Simulation Analysis on the Tractive Characteristics of Wheels in the Sands

A wheeled vehicle to be fitted with common rubber - tire do not adapt to the desert area because of the wheel slip sinkage. It is important for improving the mobility of vehicle in sand to develop a new running gear of vehicles . Based on the mathematical models and mechanical models for interaction effect between wheel and sand. the influence on the interaction effect between running gear of vehicles and sand on traction performance are analyzed by using the theory of granular limit equilibrium. The results show that the interaction modes between wheel and sand is charged and the mobility of vehicle in sand is improrld.     

Influence of the Flood-Control-Projects on the Hydrodynamic State of the Rivers Confluence in Chongqing

Though the Flood-Control-Projects along Yantze River and Jialing River in Chongqing may well improve the urban traffic and construction,it may change the river hydrodynamic characters.There may be two consequences,one is to reduce the size of cross section and the other is to change the river shape,such as the curvature radius.The phenomena of the local backwater and velocity variety are obvious,which result in some problems for the navigation: sediment,transport and so on.In this paper, the study object is the Flood-Control-Projects and Yangtse River and Jialing River,and the aim is to study the influence of the Flood-Control-Projects on the hydrodynamic state of the two rivers.Using the numerical technique,with the two rivers hydrodynamic model the flow field's change of river after completion of Flood-Control-Projects is simulated and the reasons caused by the change are analyzed.     

基质、光照和温度对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响

为了研究羊耳菊种子的萌发特性,观察了不同基质、光照和温度等条件处理对羊耳菊种子萌发的影响.种子萌发试验的基质分别为纱布、滤纸及细河沙;光照条件分别为黑暗和自然光2种;萌发温度分别为10,15,20,25℃.结果表明:1)种子萌发最佳基质为细河沙;2)种子在光照条件下具有较高的萌发率;3)最适萌发温度为25℃,萌发率达53.75％.本研究可为羊耳菊资源利用提供科学依据.     

Experiment Investigation on Separating Characteristic for Heavy Metal in Cumulate MSW Under 135 Meters Submersed Area of Three-gorge Reservoir

The separating characteristic of element in cumulate MSW is a very important base to investigate the synthetically managing technology and estimate the water environment effects in Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR). The experiment to marinate the cumulate MSW under 135 meters for TGR in water is finished, and the same time, the Separating Distributing Coefficient (SDC) and the Separating Velocity Rate (SVR) of each heavy metal in water are presented, too. The experiment results show that the SDC of Cd is the smallest, the Ratio for Water and MSW (RWM) and marinating time play an important role in SDC and SVR, the SDC and SVR change smaller while the RWM get to 400, the separating content of heavy metal can reach 0.75 during three weeks, SVR decreases more with marinate time's increasing, and SVR gets an limit value with smaller RWM. The results can be a base for deeply studying the managing technology and the cumulate MSW under 135 meters for TGR.     

Analytical and Experimental Study on Performances of MR Fluid Dampers Employing Plates Channel Model

The numerical model,which combines the two-dimensional river model and ship maneuvering mathematical model,is built.The influence of Nanjing Fourth Bridge to be built across the Changjiang River on river's condition is studied.The change of river conditions around the Bridge pier is analyzed and the tracks of ship transit along the reach of the Changjiang River are simulated for the cases of before and after building the Nanjing Fourth Bridge.The parameters of navigation in sail course have been obtained.The result shows that the influence on rivers condition of the Nanjing Fourth Bridge on Changjiang River is very small,and its influence on navigation is not significant.     

石羊河流域综合治理对主要气象灾害影响分析

为研究石羊河流域生态环境变化对主要气象灾害的影响。利用石羊河流域5个气象站点1987年～2016年历年主要气象灾害的日数,运用时间序列趋势分析和突变检测的多种统计分析方法进行研究[1]。结果表明：石羊河流域综合治理以来,气象灾害均呈明显减少趋势,前10年、中间10年和后10年差异明显,干旱日数前20年增加,后10年减少;冰雹日数和大风日数明显减少;浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴日数显著减少,特别是对大风和沙尘;大气降尘2010年以后逐年下降;酸雨2011年后再未出现。随着石羊河流域综合治理,地下水埋深度回升,土壤湿度增大,植被覆盖面积增加,生态环境明显改善,气象灾害明显减少。     

