育成期营养对皖南牛血液激素变化规律的影响

【目的】本试验研究育成期营养对皖南牛血液激素变化规律的影响。【方法】选择30头去势的体质量相近的7月龄皖南牛,随机分成5组,各组根据体质量的1.9%、1.6%、1.3%、1.0%和0.7%补充育成期精料饲养到24月龄在饲养程序相同条件下育肥3个月,试验过程中每月检测血液生长激素、胰岛素、甲状腺T3和T4的含量。【结果】显示:育成期营养对育成期和育肥期皖南牛血液生长激素、胰岛素、甲状腺T3和T4激素含量变化没有显著影响,年龄和季节(气温)对皖南牛血液四种激素含量有显著影响。【结论】随着年龄的增加,血液生长激素、胰岛素、甲状腺T3和T4的含量降低,高温也能使血液这四种激素含量降低,饲喂高精料的组降低的更加明显。     

松麦粉对蛋鸡生产性能及血清T3、T4水平的影响

选取130日龄罗曼褐壳蛋鸡180羽,随机分为2组,每组90羽,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+2%松麦粉,研究其对蛋鸡生产性能及甲状腺功能的影响.试验期间每天记录产蛋数,每10 d每组随机取鸡蛋30枚逐一称重;于150、210 d每组随机取鸡6羽,解剖取甲状腺称重;心脏采血、分离血清,测定T3、T4水平.结果表明试验组蛋重显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);甲状腺重无显著差异;T3、T4水平和T3/T4值显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结果表明,日粮添加松麦粉可显著提高蛋鸡的生产性能,降低T3、T4水平.     

绵羊甲状腺细胞原代培养及鉴定

试验旨在建立一套完整的绵羊甲状腺细胞的原代培养方法,为绵羊甲状腺功能的体外研究奠定基础。通过常规消化分离得到甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,光镜下对不同培养时间的细胞进行形态学观察,并结合RT-PCR、细胞免疫荧光和ELISA,对培养的绵羊甲状腺细胞从形态,甲状腺球蛋白(TG)、甲状腺过氧化物酶(TPO)、促甲状腺激素受体(TSHR)特异基因mRNA表达,TG特异抗原蛋白表达和甲状腺激素T3、T4的分泌功能等方面进行鉴定。结果显示,绵羊甲状腺细胞在体外呈贴壁式生长,具有上皮样细胞特点;TG染色呈胞浆阳性,具有特异TPO、TG、TSHR mRNA表达及分泌T3、T4的功能,但T3、T4的分泌量随培养时间的延长呈递减趋势。本研究成功地建立了简便可行的绵羊甲状腺细胞的原代培养方法,为深入研究绵羊甲状腺的功能提供了试验平台。     

双低菜籽粕在樱桃谷肉鸭日粮中的应用研究

将480只21日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,各重复20只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加8%、11%、14%双低菜籽粕代替部分豆粕,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、胴体指标、靶器官比重及血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量,以探求3~5周龄肉鸭日粮中双低菜籽粕适宜添加比例。结果,3种添加比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和胴体指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。8%、11%添加量对肉鸭靶器官比重及T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05);添加14%菜籽粕组甲状腺重量显著增加(P<0.05),但对肝脏重及血清中T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以添加11%双低菜籽粕组肉鸭生产性能最理想,单位增重饲料成本比基础日粮组低6.42%,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对靶器官及血清中T3、T4含量无明显影响。     

超常量菜籽饼喂肉用仔鸡的毒理学研究

不脱毒云南产机榨菜籽饼以15％、19％、24％、30％等超常量饲喂内用仔鸡，测定其生长性能，随机抽样进行甲状腺、血清T3、T4含量，肝功能、肌肉品质等指标，结果表明，内鸡增重、胴体重、屠宰率显著降低；甲状腺重量增加，滤泡肿大，T3、T4水平下降。     

