橡胶林下间种地胆草技术及其效益分析

经过试验研究,初步总结出橡胶林下间种地胆草的技术方法,包括林地选择、品种选择、备耕整地、种子种苗准备、定植、日常管理、种子收集、地胆草的收获、林下间种第二年及其之后的管理等步骤。橡胶林下间种地胆草,既可保护野生地胆草资源,提高橡胶林下土地利用率,增加割胶工人收入,也可作为林下覆盖作物,减少水土流失,较具开发应用潜力。     

利用改良温度梯度盘进行种子发芽试验

以温度和播种深度为试验因子的种子发芽试验,可以在田间、温室及生长室进行,但由于时间及设备所限,只能设置较少的试验处理.利用改良后的单向温度(热量)梯度盘,可在不同温度下对不同播种深度的种子进行发芽试验.1958年,Halldal和French开始采用灯光交叉温度梯度设计,进行光照及温度二因素对藻类的萌发效应实验.此后,人们普遍采用温度梯度盘进行种子发芽及其他试验,并不断对梯度盘加以改进.例如Thompson(1970年)用"温度梯度栅"探讨了温度对野生植物种子的发芽效应与其对自身生长环境适应性的关系;Hendricks等(1976年)应用温度梯度盘,研究了不同温度下种子发芽性能与细胞膜氨基酸的渗漏量之关系.     

不同浸种温度和时间对杂交稻种子发芽的影响试验

水稻种子的催芽是播种前必不可少的环节，合理的催芽方法是培育壮秧的关键。特别是种子紧缺的年份，为不误农时．催好芽尤其重要。为了探讨不同条件下的发芽结果，为生产上选择最佳的发芽条件．特进行本试验。     

适乐时拌种对花生种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

通过7个花生品种试验，用2．5％适乐时200～800mL／100kg种子拌种，能明显减轻病菌对花生种子发芽和出苗的侵害，可显著提高发芽率和出苗率，并对花生胚根生长和幼苗发育有明显的促进作用。试验结果表明，花生用适乐时拌种安全、效果好，以适乐时200～400mL／100kg种子效果最佳。     

观赏甜菜栽培试验

为了探索观赏甜菜配套栽培技术,进行了浸种时间对种子发芽的影响试验、不同药剂处理播种土对成苗率的影响试验、3种不同土质的土壤对观赏甜菜生长的影响试验、施肥量试验、密度试验,摸索总结出现赏甜菜关键栽培技术.     

硒肥浸种对小麦生长发育及产量和籽粒含硒量的影响

为了研究硒对小麦生长发育等的影响,采用室内发芽培养试验,结合土壤培养试验,以冀麦12为试验材料研究了不同硒浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液浸种对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响,同时通过盆栽试验,研究了不同硒浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液浸种对小麦产量、产量构成因素及籽粒含硒量的影响.结果表明,用0.1～0.5 mg Se·L-1的亚硒酸钠溶液对冀麦12进行浸种,能提高种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和种子活力指数,促进根、芽及幼苗的发育,对提高籽粒产量和籽粒含硒量有一定的促进作用.     

降解菌对大豆生长前期莠去津毒害作用的缓解

为明确降解菌(Enterobacter sp.)对大豆莠去津毒害作用的缓解能力,以辽豆15为试验材料,通过室内种子萌发和幼苗盆栽试验方法,对大豆生长前期的生长和生理指标进行测定。结果表明:与莠去津处理比较,降解菌能显著提高大豆种子的发芽率、发芽指数、种子活力指数和α-淀粉酶活性,减少电解质外渗和脯氨酸积累。同时,降解菌对大豆幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,大豆经菌液处理后,其根系相关发育指标、胚芽和子叶重量均显著高于莠去津处理。可见,试验菌株能有效缓解生长前期莠去津对大豆的毒害作用。     

种子发芽试验存在的问题及对策

在种子的收购、调运、安全贮藏过程中和销售前，各种子企业通过发芽试验来测定种子批的最大发芽潜力。据此估测其田间播种价值．使栽培的优良品种获得优质、高产．避免不合格的种子用于生产所带来的损失。但在发芽试验中．由于环节较多、重复性强．检验者常常感到枯燥，机械性操作、生搬硬套、不注重细节，这样就会导致试验结果与实际情况产生偏差。给科研和生产造成不必要的损失和浪费。     