不同基质配方对番茄果实品质及产量的影响

为了解决（研究）在非耕地区域种植蔬菜的问题,以菇渣、麦秆、菊芋杆、油菜杆、河沙、牛粪、羊粪为试验材料,采用不同基质配方对设施内种植番茄进行了研究。结果表明：处理A（纯牛粪）、C（菇渣:麦秆:河沙=4:4:2）和L（牛粪:羊粪:河沙=4:4:2）3种基质配方的番茄品质和产量都较高,其产量都达到78.03 t/hm2以上,显著高于其他各基质配方的番茄产量。A（纯牛粪）、C（菇渣:麦秆:河沙=4:4:2）和L（牛粪:羊粪:河沙=4:4:2）3种配方的基质透气性、营养成分等方面最适合番茄根系对营养的吸收和植株的生长,且能得到高产。因此,利用本地农业废弃物菇渣、麦秆、河沙、牛粪、羊粪等材料配置不同基质配方可完全满足设施番茄的生长,A、C和L 3种基质配方可作为青海省非耕地设施番茄栽培基质推广应用。     

不同基质对大岩桐移栽成活率的影响研究

本文研究了不同基质上大岩桐组培苗的移栽成活率情况及生长健壮度。结果表明,质地疏松,保水保肥性好,且本身富含有机质的松针土是最适宜于大岩桐成活的基质,成活率可达91.7%,1：1的松针土和蛭石次之,成活率为80%,1：1的草炭和河沙最小为57%。这些结果对指导大岩桐组培快繁具有重要参考价值。     

气基竖炉炉顶煤气循环工艺的理论分析

针对竖炉生产中存在的煤气还原势化学能未能充分利用的问题,提出3种竖炉炉顶煤气循环新工艺(top gas recycling,TGR)。基于物料平衡和热平衡建立了竖炉的静态工艺模型,对其进行了数值求解模拟和分析。结果表明,对于提出的工艺TGR1、TGR2、TGR3,煤气需求量分别减少63.77%、57.13%、55.85%,显热需求也呈现出相同趋势;但对于循环竖炉工艺而言,循环煤气重整和升温需要额外耗能,从而系统总能耗分别上升了5.68%、7.27%、17.12%,其中,TGR1流程CO2排放量最低,较传统竖炉降低15.35%,TGR2、TGR3流程CO2排放量分别上升0.16%和3.15%。     

两种不同培养基质下红鳞蒲桃的光合生理日变化初探

通过对两种不同培养（海沙培养和河沙培养）基质下红鳞蒲桃幼苗的光合生理日变化特征研究,表明在海沙环境中生存的红鳞蒲桃幼苗的光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度比在河沙环境中生存的幼苗均较大。在两种环境中的幼苗的光合速率和气孔导度都呈现“双峰”曲线的变化趋势,且第一个峰值大于第二个峰值。幼苗的蒸腾速率呈现“波浪”渐减曲线的变化趋势。     

干旱区沙地云杉种子育苗技术研究

沙地云杉(Picea mongolica)是中国特有树种,为了更好地保护这一植物资源,在田间条件下,运用正交试验的设计方法,研究了覆沙厚度、播种密度、覆盖材料3个因素对沙地云杉出苗率的影响。结果表明：试验中的最佳组合为以10 mm覆沙厚度、300粒/行的播种密度配合河沙土为覆盖材料最好,组合出苗率也最高;在干旱沙区覆沙厚度和覆盖材料对沙地云杉播种育苗的影响极显著,播种密度对沙地云杉播种育苗也有不同程度的影响。     

