南方大豆种子安全越夏贮藏的研究

我国南部雨量充沛、热量丰富,大豆可一年两熟。春大豆7月收获到次年3月播种,秋大豆11月收获到次年7月底播种,贮藏期长达7-8个月。夏季高温及周年高温环境,不利于大豆安全贮藏。关于大豆种子贮藏方法与指标已有论述。但因地理环境与耕作制的特殊性,南方大豆种子的安全越夏贮藏技术尚需进一步研究。     

春大豆秋繁栽培技术

春大豆秋繁栽培技术浙江省金华市农科所·３２１００马赵江陈长生春大豆由于成熟期前后处于高温、高湿季节，加上其需经历一个高温的夏季贮藏，故种子劣变严重。特别对于大粒种子，种子活力下降极其明显，严重时甚至影响大豆生产。在生产中，常将春大豆秋季繁种，即把春种...     

春大豆种子在贮藏期间的一些生理生化变化

四个春大豆品种在8个月的贮藏过程中,随着贮藏时间延长,种子不断老化劣变,发芽率降低,脱氨酶活性和过氧化物酶活性下降,以及膜透性增大。种皮黑色的品种较黄色的品种抗劣变能力强。四个品种耐贮藏力大小顺序为:泰兴黑豆>矮脚早>湘春豆10号>吉林21号。     

人工老化对大豆种子活力和生理生化特性的影响

以晋豆19号大豆种子为研究材料,对其进行40°C、100％RH高温高湿老化处理,并对种子发芽指标﹑相对电导率、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量以及4种抗氧化酶活性的变化进行测定。结果表明：随着种子老化加深种子的各发芽指标均逐渐降低, 相对电导率、外渗可溶性糖和丙二醛含量逐渐升高,铜锌和总超氧化物歧化酶随老化时间延长而增加,锰超氧化物歧化酶呈波浪式变化,过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶活性变化的总趋势是随老化时间延长而降低,而过氧化氢酶呈先升后降趋势。种子活力和生理生化指标之间呈显著的相关性。用该老化方法评价大豆种子耐贮藏性的适宜老化时间在36～60h。在所测定的生理指标中,丙二醛（MDA）含量和过氧化物酶（POD）及谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性与大豆种子活力快速下降相吻合,可作为敏感指标监测大豆种子的劣变状况。     

不同收获期春大豆种子贮藏后的活力研究

试验研究了三种不同播期（春播，夏播，秋播）下的春大豆在黄熟期，完熟期，过熟期收获的种子，经低温密封贮藏４年后活力的差异。结果表明：完熟期（Ｒ８）种子活力最高，过熟期（Ｒ８后）次之，黄熟期（Ｒ７）种子活力最低。与种子活力相应的生理生化指标；种子发芽势，种子发芽率，种子外渗量以及过氧化物酶无冯完熟期种子表现为优。     

栽培与野生大豆资源抗种子劣变性差异的研究

用甲醇胁迫，高温高湿等加速老化法，鉴定了１０个栽培大豆和野生大豆品种的抗种子劣变性，结果表明，人工老化后，各野生大豆品种仍保持较高的种子活力，而栽培大豆的种子活力下降较快，电镜观察发现，野生大豆的种皮栅状细胞排列紧密，细胞层厚度大大高于栽培大豆，种皮发芽孔小于栽培大豆，这正是野生大豆高抗种子劣变的原因所在。     

大豆种子脂肪氧化酶的缺失对种子劣变的影响

用Suzuyutaka及其全套种子脂肪氧化酶缺失体近等位基因系作实验材料，研究评价缺失大豆种子脂肪氧化酶同功酶对种子劣变的影响。结果表明，在贮藏期间，所有缺失体类型与正常品种Suzuyutaka一样贮藏始期 都具有高的活力和发芽率，随着贮藏时间的推移，都以相似的规律和基本一致的速率丧失种子的发芽率和活力；而且酶活性的变化规律也基本一致。表明种子脂肪氧化酶的缺失对大豆种子劣变没有明显影响。     

浅谈早熟大豆品种的迟播利用

晚熟区受到冰雹袭击，农田害虫的危害，低洼地块春涝不能正常播种及严重干旱地区春早播种后不出苗等不利情况下，可利用早熟大豆品种晚播，在积温高的地区可用早熟大豆品种复种，春开春种。     

广西平果县夏大豆标准化栽培技术总结

广西平果县夏大豆标准化栽培技术总结宋有腾（广西平果县农业局农技站·平果县５３１４００）一、夏大豆标准化栽培技术措施１．选用本地良种─—平果黄豆，并精选种籽。２．播种方式：５月底６月上旬套种于春玉米地里、实行肥地宜稀瘦地宜密的原则。推广穴播或条播，行距...     

大豆GmPM31基因生物信息学、组织表达及高温高湿响应分析

sHSPs家族基因GmPM31具有典型的ACD结构域,为了预测和研究GmPM31的功能,本研究以田间劣变抗性春大豆湘豆3号为材料,分离GmPM31及其启动子序列,对该基因的结构及启动子上的顺式作用元件进行生物信息学分析,采用qRT-PCR方法对GmPM31的组织表达模式及高温高湿处理下的表达量变化进行分析.结果 表明:GmPM31基因的ORF全长为459 bp,编码153个氨基酸,包含1个ACD保守域结构.蛋白质系统进化树分析结果显示,GmPM31与CI(Class Ⅰ)亚家族的sHSPs同源性较高,表明GmPM31属于Class Ⅰ sHSPs家族成员.GmPM31基因启动子中有多个逆境胁迫响应元件,包括激素应答相关元件ABRE、ERE和AAGAA-motif等,干旱和冷胁迫相关的MYB和MYC转录因子作用元件,高盐胁迫相关元件Box Ⅲ,厌氧胁迫相关元件ARE等.qRT-PCR结果显示,GmPM31在成熟种子中大量表达,其次在幼荚和叶片中表达,在根、茎和花中表达量极低.种子发育过程中,GmPM31表达量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在开花后第45天表达量达到最大.高温高湿胁迫处理96和168 h时种子中GmPM31的表达量显著高于对照组,说明高温高湿胁迫诱导种子中GmPM31上调表达.研究结果表明GmPM31参与了春大豆种子的发育以及高温高湿胁迫响应过程.     

Effect of pre-planting temperature and light treatments of seed tubers on potato yield and tuber size distribution

Summary From 1985 to 1987 field experiments were caried out to test the influence of different pre-planting storage treatments on yield and size distribution of potato crops. The storage treatments included 4, 8 and 12°C in the light and in the dark, for different periods before planting. Subjecting the seed tubers to light at low temperatures induced crops to produce a larger proportion of smaller sized tubers while storing seed tubers at higher temperatures in the dark led to an increase of tubers >55 mm. These observations were confirmed in five field experiments with two cultivars at two sites and in three growing seasons.     

Effect of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on the processing quality of potato tubers for French fry production

Summary The effects of seed source, presprouting and desiccation date on processing quality parameters in the cultivars, Maris Piper and Rooster were investigated over four seasons. Tuber dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugar concentrations and fry colour were measured. Seed source did not affect sucrose concentrations, significantly affected tuber dry matter in three of the four seasons and had no effect on reducing sugar concentrations or fry colour. Presprouting seed, reduced sucrose concentrations during two seasons from four and increased dry matter concentration of cv. Maris Piper during one season from four and in cv. Rooster during two seasons from four; lowered reducing sugar concentrations following storage in one season from three and did not affect fry colour. Delaying the desiccation date decreased sucrose concentration in all seasons, increased tuber dry matter concentration during two seasons and induced higher reducing sugar concentrations and darker fry colours.     

Variation in Seed Shape and Husk Color in Japanese Native Cultivars of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Abstract

The variation in seed shape and husk color was investigated in 56 Japanese native cultivars of common buckwheat. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the cultivars in seed shape characteristics and husk colors. The 1000-seed weight (1000-SW) ranged widely, from 20.4 to 39.0 g, among the cultivars. The cultivars collected from the Kanto region of the mainland had a large length and width of seed and heavy 1000-SW. On the other hand, the cultivars from the Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan had a small length and width of seed. The length and width of seeds showed a high positive correlation. The cultivars with a high 1000-SW showed a slight difference between length and width of seed and were typically the triangular type in seed shape. The length/width ratio (L/W) depended on the width rather than the length of seed, though both were negatively correlated with the L/W. Highly positive correlations were found among the L*, a* and b* husk color value. The L* showed a highly positive correlation with growth duration, and the husk color of the cultivars became more deep black as growth duration decreased. The husk color of the cultivars from the Kyushu region (long growth duration) was grayish brown, but that of the cultivars from Nagano Pref. (the shortest growth duration) was characterized as typically deep black. The cultivars collected at lower latitude regions tended to have a lighter color of husk than those from higher latitude regions. The cultivars from the Tohoku region showed a smaller variation for seed size characteristics and 1000-SW, and the cultivars from the Kyushu region showed a smaller variation for husk color.     

Yield and dry matter productivity of Japanese and US soybean cultivars

The difference in yields of cultivars may be causing difference in soybean yield between Japan and the USA. The objective of this study was to identify the effect of the cultivar on dry matter production and to reveal the key factors causing the differences in yield by focusing utilization of solar radiation in recent Japanese and US soybean cultivars. Field experiments were conducted during two seasons in Takatsuki, Japan (34°50′), and in a single season in Fayetteville (36°04′), AR, USA. Five Japanese and 10 US cultivars were observed under near-optimal conditions in order to achieve yields as close to their physiological potential as possible. The seed yield and total aboveground dry matter (TDM) were measured at maturity as long as radiation was intercepted by the canopy. The seed yield ranged from 3.10t ha^?1 to 5.91t ha^?1. Throughout the three environments, the seed yield of US cultivars was significantly higher than that of Japanese cultivars. The seed yield correlated with the TDM rather than the HI with correlation coefficients from .519 to .928 for the TDM vs. .175 to .800 for the HI, for each of the three environments. The higher TDM of US cultivars was caused by a higher radiation use efficiency rather than higher total intercepted radiation throughout the three environments. The seasonal change in the TDM observed in four cultivars indicated that dry matter productivity was different between cultivars, specifically during the seed-filling period.     

The effect of temperature and light during storage of young seed potatoes on initial plant development at early plantings

Summary Young seed tubers of several cultivars were exposed to storage temperatures of 4–24°C in light and dark intended to optimise their growth vigour following early plantings. In five experiments during four autumn and winter periods, the effects of storage conditions on subsequent initial plant development in the glasshouse were studied. Storage of seed potatoes for 2 months at temperatures of 12°C or higher greatly increased early plant development of five cultivars following early plantings. Light during storage had a favourable effect, but desprouting before planting was greatly disadvantageous.     

气象因子对大豆主要贮藏蛋白组分及亚基含量的影响

以20个大豆品种为材料，同年同地点分六个播期种植，考察了整个生长期以及营养生长和生殖生长两个时期的气象因子(总积温、总日照时数、总降水量、日均温差和日均相对湿度)，对春大豆和夏大豆籽粒总蛋白以及主要贮藏蛋白组分、亚基相对百分含量的影响。结果表明：(1) 大豆籽粒总蛋白含量以及组分、亚基相对百分含量会随播期的改变而变化。(2)整个生育期间，5个气象因子极显著影响20份大豆总蛋白含量，对春大豆总蛋白含量的影响也达极显著水平，仅总积温、总日照时数和总降水量对夏大豆总蛋白含量影响达显著水平。(3)整个生育期的总积温和总日照时数与20份大豆蛋白11S相对百分含量和11S/7S比值显著负相关，总积温与20份大豆蛋白7S含量显著正相关；但气象因子对春、夏大豆的7S、11S相对百分含量和11S/7S比值的影响不显著。(4)整个生育期间气象因子对各组分亚基的影响程度存在差异；夏大豆各蛋白组分亚基的相对百分含量受两个生育时期的气象因子的影响皆不显著，而春大豆许多蛋白亚基相对百分含量受两个生育时期的气象因子的影响达到显著或极显著水平。     

Evaluation of seed vigor in soybean germplasms from different eco-regions

Seed vigor plays an essential role in soybean production. Soybean seed is sensitive to environment and easy to get seed deterioration. Generally soybean seed vigor can be maintained for less than one year and have to be multiplied every year. Varieties with good seed vigor are essential for maintaining planting population and stable yield. In this research, 419 germplasms from three eco-regions, South China, Huanghuai region and Northeast China, were evaluated for seed vigor by assessing germination ratio, germination potential and germination index. About 34.8% of tested germplasm had germination ratio equal or more than 85%, suggested by the national soybean seed quality standard of China. Only 9 from 82 tested cultivars met the seed standard. Seed germination ratio distribution had obvious regional feature. Landraces performed better seed vigor than cultivars. Germplasms from South China had stronger seed vigor compared to those from Huanghuai and Northeast regions. Seed vigor has no significant relationship with maturity and 100-seed weight. Totally 21 germplasms with strong seed vigor, favor maturation and seed size were identified and can be used in future breeding program.     

The rate of respiration of potato tubers during storage. 3. Relationships between rate of respiration,weight loss and other variables

Summary In 1973 the rate of respiration of stored potato tubers was highest in those cultivars which had the greatest weight loss, but this was not found in 1972. The rate of respiration could almost completely be explained by the factors storage temperature, degree of sprouting and storage duration, and the interactions between these factors. The main effects often had a strong curvilinear component. The increase in rate of respiration found after one and a half years of storage at low temperatures was cuased by physiological deterioration of the tubers. Paper No 690, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA     

Shortening dormancy of seed potatoes by storage temperature regimes

Summary Four experiments (three with four cultivars, one with twenty cultivars) investigated the effect of different storage temperature regimes on the duration of dormancy of seed potatoes harvested immature. Regimes included constant temperatures (18 and 28°C), hot pre-treatments (20 days at 28°C and subsequently 18°C) and cold pre-treatments (20 days at 2°C and subsequently 18°C). Compared with 18°C, storage at 28°C slightly prolonged dormancy of some cultivars with a genetically short dormancy and shortened dormancy by up to 45 days in cultivars with a long dormancy. Some tubers of one cultivar lost their ability to sprout after storage at 28°C for 90 days. A hot pre-treatment shortened dormancy by 2–3 weeks on average, for all cultivars examined. A cold pre-treatment shortened dormancy by 2 weeks on average in some cultivars with a short dormancy and in all cultivars with a long dormancy.     

江苏省夏大豆褐斑粒率与病毒病病害程度及大豆主要性状关系的研究

用抗性不同（抗、高抗、中抗和不抗）的１６个大豆品种,组成１７个杂交组合。以其杂种二代为材料,研究其褐斑粒率与病毒病发病程度的相关性及与大豆主要农艺性状的关系。结果表明：大豆花叶病毒是籽粒发生褐斑的前提,在大多数情况下,褐斑率大小与病害程度呈正相关。一般情况下,在组合内,褐斑率与百粒重呈负相关,褐斑率高的品种,脐色一般较深,生育期越长,褐斑率越大,在育种中选择低褐斑率品种作亲本时,相关性状也应予考虑