绥芬河地区淡水鱼类体内汞含量的分布规律

为了研究绥芬河口岸食用淡水鱼体内汞含量的分布规律,试验采用原子荧光光度计和测汞仪检测对比,以市场随机抽取不同等级的鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鲢鱼及4个采样点的水质为对象,研究各个鱼种肝脏、肾脏、腮、肌肉等主要组织中的汞含量的浓度特征、分布及积累规律。结果表明:4个采样点的水质含汞量均未超过国家渔业水域水质标准(0.000 5 mg/L),不同区段鱼体中含汞量均可检出,检出率达100%。说明鱼体内各组织对汞的积累量与暴露水域浓度、鱼体年龄、种类等有关。     

青海湖裸鲤过氧化氢酶活性及电泳分析

为了比较青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼过氧化氢酶(CAT)在不同组织中的活性,试验采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和钼酸铵比色法分析青海湖裸鲤和鲤鱼心脏、肝脏、鳃、肌肉中CAT的活性。结果表明:2种方法测定的CAT活性具有一致性,青海湖裸鲤不同组织中CAT活性依次为心脏鳃肝脏肌肉,鲤鱼不同组织中CAT活性依次为心脏肝脏鳃肌肉。青海湖裸鲤与鲤鱼CAT活性均存在明显的组织差异性,尤其是在肝脏和鳃中差异显著(P0.05)。     

西宁地区鲤鱼和草鱼组织乳酸脱氢酶的电泳分析

以西宁地区鲤鱼和草鱼为材料,采用垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对肝脏、肾、心脏、鳃、脑、眼、肌肉等7种组织器官分别进行了乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的分析比较。结果表明,不同组织中LDH的同工酶谱带是不同的,存在着组织特异性。鲤鱼的组织LDH共表现出LDHB4,LDHA282,LDHA4和LDHF4 4种主要同工酶,而草鱼则具有另外一种LDHE4同工酶。鲤鱼和草鱼同一组织器官的LDH的同工酶谱带也不尽相同,二者具有明显的种间分布特异性。     

酵母水解物对草鱼生长性能和体成分的影响

试验旨在研究酵母水解物(YHY)对草鱼幼鱼生长性能和体成分的影响。选用初始均质量(8.19±0.27)g的草鱼540尾,随机分成6个试验组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾试验鱼,分别饲喂YHY添加水平为0、0.5%、0.9%、1.3%、1.7%和2.1%的6种等氮(蛋白质含量为30.00%)、等脂(7.00%)的草鱼饲料,养殖时间为60 d。结果表明:适量的YHY添加量能提高草鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER),降低草鱼饵料系数(FCR);以WGR、SGR、PER、FCR为指标,利用三次回归分析表明,草鱼生长性能最佳时YHY添加水平为1.53%~1.75%;YHY对鱼体粗灰分和水分影响不显著(P0.05),但显著提高肌肉中粗蛋白含量(P0.05),降低粗脂肪含量(P0.05),改善肌肉品质。综合考虑草鱼生长性能和体成分,草鱼幼鱼饲料中YHY适宜的添加水平为1.53%~1.75%。     

茶多酚对虹鳟生长性能、生化指标和非特异性免疫指标的影响

本试验研究了不同水平茶多酚对虹鳟生长、肉质、血浆生化指标和免疫指标的影响.选取2日龄初始体重(152.23±4.90)g的虹鳟560尾,随机分为6组,分别饲喂添加0、25、50、100、500、1 000 mg/kg茶多酚饲料,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,试验进行8周.结果显示:与对照组相比,添加不同水平的茶多酚对虹鳟增重率、特定生长率和饵料系数未产生显著的影响(P>0.05),但显著提高肝体比和脏体比(P<0.05).除茶多酚25 mg/kg组外其它试验组鱼体水分含量显著降低(P<0.05),茶多酚1 000 mg/kg组显著降低鱼体粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),茶多酚25 mg/kg组显著升高鱼体粗蛋白质含量(P<0.05).随着茶多酚添加量的增加,谷草转氨酶(GOT)逐渐下降,除25 mg/kg组外各试验组均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、总胆固醇(CHO)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和高密度脂蛋白(HDL)差异不显著(P>0.05).随着茶多酚从25 mg/kg提高到100 mg/kg,肝脏和肌肉中的SOD活性升高,茶多酚25 mg/kg组肌肉SOD和50 mg/kg组肝脏SOD显著升高(P<0.05);肌肉和血浆中MDA下降,25、100 mg/kg组肌肉和50、100 mg/kg组血浆MDA显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)下降;茶多酚50 mg/kg组肝脏、鳃中AKP、ACP活性与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.05),但500和1 000 mg/kg组却未表现出明显的作用.以上结果表明:添加50～100 mg/kg茶多酚可改善虹鳟非特异性免疫和肌肉品质;但茶多酚超过500 mg/kg对虹鳟未产生有益作用.     