小麦个体发育和产量的若干生理学规律(续完)

表5列出了表示植株生活的两种不同时期,即由春化处理前种子发芽和由结束春化处理后定点播种算起的日期。有关春化处理的著作中,绝大多数作者把经过春化处理和未经春化处理的试样同时播种,而不计其生长龄上的差异。我们在试验中把由春化处理前种子发芽的那一天开始生活的植株作为对春化作用的对照。如果营养期不是从种子发芽算起,而是从春化处理后播种算起,那么,植株处于照明设备中一直到     

保铃棉新棉33B种子的特点及其覆膜播种技术

近两年以来 ,河北省棉花的主栽品种是从美国引进的保铃棉新棉 33B,该品种种子采用了脱绒包衣技术 ,以小袋计量包装为推广形式 ,走在了棉花种子生产产业化的前列。本文试就加工处理后新棉33B种子发芽出苗的生理特点和脱绒包衣种子播种的地膜覆盖配套技术 ,探讨该品种播种技术的改进和提高 ,最大限度地发挥新棉 33B好品种、好种子和覆膜播种增产增收的综合效益。1　经过加工处理后新棉 33B种子的特点新棉 33B种子种皮被有稠密的短绒 ,影响播种特别是机播工作的进行 ,不利于种子与土壤紧密接触和吸水 ,从而影响发芽和出苗 ,同时短绒上附着大…     

播期和栽插方式对水稻南粳9108产量和品质的影响

以南粳9108为材料,设计3个播种时间(5月14、21、28日)和3种插秧方式(硬盘机插25 cm行距、硬盘机插30 cm行距、钵苗摆栽),研究其对优良食味水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,早播(5月14日)条件下,水稻钵苗摆栽产量高,品质好;晚播(5月28日)条件下,硬盘机插25 cm行距处理产量高。播期、栽插方式对南粳9108糙米率、精米率影响不显著;垩白粒率、垩白度、整精米率、胶稠度、碱消值均随着播期的推迟而下降,稻米品质降低。     

海南4种菊科野菜的营养成分测定

测定了海南4种菊科野菜(革命菜、鬼针草、苦荬菜、地胆头)的营养成分,并对其营养价值进行分析。结果表明,与栽培蔬菜生菜相比,革命菜的粗灰分含量,革命菜、鬼针草、地胆头的粗纤维含量,革命菜、苦荬菜的粗脂肪含量,革命菜、苦荬菜和鬼针草的维生素C含量均明显高于生菜。结合其丰富的矿质元素含量,说明这4种野菜具有较高营养价值。     

杂交稻低播量精量播种育秧及机插取秧特性

【目的】明确杂交稻70 g以下低播量精量穴播和条播对育秧效果及机插特性的影响,突破生产中杂交稻机插的技术瓶颈。【方法】以中浙优1号和甬优1540两个杂交稻品种为材料,利用机插标准9寸盘,设置机械穴播和条播两个精量播种方式,并以机械流水线撒播为对照,穴播规格为16(纵向)×34(横向)穴,条播为纵向16条,以穴播5粒、3粒及2粒的播种量进行播种试验。考查了低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗生长影响及配套取秧效果【结果】1)低播量下不同播种方式对秧苗成苗率的影响不大。2)降低播种量提高秧苗生长一致性,且穴播和条播秧苗生长一致性好于撒播。3)与撒播相比,精量穴播和条播能够在低播量下提高秧苗根系盘结力和成毯性,中浙优1号和甬优1540根系盘结力比撒播平均高75.4%和81.0%,播量每穴3粒时即能有效成毯,穴播和条播差异不大。4)精量穴播和条播能够显著降低低播量下机插漏秧率,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插漏秧率平均分别比撒播低76.3%和74.6%,穴播和条播下,两个品种每穴播量3粒的漏秧率均在1%以下,与撒播相比降幅在10个百分点以上。5)精量穴播和条播机插取秧苗数均匀度比撒播要好,两个品种预期取秧2~5苗(5粒)、1~3苗(3粒)和1~2苗(2粒)比例均达80%以上,中浙优1号和甬优1540机插苗数均匀度平均比撒播高121.2%和67.0%,其中,穴播机插取秧苗数均匀度及预期取秧苗数比例高于条播。【结论】精量穴播和条播可以解决目前杂交稻机插用种量大、漏秧率高和机插取秧苗数均匀度差的问题。     