产蛋鸡日粮内低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养价值的研究

本文分析了国产低芥酸、低硫甙菜籽粕营养及抗营养成分。选21周龄罗曼蛋鸡500只随机均分为5组 ,分别饲喂全豆粕和10 %、15 %、17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕日粮 ,试期35周。结果表明 :双低菜籽粕的蛋白质品质不及豆粕 ,硫甙及其分解产物仅为普通菜籽的1/3左右 ,植酸和单宁含量较高。在日粮中添加10 %、15 %双低菜粕对蛋鸡的生产性能、甲状腺、肝、肾及血清中TSH、T3、T4 和血浆中GPT、GOT的活性等均无异常影响(P>0.05)。添加17 %、20 %双低菜籽粕 ,蛋鸡产蛋量及料蛋比不佳(P<0.05) ,甲状腺、肝等器官有一定异常变化 ,但未见明显肿大(P>0.05)。血清T3、T4、TSH及血浆GOT、GPT无异常变化(P>0.05)。     

碘缺乏区育肥羔羊饲喂碘化酪蛋白效果的研究

断奶羔羊10只随机分成两组，试验组每天每千克体质量饲喂10－15mg碘化酪蛋白，每月称体质量，采血测其T3和T4，试验3个月扑杀参试羊取甲状腺称体质量观病变。结果3个月试验组平均增体质量比对照组高2.7kg；T3低于、T4高于、T3／T4比值低于对照组，两组甲状腺均无病变。     

碘缺乏区羔羊甲状腺肿的组织学观察及其血液指标检测

采集碘缺乏区2月龄内羔羊甲状腺126份，称重并测其碘含量，观察其甲状腺肿的病理组织学变化。甲状腺肿检出率为30.16%，甲状腺重与碘含量呈负相关。同时给碘缺乏区羔羊补碘，取羔羊血清测促甲状腺素（TSH）、三碘甲腺原氨酸（T3）、四碘甲腺原氨酸（T4），结果非补碘组羔羊TSH（1周龄羊除外）和T3高于补碘组，T4低于补碘组。     

刺激疑核对甲状腺功能的影响

实验用3-4月龄健康青紫蓝家兔15只,麻醉后于AP20-219L1-1.8处插入同心圆电极(H20-21),用电子刺激器刺激。在刺激前及刺激后每隔一定时间采血检测血浆中T3、T4、TSH含量。实验完毕,用电损毁法做极尖定位,并做组织学检查,电极尖端位于疑核的作为实验组(10例),余为对照组(5例)。对其中6例(实验组3例,对照组3例)采取两侧甲状腺做超微结构观察。结果:刺激疑核后血浆中T3、T4含量下降,TSH含量无变化,而对照组T3、T4、TSH变化均不明显;实验组甲状腺显示滤泡上皮细胞功能不活跃的结构相,对照组显示功能较旺盛的结构相。由此认为,疑核与甲状腺之间存在机能联系,刺激疑核可引起甲状腺功能抑制,并且这种联系可能是由起源于疑核,支配甲状腺的副交感神经所介导的。     

菜籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸭生产性能、胴体品质及血液指标的影响

试验主要研究肉鸭日粮中双低菜籽粕代替豆粕的适宜比例。480只21日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭,按体重相近的原则随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,每重复20只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加8%、11%、14%双低菜籽粕代替豆粕。试验期间记录各组肉鸭体增重及耗料量等,试验结束后,测定各组肉鸭的生产性能、胴体指标、靶器官比重及血清中T3、T4含量。结果表明,三种添加比例对肉鸭体增重、料重比和胴体指标无显著影响(P>0.05)。8%、11%添加量对肉鸭靶器官比重及T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05),日粮中添加14%菜籽粕,甲状腺重量显著增加(P<0.05),但对肝脏重及血清中T3、T4含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。本试验条件下,日粮中添加11%双低菜籽粕,肉鸭生产性能最理想,胴体品质也有一定改善,且对靶器官及血清中T3、T4含量无明显影响。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -