天津港口疏浚淤泥悬浮物对海洋动物的急性毒性效应

研究了不同浓度的悬浮物对鲈鱼和梭鱼幼体的毒性效应。实验结果表明:疏浚淤泥悬浮相对其效应明显。21℃和24℃试验水温时,悬浮物对鲈鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96hLC50为1 711.2mg/L、1 052.8mg/L;安全浓度分别为:171.12、105.28mg/L;悬浮物对梭鱼幼苗的急性毒性实验结果分别为:96h LC50为453.6、168.1mg/L;安全浓度分别为:45.36、16.81mg/L。随温度、悬浮物浓度的升高,毒性效应呈增强趋势。     

悬浮物对中国明对虾幼体急性毒性效应研究

本文通过室内模拟试验研究水体中悬浮物对中国明对虾不同幼体期生长的急性毒性效应。以无节幼体、溞状幼体、糠虾幼体和仔虾为试验生物,设置不同悬浮物质量浓度的试验组,并对死亡幼体进行计数,建立死亡率和悬浮物质量浓度对数的响应关系,求解中国明对虾幼体96h半致死质量浓度值。试验结果表明,悬浮物对中国明对虾4个时期幼体的生长均具有显著影响(P0.01),悬浮物质量浓度与幼体死亡率呈线性关系,死亡率随悬浮物质量浓度的增加而升高;无节幼体、溞状幼体、糠虾幼体、仔虾的96h半致死质量浓度分别为741.31、457.09、912.02mg/L和1023.29mg/L,线性相关系数分别为0.9771、0.9753、0.9859、0.9798。4种幼体中溞状幼体受悬浮物影响最大,仔虾受影响最小。     

水温对不同鱼类的急性致死效应

采用半静态急性毒性实验方法,设置不同温度梯度对四种海洋鱼类按突然升温和逐步升温两种方式进行96h热冲击实验。结果显示:在突然升温情况下大黄鱼、鮸鱼、黑鲷和鲻鱼的96h-UILT50值分别为33.00℃、32.40℃、35.00℃和36.19℃;在逐步升温的情况下大黄鱼、鮸鱼、黑鲷和鲻鱼的96h-UILT50分别为32.72℃、33.47℃、36.40℃和37.11℃。突然升温试验结果表明,四种受试鱼类中鮸鱼对高温耐受能力最差,大黄鱼对高温的忍耐能力也较差,黑鲷对高温冲击的耐受能力较强,鲻鱼耐受能力最强;逐步升温试验结果表明,四种受试鱼类中大黄鱼对逐步升温的耐受能力最差,鮸鱼对逐步升温的忍耐能力也较差,黑鲷对逐步升温冲击的耐受能力较强,鲻鱼耐受能力最强。现场温度下逐步升温方式对不同受试生物的影响程度明显小于突然升温方式。     

港口疏浚淤泥悬浮物对2种海洋生物的急性毒性试验研究

从上个世纪开始,人们对于海洋悬浮物就予以了高度重视。悬浮物作为海洋中最普遍的污染,对海洋生物造成了很大危害。本文用海洋疏浚淤泥悬浮物对卤虫无节幼体和梭鱼幼鱼进行了急性毒性试验。结果显示,半致死浓度随着时间的延长而逐渐降低;不同密度的海洋生物半致死浓度相差不大。不同水温条件下的梭鱼幼鱼试验表明,水温为24℃时其半致死浓度比21℃时要低,其安全浓度也呈现相同的趋势。     