Characteristics of Seedling Raising and Mechanized Transplanting of Hybrid Rice with a Low Seeding Rate by Precise Seeding Method

【Objective】 The purpose of the study is to ascertain the effect of precise hill-sowing and drill-sowing methods on seedling raising and the characteristics of mechanized transplanting of hybrid rice with a low seed sowing rate below 70 g, and to further break the current technical bottleneck in mechanized transplanting process of hybrid rice. 【Method】 In this study, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 were mechanically hill-sowed and drill-sowed in standard seedling raising trays with mechanized broadcasting as the control. The hill-sowing specification was 16×34 hill, and 16 drills were set in longitudinal direction for drill sowing. The seed sowing rates were 5 seeds, 3 seeds, and 2 seeds per hill for hill sowing, and the same seed rates were set in drill sowing. The effects of different sowing methods on the growth of seedlings and their mechanical transplanting characteristics were investigated. 【Results】 1) Sowing methods presented no significant effect on seedling percentage with a reduction in seeding rate. 2) A reduction in seeding rate improved rice seedling consistency, especially in hill sowing and drill sowing as compared with broadcasting. 3) In comparison with seed broadcasting, under hill seeding and drill seeding, seedling roots were more entwined as seedling mats. Under hill-sowing and drill sowing, Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 had 75.4% and 81.0% higher intertwining force than that of broadcasting, respectively. Precise hill- and drill-sowing generated effective seedling blanket without significant difference between the two treatments, while broadcast sowing did not. 4) Hill sowing and drill sowing significantly reduced the missed hill percent of machine transplanting. The missed hill percent of Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 under hill sowing and drill sowing were 76.3% and 74.6% lower than that of broadcast sowing in average, respectively. The missed hill percent for hill-seeding and drill-seeding with 3 seeds per hill was below 1%, 10% lower than that of broadcast sowing. 5) The uniformity of machine-transplanted seedling under hill sowing and drill sowing were better than that of broadcast sowing. And the proportion of the treatments with expected seedling-catching number in mechanized transplanting (2 to 5 seedlings with 5 seeds per hill, 1 to 3 seedlings with 3 seeds per hill and 1 to 2 seedlings with 2 seeds per hill) for the two cultivars were all above 80% in hill-sowing and drill-sowing in combination with machine transplanting, and the seedling uniformity of machine-transplanted Zhongzheyou 1 and Yongyou 1540 was 121.2% and 67.0% higher than that under broadcast sowing. Meanwhile hill sowing had a better result than drill sowing. 【Conclusion】 Precision hill seeding and drill seeding provide an alternative measure to current problems such as large amount of seeds, high missed hill percent and uneven seedling taking in the process of machine transplanting of rice.     

地胆头化学成分及其生理活性的研究

研究地胆头提取液中总多酚和类黄酮含量及其生理活性。测定了不同地胆头提取液的总多酚含量、类黄酮含量及其清除DPPH自由基的能力,并比较了不同料液比的地胆头提取液对血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)的抑制率。结果表明:不同提取剂提取的地胆头总多酚和类黄酮含量不同,其中,丙酮提取液中总多酚和类黄酮含量分别为12.27 mg/g、7.50 mg/g,均高于乙醇、甲醇、水提取液中的总多酚和类黄酮含量;地胆头丙酮、甲醇、乙醇提取液对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为94.60%、93.41%、90.87%,均高于人工合成氧化剂BHT(89.15%)和地胆头水提取液(62.75%);地胆头提取液对ACE的抑制效果随着料液比的增加而越明显,其中,1∶10的料液比下,乙醇地胆头提取液对ACE抑制率达到96.67%。通过本研究得出,在地胆头乙醇、甲醇、水、丙酮4种提取液中,丙酮提取液的总多酚和类黄酮含量最高,且其抗氧化性效果最佳,乙醇地胆头提取液的抗高血压能力最强。地胆头提取液具有明显的抗氧化性和抗高血压等生理活性,在功能食品及中草药领域里具有良好的开发应用前景。     

播期对花生农艺性状、产量和品质的影响

以普通花生品种（冀花9号、冀花10号、冀花12号）、高油酸花生品种（冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号）为材料,通过田间小区试验,设置7个播种时期（4/25、5/6、5/16、5/26、6/6、6/15、6/26）,研究不同播期对花生生长发育、产量指标和品质的影响,以期确定花生最佳播种时期,为集成优质高效栽培技术奠定基础。结果表明,冀花10号、冀花12号、冀花13号、冀花16号的农艺性状表现为主茎高、侧枝长、分枝数多;而冀花9号和冀花11号则表现为主茎矮、侧枝短、分枝少。6个花生品种荚果平均产量为4716.22 kg/hm2,籽仁平均产量为3469.52 kg/hm2。以籽仁产量最高的冀花12号（3541.99 kg/hm2）为对照,普通花生品种冀花9号、冀花10号减产0.35%~1.91%;高油酸花生品种冀花11号、冀花13号、冀花16号减产2.11%~5.54%。随播期的延后,各个播期的花生农艺性状及产量指标基本遵循5/6-5/16 > 4/25 > 5/26-6/26的变化趋势。5/6-5/16播期的平均荚果产量和籽仁产量分别5547.16 kg/hm2、4204.24 kg/hm2,油酸/亚油酸比值平均12.90。4/25播种,荚果和籽仁减产约5.16%,油亚比为14.61;5/26日播种,荚果和籽仁减产约9.05%,油亚比降低35.56%。晚于5/26播种,主茎高变矮7.40%～22.89%、侧枝长变短7.07%～24.89%、单株分枝数减少3.74%～9.70%、单株结果数降低4.59%～21.78%、百果重减少6.59%～27.94%、百仁重减少10.35%～32.33%、荚果减产17.97%～45.78%、籽仁减产21.80%～52.50%、油亚比降低50.57%～73.30%。综合考虑农艺性状、产量指标及品质优劣,河北省中南部地区露地平播花生的最适播期为5/6至5/16之间,最晚不应晚于5/26。     

播期、播种密度及肥料运筹对青稞产量及产量性状的影响

以13个来自西藏不同生态区的青稞(Hordeum vulgare L.var.nudum HK.f.)品种为材料,研究播期、播种密度、肥料运筹及其互作对青稞籽粒产量和产量性状的影响。结果表明:参试青稞品种的籽粒产量与产量性状在品种间、播期间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)差异;春播青稞籽粒产量显著低于秋播(P<0.05)。播种密度和肥料运筹对参试品种籽粒产量影响不显著。每穗粒数在播种密度和肥料运筹间差异显著(P<0.05),千粒质量在肥料运筹间差异显著(P<0.05)。     

Productivity of the Soybean Seeds Stored for Various Periods

Abstract

The growth characters and productivity of the soybean plants that developed from seeds stored for various periods at 5°C and 40% relative humidity, but having 80% or higher germinability were examined in comparison with those of newly harvested seeds (new seeds). The seedlings at one month after sowing from the very old seeds (stored for 10 years and 7 months) showed morphological characters significantly different from those from the new seeds, but not those from the moderately old seeds (stored for 2 years and 7 months) or the old seeds (stored for 7 years and 7 months). In the plants from the old seeds, the mean emergence date, flowering date, maturing date, length of the main stem, yield components, seed yield, and inspection-grade or protein content of seed were not significantly different from those in the plants from the new seeds. On the other hand, in the plants from the very old seeds, the mean emergence date, length of main stem, yield components and seed yield were significantly different from those in the plants from the new seeds. We concluded that the seeds of soybean stored for 2 years and 7 months, or 7 years and 7 months having a germinability of higher than 80% are practically useful, and show normal growth characters and productivity. However, it should be noted that the seed storage for over 10 years had inferior grain yield.     

不同种植模式的花生单粒精播密度研究

研究了春播和麦套2种种植模式下不同密度单粒精播对花生农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明,精播密度对春播花生花育20号和麦田套种花生花育22号的主茎高、侧枝长均随着密度的增加而提高,而分枝数、单株结果数、双仁果率和饱果率均随密度的增加而减少。小粒花生花育20号的适宜密度大于大粒花生花育22号,两者适宜密度分别为22.5和21.0万穴.hm-2,比常规双粒穴播分别增产2.2%和4.1%。