大豆花粉管通道技术转化雪花莲凝集素(GNA)基因

采用花粉管通道技术,用雪花莲凝集素基因（Galanthus nivalis agglutinin,GNA）转化吉林省主推品种吉林20号、吉林30号、吉林45号品种大豆。通过接蚜鉴定和PCR鉴定,从所获得的种子苗中筛选出转基因植株。对转基因植株的后代进行分子生物学鉴定：（1）PCR分析,转基因植株97TGR1和97TGR2的T2代表现阳性,第5代表现阳性纯合;97TGR1、97TGR2和98FD1～98FD20的T3代Western blotting检测结果证明,GNA基因在蛋白质水平有表达,最高表达量占总可溶性蛋白的0．7％;97TGR1、98TGR2和99JI45 TGR2的Southern blotting检测结果显示,GNA基因已插入大豆基因组;（2）遗传学分析,97TRG1的T2代呈孟德尔3：1分离,97TGR2的T3代出现种皮颜色不规则分离。经过抗蚜性鉴定和连续的筛选,获得抗性纯系;（3）抗蚜性鉴定,转基因株的T1、T2世代转基因植株可抑制蚜虫繁殖量50％～90％;（4）品系鉴定,转基因大豆的抗蚜性达到农学标准抗（R）和高抗（HR）水平;大面积环境释放试验自然感蚜鉴定,转基因系蚜虫发生的高峰比对照延迟,高峰期过后群体蚜量的下降速度也比对照快。本研究认为,大豆花粉管通道技术可以利用于大豆的转基因研究和应用中,GNA基因在改良大豆的抗蚜性上是可取的。     

不同基质对山茶花扦插生长的影响

为研究不同扦插基质对山茶花扦插生长的影响,选择4种不同基质：S1（河沙）、基质S2（黄心土）、基质S3（黄心土∶河沙=1∶1）、基质S4（黄心土∶河沙=2∶1）对山茶花进行对比扦插试验。结果表明：4种不同基质的扦插苗生根率、苗高、新梢长之间存在着极显著差异。基质S4对扦插苗生根效果最好,扦插苗鲜重与根系生物量最大,平均总鲜重达到2.41 g/株;基质S2对扦插苗生长最佳,地上干重最大,平均达到0.95 g/株。因此,茶花扦插育苗的适宜基质为S4,其次为基质S2,建议在生产上推广应用。     

不同配方基质对日光温室辣椒果实品质及产量的影响

为筛选出适合当地日光温室辣椒的栽培基质,以‘陇椒3号’辣椒为试材,以腐熟的作物秸秆、羊粪、牛粪、菇渣为主要原料,复配草炭、蛭石、河沙,按照不同体积比制成8种不同配方栽培基质,以当地传统基质和商品基质作为对照,研究不同配方基质的理化性状以及对辣椒品质和产量的影响。结果表明：配方G（玉米秆:牛粪:草炭:蛭石:河沙=2:3.5:1:1:2.5）、配方H（玉米秆:牛粪:草炭:河沙=2:3.5:1:3.5）、配方J（玉米秆:牛粪:草炭:蛭石:河沙:菇渣=2:2.5:1:1:2.5:1）基质具有优良的理化性状,其EC、容重、孔隙度、气水比均在最适范围内,通气和持水能力强;并且这3种基质栽培的辣椒果实可溶性糖和Vc含量高,硝酸盐含量符合国家蔬菜标准,品质优异,产量分别为60492.06、59809.52、56939.68 kg/hm²,显著高于传统基质（配方A）。综上所述,G、H、J配方基质理化性状优良,辣椒果实品质良好、产量高,同时以农业废弃物和河沙为主要原料,成本较低,可在当地推广使用。     

玉米种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定方法及不同杂交种抗旱性比较研究

用PEG-6000高渗溶液模拟土壤水分胁迫的方法,比较了培养介质、浸种时间对不同粒质量类型玉米种子发芽率的影响,并采用砂培不浸种方式,研究了黄淮海地区近几年审定的32个玉米杂交种萌发期的抗旱性。结果表明:不同类型的玉米品种,在纸培模式下20%PEG渗透胁迫处理的发芽率均低于或等于25%,远低于砂培模式。砂培模式下,不浸种处理的发芽率总体好于浸种24 h和48 h处理。砂培不浸种方式下,渗透胁迫处理不同程度地降低了32个玉米杂交种种子的发芽率;大多数品种初生根条数低于对照,胚芽长和胚根长均减小,胚芽长比胚根长减小的程度大,胚芽干质量显著降低。     

Buoyant river plumes and mud deposition in a rapidly extending tropical delta

The Solo river, East Java, Indonesia, is a typical monsoonal river. The major part of river discharge and sediment transport is realized during the four or five months of the wet season. River outflow essentially has the character of a buoyant jet. The buoyancy of the effluents gives rise to the development of buoyant river plumes. The properties and behaviour of these plumes are of fundamental importance in the depositional processes which govern delta growth.Deposition rates near the river mouth have been calculated by modelling river outflow and plume dimensions. Simulations of ‘banjir’ events (periods of high discharge) suggest that the average, areal deposition may range from 1 to 10 cm·d⁻¹. The estimated annual changes in bed level exceed values of 1.0 m, even if consolidation is taken into account. Measured changes in bed level, as deducted from echosoundings, show good agreement with model calculations.     