海洋尖尾藻对2种海洋微藻的摄食特征研究

为研究海洋尖尾藻对双色藻和齿状纹石藻的摄食特征,分别采用2种海洋微藻为饵料培养海洋尖尾藻,分析海洋尖尾藻对2种海洋微藻的摄食过程、培养液颜色变化特征和摄食规律。结果显示,海洋尖尾藻摄食双色藻时将藻丝一段一段慢慢裹入纵沟,而齿状纹石藻整个细胞同时被裹入纵沟。海洋尖尾藻接种6 h后,对2种海洋微藻的摄食率均为100%。随着海洋尖尾藻细胞初始密度(双色藻培养液中分别为0.8×104、2.4×103和0.8×103个/mL,齿状纹石藻培养液中分别为3.9×103、2.4×103和1.7×103个/mL)降低,其种群在初始密度为3.4×107个/mL的双色藻培养液中达到稳定期所需时间增加,分别为接种后第3、4和6天,双色藻被摄食完毕所需时间也增加,分别为接种后第5、10和15天;海洋尖尾藻种群在初始密度为6.6×105个/mL的齿状纹石藻培养液中达到稳定期所需时间增加,分别为接种后第4、5和12天,齿状纹石藻被摄食完毕所需时间也增加,分别为接种后第6、7和13天。研究表明,海洋尖尾藻对不同大小和体制类型的双色藻和齿状纹石藻的摄食过程不同,培养方式对培养液颜色变化产生影响,饵料藻种类以及饵料藻和海洋尖尾藻最初浓度配比会影响海洋尖尾藻摄食,15 d培养过程中双色藻种群和齿状纹石藻种群均向海洋尖尾藻种群发生了演替。     

光合细菌PS2对尖吻鲈的生长、消化酶及非特异性免疫酶的影响

研究了光合细菌对尖吻鲈（Latescal carifer）的生长、消化酶及血清免疫酶活性的影响。把浓度为8×10^8cfu·mL^-1的荚膜红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas capsulate）的液体制剂分别以0．0％（对照组）、0．5％、1．0％和1．5％的比例添加到饲料中,投喂初始体质量为（10．95±0．25）g的尖吻鲈50d。鱼的增重率、特定生长率、成活率及饲料系数在组间均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。肝蛋白酶、肠淀粉酶及胃淀粉酶在1．0％组显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）;肠蛋白酶在1．5％组显著低于1．0％组（P〈0．05）,但试验组与对照组间没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）;幽门垂的消化酶在1．5％组显著高于其他各组（P〈0．05）。血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性在组间均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结果表明,该株光合细菌对尖吻鲈的生长及非特异性免疫力没有显著影响,但在1．5％组能显著促进其幽门垂消化酶的活性,在1．0％组显著促进肝蛋白酶及肠和胃淀粉酶的活性。     

菲胁迫对红鳍笛鲷急、慢性毒性效应的研究

为了解海洋菲污染对海洋水产经济鱼类的毒性及致毒机理,在实验室条件下采用半静态毒性实验研究了菲对红鳍笛鲷的96 h急性毒性,同时分析和比较了不同浓度(10.0、50.0、250.0μg/L)菲胁迫96 h后红鳍笛鲷肝脏、鳃中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力,丙二醛(MDA)含量以及脑组织中乙酰胆碱脂酶(AChE)活力的变化。结果表明,菲对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的24、48和96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为4.65、3.46和3.17 mg/L,安全浓度为0.317 mg/L。在整个胁迫过程中,低浓度(10.0μg/L)菲可诱导红鳍笛鲷肝脏和鳃组织SOD活力显著性升高(P<0.05);随着浓度升高,50.0和250.0μg/L浓度组肝脏SOD活力呈抑制-诱导的波动变化,鳃SOD活力的变化则呈抑制-诱导-抑制的趋势。随着菲曝露时间延长,各浓度组红鳍笛鲷肝脏和鳃组织的MDA含量明显升高;脑组织中AChE活力表现为先升高后降低的的趋势。结果提示,菲对红鳍笛鲷具有很强的毒性,可在96 h内通过氧化损伤途径对机体产生毒性作用,鉴于SOD、MDA、AChE指标对菲的高度敏感特点,可以用其作为生物标志物来指示多环芳烃类污染物对水生生物的...     

蒽与UV-B辐射共同作用对2种海洋微藻的毒性效应

为研究多环芳烃（PAHs)蒽单独胁迫以及与UV－B共同作用对小新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterlum)和亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiforming)的毒害作用，对小新月菱形藻，蒽质量浓度设为0．0，20.0,35.0,62.5,113.0,200.0μg/L以及辐射剂量1．3J／m^2，对亚心形扁藻，蒽质量浓度设为0.0,35.0,62.5,113.0,200.0,350.0μg/L以及辐射剂量2．77J/m^2，结果表明，蒽单独胁迫以及蒽与UV－B共同作用都使这2种海洋微藻受到伤害，微藻的组对增长率，叶绿素－a质量浓度，类胡萝卜素含量都有下降的趋势，但是，蒽在UV－B辐射下发生的光致毒性使海洋微藻受到更大的伤害，蒽对这2种海洋微藻生长的48h.EC50分别为167．9μg/L，和141．3μg/L，而蒽＋UV－B对2种藻生长的48h.EC50分别下降为122．3μg/L和115．5ug/L，2种藻类叶绿素－a,类胡萝卜素含量在UV－B辐射存在下也比无UV－B辐射低，蒽的光毒性直接受到蒽质量浓度的影响。     

二氟沙星对3种海洋弧菌的抗菌后效应研究

采用试管二倍稀释法测定二氟沙星对鳗弧菌W-1、副溶血弧菌1614和溶藻弧菌1833的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);采用菌落计数法测定二氟沙星对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌和溶藻弧菌的抗菌后效应(PAE)。结果显示,二氟沙星在1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC浓度时,对鳗弧菌W-1、副溶血弧菌1614和溶藻弧菌1833的PAE分别为:0·64、1·09和2·16h;0·74、1·73和2·64;0·54、1·08和2·05h。二氟沙星对这3种弧菌具有明显的抗菌后效应,并且随着二氟沙星浓度的增加,抗菌后效应的时间也明显延长。     

黄姑鱼对2种驱虫药物的耐受性研究

采用急性攻毒的方法,研究黄姑鱼对硫酸铜、福尔马林的耐受性。结果表明:硫酸铜对黄姑鱼的半致死浓度TLm12、TLm24、TLm48、TLm72、TLm96分别为7.81、4.39、3.78、2.33、2.06 mg/L,安全浓度为0.84 mg/L;福尔马林对黄姑鱼的半致死浓度分别为354.1、236.7、177.8、111.0、105.7 mg/L,安全浓度为30.10 mg/L。试验证实硫酸铜和福尔马林是安全、有效的驱虫剂。     

Lethal effects caused by suspended particles and sediment load on zoospores and gametophytes of the brown alga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eisenia bicyclis</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   The effects caused by suspended particles in seawater and sediment cover of the substrate on the attachment to the substrate of zoospores, and on the subsequent growth and survival of gametophytes of the brown alga Eisenia bicyclis were examined in the laboratory. The attachment rate to the substrate of the zoospores was remarkably reduced by the sediment cover on the substrate, and it decreased to 3.8% of the no-sediment control by a slight sediment cover of 3.0 mg/cm² (0.048 mm in thickness). The growth of gametophytes was not inhibited at 10 mg/cm² or less of sediment cover, though it was stopped at 30 mg/cm². The survival rate of gametophytes became 39.4% at 5 mg/cm² on the substrate, and gametophytes were all blighted at 30 mg/cm². The ratio of male to female of the surviving gametophytes became 81.5:18.5, when the sediment cover was 10 mg/cm². The rate of total loss ( TL [%]) of zoospores and gametophytes of Eisenia bicyclis was obtained from the following equation: TL  = 100 (1 − exp[−0.0339  C ] exp[−1.24  Q ]), where, C (mg/L) and Q (mg/cm²) indicate the concentration of suspended particles in seawater and the sediment on the substrate, respectively.     

千年笛鲷幼鱼耗氧率的研究

千年笛鲷幼鱼的耗氧量随幼鱼体重的增加而增加,耗氧量与体重的关系式为Y=0．756 0．513X。千年笛鲷幼鱼的耗氧率随幼鱼体重的增加而下降,耗氧率与体重的关系式为Y=1246．430X~(-0.036)。幼鱼在遮光条件下的耗氧率比在自然光照条件下要低15．362%～31．675%。在低盐度水环境下幼鱼的耗氧率较高,随着盐度的增加,其耗氧率降低。随着饥饿程度的加深,千年笛鲷幼鱼的代谢水平呈梯度下降。在盐度20和28时,千年笛鲷幼鱼的窒息点分别为0．93和1．17 mg·L~(-1)。     

沉积再悬浮颗粒物对3种滤食性贝类摄食生理的影响

采用室内模拟实验法研究了不同浓度的沉积再悬浮颗粒物对3种经济贝类的滤水率、摄食率和吸收效率影响。结果表明,(1)沉积再悬浮颗粒物对3种滤食性贝类的滤水率、摄食率和吸收效率有明显的影响(P<0.05)。(2)在一定浓度范围内,3种贝类的滤水率和摄食率随沉积再悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大而增大,当再悬浮颗粒物浓度超过一定浓度后,滤水率和摄食率迅速下降。(3)实验期间(24h),随时间的变化,总悬浮颗粒物浓度为20～100mg/L时,3种滤食性贝类的滤水率呈现周期性的升降变化,总悬浮颗粒物对不同时间段3种贝类的滤水率的影响显著(P<0.05)。300和500mg/L时,总悬浮颗粒物对不同时间段栉孔扇贝和紫贻贝滤水率的影响不明显(P>0.05),而对菲律宾蛤仔滤水率的影响显著(P<0.05);在6～24h时间段,3种贝类的滤水值多次出现负值。(4)吸收效率随沉积再悬浮颗粒物浓度的增大而减小,与悬浮颗粒物有机质的百分含量的变化趋势相一致。本研究表明,沉积再悬浮颗粒物对3种滤食性贝类的摄食生理有显著的影响。     

Genetic variation of Lates calcarifer in Peninsular Malaysia based on the cytochrome b gene

A 312 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced from 132 sea bass Lates calcarifer individuals from nine populations across Peninsular Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis and analysis of molecular variance within and among populations showed no significant geographical structuring. Several populations formed discrete units while others were of mixed populations. The former group suggests a low gene flow among some populations while the latter suggests that widespread translocations have impacted the other wild and cultured local populations. The data from this study have important implications for fishery management, conservation of sea bass stocks and translocation policy for aquaculture and stock enhancement in Peninsular Malaysia.     

Hatching rate of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker) eggs exposed to total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation and the tolerance of juveniles to the interaction of TDG supersaturation and suspended sediment

Flood discharge containing excessive suspended sediments (SS) can result in total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation downstream of dams. It has been confirmed that high TDG levels and excessive SS cause serious threats to fish survival. To explore the effects of TDG supersaturation on the hatchability of Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker) eggs, eggs were exposed to 100%, 125%, 130% and 135% TDG supersaturated water. The results showed that the hatching rates were 78.25%, 75.35%, 71.30% and 67.50% at the 100%, 125%, 130% and 135% TDG respectively. The hatching rate decreased with increasing TDG levels. Furthermore, acute lethality experiments were carried out to investigate the interaction of TDG supersaturation and SS on Chinese sucker. Half‐year‐old juveniles were exposed to TDG supersaturated water with SS concentrations of 0, 200, 600 and 1,000 mg/L, and the TDG levels were 125%, 130%, 135% and 140% respectively. The fish exhibited abnormal behaviours and signs of gas bubble disease. Mortality increased with increasing TDG levels and SS concentrations. The Chinese suckers only survived for 2.5 hr at 140% TDG and 1,000 mg/L SS. Moreover, an increase in SS in TDG supersaturated water could cause a decrease in the median lethal time (LT₅₀). When the TDG level reached 140%, the LT₅₀ declines significantly at 600 and 1,000 mg/L SS. The interaction of TDG supersaturation and SS was significant at LT₅₀ (F = 22.81, df = 9, p < 0.001). The results indicate that the combined effect of TDG and SS could be great on Chinese sucker.     

Effects of increasing concentrations of fine suspended sediment on the survival,growth, condition factor and gill condition of artificially reared juveniles of Oncorhynchus masou,Salvelinus leucomaenis and Plecoglossus altivelis

Little is known about the effect of chronic turbidity created by fine suspended sediment on the health and growth of artificially reared Oncorhynchus masou, Salvelinus leucomaenis and Plecoglossus altivelis—three important aquaculture species in Japan. This study compared survival rate, daily growth rate, condition factor (estimated from the ratio of standard length to weight) and gill condition among like‐sized juveniles exposed to fine suspended sediment (<2‐µm fraction) at concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 500 mg/L, after 21 days. Even at 500 mg/L, there was almost no damage to the gill condition in all species. In O. masou, the daily growth rate was unexpectedly high in the 500‐mg/L treatment group, and condition factor was higher at sediment concentrations of 100 and 500 mg/L than at 0 mg/L. In S. leucomaenis, daily growth rate was significantly lower in the 500‐mg/L treatment group as compared with all other groups, but condition factor did not significantly differ among the treatments. The survival rates of O. masou and S. leucomaenis did not significantly differ among the treatment groups. In P. altivelis, neither survival rate, daily growth rate nor condition factor significantly differed among the treatments. The concentration of fine suspended sediment that affects the growth and condition factor of each of these species is likely related to their natural habitat.     

A critical analysis of the direct effects of dredging on fish

Dredging can have significant impacts on aquatic environments, but the direct effects on fish have not been critically evaluated. Here, a meta‐analysis following a conservative approach is used to understand how dredging‐related stressors, including suspended sediment, contaminated sediment, hydraulic entrainment and underwater noise, directly influence the effect size and the response elicited in fish across all aquatic ecosystems and all life‐history stages. This is followed by an in‐depth review summarizing the effects of each dredging‐related stressor on fish. Across all dredging‐related stressors, studies that reported fish mortality had significantly higher effect sizes than those that describe physiological responses, although indicators of dredge impacts should endeavour to detect effects before excessive mortality occurs. Studies examining the effects of contaminated sediment also had significantly higher effect sizes than studies on clean sediment alone or noise, suggesting additive or synergistic impacts from dredging‐related stressors. The early life stages such as eggs and larvae were most likely to suffer lethal impacts, while behavioural effects were more likely to occur in adult catadromous fishes. Both suspended sediment concentration and duration of exposure greatly influenced the type of fish response observed, with both higher concentrations and longer exposure durations associated with fish mortality. The review highlights the need for in situ studies on the effects of dredging on fish which consider the interactive effects of multiple dredging‐related stressors and their impact on sensitive species of ecological and fisheries value. This information will improve the management of dredging projects and ultimately minimize their impacts on fish.     

Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline seawater of the Red Sea

The effects of several feeding frequencies of two, three and four times per day on Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer growth performance have been tested. Fish were reared under ambient Red Sea water conditions; these fish were fed diets containing 48% crude protein for 45 days. The present study was carried out at the Faculty of Marine Science (Abhor branch). The results show that fish population fed twice daily had significantly better growth with a mean body weight and daily weight increment of 59.04 and 1.31 g, respectively (P<0.05), than the other population fed three or four times daily. No significant differences were observed between fish fed two and three times daily in length gain and daily length increment. Growth in weight and length was increased gradually and no mortality was observed during the experimental period. In all the feeding trials, the body weight increased with an increase in length (R²=0.87 and 0.90). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly affected by feeding frequencies, with a significantly better FCR value of 2.43 in fish fed twice daily (P<0.05) compared with the other two populations fed three and four times daily. These results led to the conclusion that feeding two times daily would result in better growth and utilization of feed for the Asian sea bass L. calcarifer juvenile.     

Study on the potential of suspended longline mariculture of the scallop Chlamys farreri in offshore areas

The growth and survival of the scallop Chlamys farreri exposed to different initial densities were evaluated in culture systems from inshore and offshore areas of Sungo Bay, China, from May 2007 to March 2008. Water quality data (e.g. temperature, salinity, current speed, chlorophyll a and total particulate material) were measured concurrently. The C. farreri reached the market size after 10 months of cultivation. Average survival rates for the same initial densities were lower in the inshore area than those in the offshore area. Survival rates also were inversely proportional to the initial densities. Scallops in offshore area with initial densities of 20 and 30 individuals per disc resulted in significantly greater shell heights, soft tissue weights and muscle weight compared with the other experimental groups. Tissue weight increased rapidly from May to September. However, scallops in offshore area had a second growth peak during October to November. Scallops in the offshore area had higher growth and survival rates, which may be attributed to high water current speed resulting in increased food supplies. Results indicate that the scallop C. farreri has an aquaculture potential in offshore cultivation systems.