (0.61 and 0.3 μg N₂O-N g⁻¹ soil for butyrate and glutamic acid, respectively) than the addition of carbohydrates (glucose and mannitol). Although, there was no significant effect of C compound at low initial O₂ concentrations (∼2% O₂ v/v), production of ¹⁵N-N₂ was greatest where headspace O₂ concentrations were initially, or fallen to, ∼2% O₂ v/v, with greatest reduction of N₂O and lowering ¹⁵N-(N₂O-to-N₂) ratios (∼0-0.27). This may reflect that the effect of C is indirect through stimulation of heterotrophic respiration, lowering O₂ concentrations, providing sub-oxic conditions for dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways. Addition of carbohydrates (glucose and mannitol) also resulted in greatest recovery of ¹⁵N in NH₄⁺ from applied ¹⁵N-NO₃⁻, indicative of the occurrence of DNRA, even in the slurries with initial 10% and 21% O₂ v/v concentrations. Our ¹⁵N approach has provided the first direct evidence for enhancement of N₂O reduction in the presence of carbohydrates and the dual regulation of C compound and O₂ concentration on N₂O production and reduction, which has implications for management of N₂O emissions through changing C inputs (exudates, rhizodeposition, residues) with plant species of differing C traits, or through plant breeding.     

鲤鱼摄食生长与呼吸耗氧动态模型的研究

建立了鲤鱼摄食生长与呼吸耗氧动态模型,并结合网箱养鲤鱼高产试验数据进行了参数估计与模型检验,结果表明模拟值与试验值吻合很好。为高产养鲤鱼的生产管理与经济评估提供了量化依据,为鱼类的摄食生长与呼吸耗氧的研究提供了新的方法。     

鲤鱼摄食生长与呼吸耗氧动态模型的研究

建立了鲤鱼摄食生长与呼吸耗氧动态模型,并结合网箱养鲤鱼高产试验数据进行了参数估计与模型检验,结果表明模拟值与试验值吻合很好。为高产养鲤鱼的生产管理与经济评估提供了量化依据,为鱼类的摄食生长与呼吸耗氧的研究提供了新的方法。     

制图尺度对CO2浓度升高情景下旱地土壤有机碳模拟的影响

基于土壤数据库的动态模型预测未来二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度升高下农田有机碳变化是实施农业固碳的基础,但目前基于不同制图尺度土壤数据库对旱地有机碳模拟结果的影响尚不清晰,一定程度上增加了农业管理措施制定的风险性。基于此,选择江苏北部(简称\"苏北地区\")3.90×10~6 hm~2旱地为例,运用生物地球化学过程模型(Denitrification and Decomposition,DNDC)模拟未来CO_2浓度升高下该地区1:5万、1:25万、1:50万、1:100万、1:400万、和1:1000万制图尺度的土壤有机碳变化。结果表明:2010—2039年间CO_2浓度在目前正常增加速率(1.9ppm a~(-1))的基础上提高0.5倍、1倍和2倍,苏北旱地数据最详细的1:5万尺度年均固碳速率分别为357 kg hm~(-2)、360 kg hm~(-2)和365 kg hm~(-2)。但进一步从其他制图尺度来看,由于使用的土壤数据库不同导致有机碳模拟结果差异很大。以1:5万尺度年均固碳速率为基准,3种CO_2浓度情景处理下1:25万~1:1000万尺度的模拟误差分别在0.89%~60.55%、0.81%~60.71%和0.15%~61.02%之间,这说明未来CO_2浓度升高的大背景下我国旱地土壤有机碳模拟中选择适宜的制图尺度非常重要。     

Fast turnover of low molecular weight components of the dissolved organic carbon pool of temperate grassland field soils

Large amounts of low molecular weight (LMW;<250 Da) carbon (C) are lost from roots into the rhizosphere as a consequence of root turnover and exudation. Their rates of turnover after release into the soil remain poorly understood. We extracted soil solution from a temperate grassland Eutric Cambisol, isotopically labeled the glucose and amino acid components, and then re-injected the solution back into the soil. We followed the subsequent evolution of ¹⁴CO₂ and incorporation of the LMW C into the soil microbial biomass or grasses for 48 h. The experiments were performed both on grazed and un-grazed swards in the field, and in the laboratory. In the field, we showed that glucose and amino acids had short half-lives (t_1/2) in soil solution (t_1/2=20-40 min), but that they persisted in soil microbes for much longer. A first-order double exponential model fitted the experimental data well and gave rate constant (k) values of 1.21-2.14 h⁻¹ for k₁ and 0.0025-0.0048 h⁻¹ for k₂. Only small amounts of the added ¹⁴C were recovered in plant biomass (<5% of total added to soil) indicating that plant roots are poor competitors for LMW dissolved organic C (DOC) in comparison to soil microorganisms. The first phase of glucose and amino acid mineralization in the laboratory was slower (t_1/2=40-60 min) than measured in the field reinforcing the importance of making flux measurements in situ. Whilst grazing stimulated below-ground respiration, it exerted only a small influence on the turnover of LMW DOC suggesting that the increase in respiration was due to increased root respiration and not turnover of soil organic matter (SOM). Our results suggest that some components of the LMW DOC pool are turned over extremely rapidly (ca. 4000 times annually).     

土壤有机碳研究进展

回顾了国内外土壤有机碳研究进展及趋势,阐述了全球土壤有机碳库存量及分布、我国土壤有机碳库储量概况、农田土壤有机碳组成及其影响因素、农田土壤有机碳转化规律及影响因素,指出了我国在土壤有机碳研究方面存在的问题及今后的发展方向.     

土壤中钙键和铁/铝键结合的有机碳差异的比较

为研究矿质元素在有机碳矿化中所起的作用,以棕壤、黄棕壤、红壤为供试土壤,比较了不同利用方式和施肥处理土壤中钙键、铁/铝键结合的有机碳的差异。结果表明,从北至南的地带性土壤(棕壤、黄棕壤和红壤)系列中,全钙及与有机碳结合的钙依次降低,钙键结合的有机碳占有机碳总量的比值依次升高;铁/铝键结合的有机碳及其占全碳的比值依次升高。与自然土壤相比,耕作土壤在不施肥条件下,钙键有机碳、铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量的比值增加,且铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率始终比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率要高;覆膜比不覆膜时铁/铝键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率比钙键有机碳占有机碳总量比值的增加率高得多。这表明,与全土有机碳相比,有机碳矿化稳定性由高到低依次是铁/铝键有机碳、钙键有机碳、全土有机碳。     

不同有机物料还田对华北农田土壤固碳的影响及原因分析

中国农业面临着废弃物数量大、污染严重,农田土壤生产力低的现实问题。该研究以增加农田土壤固碳为目标对砂质农田进行有机物料还田,将秸秆、猪粪、沼渣和生物炭4种物料用尿素调节等氮还田,对农田土壤有机碳、颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量进行测定,并探究不同有机物料还田对土壤有机碳的影响原因。研究结果表明:物料还田3a后,生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤有机碳(SOC)比秸秆处理分别高262.4%、26.8%和20.7%;2014—2015年生物炭处理的土壤微生物量碳(MBC)较秸秆处理降低2.9%~35.5%,猪粪处理和沼渣处理的土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)分别提高17.1%~60.1%和7.2%~64.8%;2014—2015年生物炭、猪粪和沼渣处理土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)较秸秆处理提高10.8%~148.2%、9.5%~58.3%和11.3%~57.6%;物料还田后,土壤总有机碳(TOC)和POC呈极显著的回归关系(R2=0.67,P0.001),土壤DOC与MBC有极显著相关性(R2=0.52,P0.001)。与秸秆还田相比,生物炭还田有利于土壤POC的累积进而促进土壤有机碳的提升,猪粪和沼渣则通过提高土壤MBC、DOC和POC的含量,促进土壤有机碳的周转和固定。从农田土壤固碳角度而言,生物炭,猪粪和沼渣还田优于秸秆还田。     

紫云英翻压对水田土壤可溶性有机氮及生化性质的影响

以亚热带红泥砂田为研究对象,在15℃和25℃条件下,利用淹水培养法模拟水田土壤紫云英翻压还田,研究其对土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)、酶活性及微生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明:15℃和25℃条件下翻压紫云英后土壤SON含量总体呈先上升后下降并趋于平稳的变化规律,分别于培养15 d和10 d达到峰值,比未翻压紫云英处理提高138.11%和84.20%。两种温度条件下翻压紫云英均显著提高土壤SON含量、脲酶、蛋白酶和谷氨酰胺酶活性以及微生物量碳和氮。土壤SON含量与脲酶、蛋白酶、谷氨酰胺酶、微生物量碳和氮呈显著或极显著正相关。翻压紫云英后水田土壤SON的迁移及其环境风险应引起充分关注。     

栓皮栎林与油松林土壤有机碳及其组分的研究

土壤有机碳在可持续森林生产力的维持中起重要作用。本文以北京鹫峰地区栓皮栎林和油松林为研究对象,对土壤有机碳及其组分的含量与密度进行了研究。结果表明,在0~20 cm土层中,栓皮栎林土壤总有机碳、轻组有机碳和易氧化碳的含量分别达到14.05 g kg-1、2.97 g kg-1和0.38 g kg-1,显著高于油松林。栓皮栎林0~20 cm土层内土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳和易氧化碳密度分别较油松林高39.68%、77.77%、145.45%,两植被类型间的的差异均达到了显著水平。在土壤总有机碳中,颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳和易氧化碳的分配比例分别为23.60%~41.40%、9.10%~33.33%和1.39%~2.80%。因此,栓皮栎林较油松林更有利于土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的积累。     

保护性耕作模式对黑土有机碳含量和密度的影响

以公主岭市长期（10 a）保护性耕作定位试验为研究对象,分析与传统耕作模式相比的几种保护性耕作模式对黑土固碳效应的影响。共设4种耕作模式,即秋翻秋耙匀垄、秋灭茬匀垄、全面旋耕深松和宽窄行交替休闲（又叫松带、苗带交替休闲）（后3种视为保护性耕作）。结果表明,经过10 a的耕作试验,不同的耕作模式对土壤有机碳有显著的影响。表层0～20 cm秋翻秋耙匀垄和秋灭茬匀垄模式的土壤有机碳含量最低,深层30～50 cm全面旋耕深松模式的土壤有机碳质量分数显著低于其他耕作模式13.49%～25.14%;0～50 cm耕层中宽窄行交替休闲的土壤有机碳质量分数高于其他耕作处理0～33.58%。宽窄行交替休闲模式下的宽窄行松带活性有机碳质量分数及缓性有机碳质量分数分别高于其他模式8.06%～48.87%和0～33.83%。全面旋耕深松模式与宽窄行交替休闲模式下的宽窄行苗带土壤有机碳密度分别低于和高于秋翻秋耙10.95%、17.13%;＞20～50 cm宽窄行苗带的活性有机碳密度及缓性有机碳密度分别高于其他耕作模式2.20%～18.85%和17.00%～29.19%,不同耕作模式的土壤惰性有机碳密度没有显著性差异。相对秋翻秋耙的传统模式,不同的保护性耕作模式能够增加土壤有机碳密度也能够降低土壤有机碳密度,宽窄行交替休闲主要通过增加土壤活性有机碳及缓性有机碳密度来增加其土壤有机碳密度,是东北地区固定土壤有机碳、提高土壤有机碳质量的有效耕作方式。