Analysis of Mehcanical Reseponse for Different Physical Property of Reservoir Sandstone

The reservoir sandstone is the sedimentary rock with many cemented sand particles. The different physical property of the reservoir even in the same area results in different mechanical response and sand production of the sandstone. Taking two types of the reservoir sandstones as research subjects, a numerical model based on 3-Dimensional Particle-based Distinct Element (PFC3D) under cylindrical coordinate system was used to simulate the micro-micro response of the sandstone considering the given confining pressure and the oil flow rate. Meanwhile, the sanding initiation and the process of the development were analyzed. The macro stress indicated that the reservoir sandstones with weaker cemented sand particles and less percent of the cemented materials would yield and fail more easily, the sand production was initiated more easily as well. Meanwhile, the stress of the parallel bonds indicated that the reservoir sandstones with granule and less cemented materials dislodged from the sandstone more easily, and the force on the particle contact was larger and the sandstone failure was more serious.Hence, the probability of the dislodged particles flowing into the wellbore was also much more. In addition, the particle displacement and rotation indicated that the physical property of the sandstone played a significant influence on the mechanical response and the sand production, the results also agreed with the above results. Therefore, the sand mechanical response and sand production of reservoir sandstone are both different due to different physical property of the reservoir. As a result, the reliable measures of the sand prediction and sand control will be adopted based on the reservoir physical property and conditions.     

松花江流域1950年代至2015年土地利用的分形动态

通过GIS技术,在分析松花江流域1950年代至2015年65年间土地利用结构变化和分型动态基础上,结果表明：①流域内的土地利用类型主要为农田、林地、草地和沼泽地,林地、草地和沼泽地呈减小趋势,沙地和盐碱地呈增加趋势,且动态度最大。②松花江流域分型维数65年来逐渐逼近临界值1.50,结构稳定度下降。流域内农田、林地、河流、居民地和盐碱地的稳定性较好,而流域自然植被类型草地、湖泊、沙地和沼泽地的稳定性较差,容易受到外界的干扰。农田、林地、河流、居民地、盐碱地和沼泽地等呈下降的趋势,草地、湖泊和沙地等呈上升的趋势。     

曼地亚红豆杉的扦插繁殖研究

为探索曼地亚红豆杉的快繁技术,以泥炭、珍珠岩、河沙按照不同的配比混合成扦插基质,不同浓度(100、200、300 mg/L)的NAA、IBA、2,4-D、ABT生根粉4种植物激素被用于扦插繁殖比较试验。结果表明：曼地亚红豆杉在基质为泥炭:珍珠岩=1:1,用200、300 mg/L的IBA扦插曼地亚红豆杉的成活率较好。本试验获得了曼地亚红豆杉最佳的繁殖方法,为曼地亚红豆杉的快繁技术奠定了基础。     

复合活化磷矿粉的有效性研究

为了实现中低品位磷矿粉的资源化利用,以油菜和小白菜为研究对象,通过设置盆栽试验,对经机械化学和磷素活化剂复合活化后磷矿粉的长效有效性进行研究。结果表明,前期试验中施用重过磷酸钙处理的油菜干重、叶绿素及全磷含量均显著高于经活化处理磷矿粉的。而后期试验中分别经机械化学和不同磷素活化剂（黑液污泥和低分子有机酸的钠钙盐）处理的磷矿粉,其小白菜干重、叶绿素及全磷含量均与重过磷酸钙处理的无显著差异。整个生长周期内,重过磷酸钙速效磷含量在前期（0~50天）呈线性递减,50天内减少了40 mg/kg,50天以后变化较平缓;复合活化后的磷矿粉速效磷含量呈现出缓慢升高后缓慢下降的趋势,且在40天左右达到最高。研究表明,尽管复合活化后的磷矿粉肥效初期达不到重过磷酸钙水平,但后期则能与之相当。