高寒地区蓝鳃太阳鱼养殖技术

东北林业大学野生动物资源学院于洪贤等,对高寒地区蓝鳃太阳鱼的养殖技术进行了研究。取蓝鳃太阳鱼夏花25200尾,鲤鱼夏花～250g鱼种69400尾,鲫鱼鸟仔150000尾,鳙鱼550～1000g1450尾,鲢鱼150～500g 1550尾,团头鲂乌仔10000尾。2～30亩鱼池8个。实验采用单养(放入少     

儿茶素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究儿茶素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响。试验选取平均体质量为(18.5±0.2)g的草鱼360尾,随机分为6组,分别饲喂在基础饲料中添加0(对照组)、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和0.9 g/kg儿茶素的6种饲料,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾。试验期60 d。结果表明:1)随着儿茶素的添加,各组间鱼体增重率和饲料系数无显著差异(P>0.05),添加0.5、0.7和0.9 g/kg儿茶素显著提高了鱼体肥满度(P<0.05),显著降低了血清丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。除0.1 g/kg组外,其余各儿茶素添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),各组间在血清碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢脱氢酶活性上无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)在肌肉游离氨基酸和脂肪酸组成方面,0.5、0.7 g/kg组的总氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量和C20∶5、n⁃3不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各组间在肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量及肌肉质构特性、肌肉失水率以及肌纤维密度和直径上差异均不显著(P>0.05),但0.7和0.9 g/kg组的肌肉胶原蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。上述结果显示,儿茶素对草鱼生长性能没有显著影响,可提高血清抗氧化能力,在一定程度上改善肌肉品质。草鱼饲料中儿茶素的推荐添加量为0.5~0.7 g/kg。     

2种饲料投喂下草鱼肌肉品质的比较分析

本试验以皇竹草粉饲料为试验组,以商品配合饲料为对照组,投喂平均体重为(300.00±10.00)g的草鱼2个月,对其生长性能、形体指标以及肌肉pH、系水力、质构特性、常规营养成分含量、微量元素含量、氨基酸组成和营养价值进行比较分析。结果表明:试验组草鱼的内脏重、肝脏重、腹腔脂肪重、脏体指数、肝体指数及腹脂指数均极显著低于对照组(P0.01),肥满度显著低于对照组(P0.05),而空壳率极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。试验组草鱼肌肉的弹性、咀嚼性、胶着性和硬度均极显著高于对照组(P0.01),黏聚性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组草鱼肌肉pH、滴水损失、失水率和冷冻渗出率均极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。试验组草鱼肌肉的粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),铁(Fe)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。试验组和对照组草鱼肌肉中均含有16种氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为17.43%和17.23%。试验组和对照组草鱼肌肉中各种氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别为84.66和84.94。由此得出,与商品配合饲料相比,投喂皇竹草粉饲料可改善草鱼的肌肉品质。     

循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质比较

为了解循环流水槽养殖草鱼与池塘精养草鱼营养品质的差异,选取相同饲料源的循环流水槽养殖草鱼[平均体重:(723.89±71.54)g,平均体长:(340.86±8.88)mm]和池塘精养草鱼[平均体重:(680.35±155.13)g,平均体长:(334.00±21.40)mm]各12尾,测定形态指标与肌肉剪切力、质构特性、色泽以及常规营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物元素含量。结果显示:1)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性、回复性和剪切力均显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。2)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉水分含量显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),肌肉粗脂肪含量低于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05),肌肉粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量均高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)循环流水槽养殖草鱼的肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)和呈味氨基酸总量(TDAA)高于池塘精养草鱼,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中TAA分别为77.11%和76.61%,TEAA和TDAA分别占TAA的40.87%和40.43%、46.10%和46.06%。4)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比(69.68%)高于池塘精养草鱼(68.44%),但差异不显著(P>0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼和池塘精养草鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)占脂肪酸总量的百分比分别为21.78%和18.58%,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中未检测到二十碳五烯酸(EPA),二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量为0.44%;池塘精养草鱼肌肉中EPA含量为0.10%,DHA含量为0.55%。5)循环流水槽养殖草鱼肌肉中钾、镁、铁、铜含量显著高于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05),钠、锌显著低于池塘精养草鱼(P<0.05)。由此得出,循环流水槽养殖草鱼的营养品质总体上优于池塘精养草鱼。     

草鱼出血病的防治

草鱼出血病病原体为呼肠孤病毒,4～10月为流行季节,以8～9月为最甚。危害对象为当年草、青鱼种。 该病主要症状为:肌肉、口腔、各种鳍条基部出血,尤以臀鳍为甚,剥皮可见肌肉点状出血,严重病鱼肌肉全部发红,有时可见鱼体发红,有时鳃盖、下腭、肠道也有充血现象,鳃失去鲜红色,或呈苍白色。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.