镉胁迫对转基因棉花SGK3和ZD-90种子品质性状的影响

以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,通过盆栽模拟试验,采用ICP-MS技术和NIRS技术测定不同水平镉胁迫下2个棉花品种(系)种子种仁的镉含量和营养成分。结果表明,3个参试的棉花品种(系)种仁中的镉含量随镉处理浓度的增加而显著增加,其中转基因抗虫棉品种SGK3种子种仁的镉含量最高,低、中、高镉浓度处理后的种仁镉含量均显著高于其他品种(系),说明该品种具有较强的镉累积能力。转基因抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90种仁中的镉含量虽显著低于SGK3,但高于甚至显著高于陆地棉标准系TM-1。镉处理可降低棉花种子的物理品质性状,且品种(系)间的差异达到显著水平。3个陆地棉品种中,镉处理对于TM-1的蛋白质、油分和棉酚含量有较大的影响,差异达到了显著水平。而SGK3和ZD-90的种子种仁营养成分受镉处理影响相对较小,不同处理间种仁的营养成分差异未达显著水平。耐镉害能力为SGK3>ZD-90 >TM-1。相关性分析结果表明,棉花种子种仁的镉含量与棉酚含量呈显著负相关,但与其他种子物理品质性状和种仁营养品质性状的相关性未达显著水平。     

镉胁迫对三个棉花品种(系)产量、纤维品质和生理特性的影响

以抗草甘膦棉花种质系ZD-90和转Bt基因抗虫棉品种s GK3为材料,以陆地棉标准系TM-1为对照,研究了镉(Cd)胁迫下棉花生育期内的植株生长、产量、农艺性状、纤维品质和抗氧化酶系统活性。结果表明,低浓度Cd对棉花植株的生长发育有一定的促进作用;高浓度Cd对植株的生产发育有显著的抑制作用,植株生长量、子棉产量和皮棉产量显著降低。Cd胁迫对棉花单株铃数、铃重和单铃种子数的影响较大,而对衣分无显著影响。不同浓度Cd处理间的棉花纤维品质性状无显著差异。棉花植株体内的抗氧化化物酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性在棉花生长发育的初期或低浓度胁迫条件下迅速升高,但随着Cd浓度的增大和胁迫时间的延长,酶活性受到抑制。植株体内累积的MDA含量则随着Cd处理浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐升高趋势。3个品种比较,TM-1对Cd较敏感,ZD-90次之,s GK3受Cd胁迫的为害相对较轻,是一个较耐Cd的棉花品种。     

棉铃发育过程中不同组织IAA含量变化特点

为了解IAA与棉纤维品质形成间的关系及棉铃各部位IAA积累转运特点,本研究分析了棉铃各部分在发育过程中IAA含量的变化特点。通过选择陆地棉标准系TM-1、长纤维种质‘母35’和短纤维种质‘208’3个纤维长度差异较大的陆地棉材料,利用酶联免疫法对浙江杭州、海南三亚两地田间试验的各材料不同发育阶段的棉仁、棉籽壳、棉纤维、棉铃壳进行了IAA含量的测定。结果表明,不同参试材料的棉仁IAA含量存在明显差异,棉籽壳、棉纤维与棉铃壳的IAA含量峰值出现时间晚于棉仁,棉铃各个组织IAA含量具有随棉铃组织从内向外逐渐降低的趋势。研究表明,IAA可能是棉纤维发育的正效应因子,且棉铃发育过程中IAA可能呈初期在棉仁富集、随发育进程沿棉铃组织由内向外运输的规律。     

镉胁迫对3个棉花品种生理生化特征及农艺性状的影响

【目的】了解棉花对镉污染土壤的修复能力以及指导耐镉棉花品种的选育工作。【方法】采用酶联免疫法对C184、湘杂棉15和湘419这3个品种在不同镉浓度胁迫下全生育期功能叶的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)的酶活及丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的累积量进行了测定比较,同时对三者全生育期各个器官的镉含量及部分农艺性状进行了比较和分析。【结果】镉胁迫下抗氧化酶活性均受到抑制,并随着镉浓度的增加抑制作用愈明显,其中POD活性受到抑制作用最为显著;5 mg·L~(-1)镉胁迫对棉花抗氧化酶活性、MDA的累积以及农艺性状指标的影响最大。【结论】3个棉花品种中杂交种湘杂棉15较其他2个常规棉表现出更优异的镉耐受性及镉累积能力。     

铅胁迫对芋生理特性的影响

为了研究Pb在芋主要产品器官中的富集及生理响应规律,以芋主栽品种8520为试材,采用土壤盆栽方式进行不同浓度Pb2＋胁迫处理,分析芋不同器官Pb累积量的差异及生理指标的变化规律。结果表明：不同器官中Pb的累积量与土壤中Pb2＋的浓度呈极显著正相关。芋植株中较易富集Pb的器官是球茎,其次为叶片和叶柄。低浓度Pb2＋胁迫（100 mg／kg）诱导芋不同器官中的3种抗氧化酶活性（ SOD、POD和CAT）升高,随着胁迫浓度逐渐提高到2000 mg／kg,除叶片和叶柄的POD和CAT活性仍呈上升趋势外,其他酶活性开始波动下降。球茎、叶柄和叶片的Pro含量和MDA含量随着胁迫浓度的提高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,大多在Pb2＋浓度为1000 mg／kg时达到最大值。     

锑矿区大叶女贞重金属富集特性研究

为了选择重金属污染土壤生态修复植物,利用采样测试分析的方法,对生长于冷水江严重Sb、As、Cd、Hg污染土壤的大叶女贞进行了研究。结果表明:大叶女贞能耐较严重重金属胁迫,其生长量、生物量受影响较小,胸径、树高和生物量分别减少2.58%、6.07%、7.58%;大叶女贞对各重金属的富集系数均大于2,其中Hg、Cd的富集系数最大,Cu、As的富集系数最小;对各重金属的转运系数均大于60,其中Sb的转运系数最大,Zn的转运系数最小;各重金属在大叶女贞根、茎、叶器官内的富集量有极显著差异,根、茎、叶等器官间富集的重金属有极显著差异,其叶部富集重金属的顺序为ZnSbAsPbCuCdHg,茎部富集重金属的顺序为ZnSbPbCdAsCuHg,根部富集重金属的顺序为ZnSbPbAsCuCdHg,叶、茎、根三器官富集各种重金属的顺序为叶茎根,至少有93.0%重金属富集在叶、茎、枝等地上部器官,其中至少有60.0%的重金属富集在叶部;大叶女贞为一优良重金属污染土壤生态修复树种。     

重度镉胁迫下不同水稻品种镉富集差异研究

以22个不同水稻品种(系)为材料,采取盆栽试验研究了重度镉胁迫下品种间籽粒产量、糙米镉含量及镉富集系数差异变化。结果表明,不同水稻品种(系)籽粒产量、糙米镉含量及富集系数存在较大差异,其变幅分别为54.10~142.50 g/盆、0.094~0.358 mg/kg、0.049~0.187,最高值与最低值分别相差2.63倍、3.81倍、3.82倍。重度镉胁迫下水稻产量与糙米镉富集能力不存在显著相关性。依据籽粒产量和糙米镉富集能力进行聚类分析表明,可将参试水稻品种分为3大类,第1类产量较低,包括1个镉富集较弱和3个镉富集较强品种;第2类产量中等,包括6个镉富集较弱和2个镉富集极强品种;第3类产量较高,镉富集能力中等(10个品种)。基于籽粒产量和糙米镉富集差异,可通过筛选、培育低镉高产品种用于镉污染区种植,这对于保障粮食安全生产具有重要意义。     

3种叶类蔬菜对镉污染的生长发育响应及累积特征

叶类蔬菜易受重金属镉污染,为筛选一种适宜在镉污染潜在区种植的叶类蔬菜,降低生态风险,提高食品安全。[方法]通过盆栽试验,研究了不同镉污染水平对3种蔬菜的生长发育的影响,及其土壤—蔬菜系统中的迁移分配情况,比较不同蔬菜对镉的耐受能力和累积情况。[结果]结果表明,小白菜、生菜在较低的镉浓度下表现为株高、单株质量增加趋势,在较高镉浓度下两种蔬菜的生长量均随着镉浓度升高出现迅速降低趋势。菠菜的耐镉胁迫能力最差,随着镉浓度升高,其生长量降低且在土壤镉污染水平为50 mg/kg 时已全部死亡。镉胁迫刺激了小白菜叶绿素含量的增加,生菜为低浓度镉胁迫促进叶绿素增加,高浓度下无显著差异,菠菜在随镉浓度升高叶绿素含量不断降低。根、茎和叶累积镉能力的顺序为：小白菜＜ 生菜＜ 菠菜;低浓度镉胁迫下生菜、菠菜的镉转移能力无显著差异,但均显著(P﹤0.05)高于小白菜的转移能力;根、茎和叶的富集能力均为小白菜＜ 生菜＜ 菠菜,且茎、叶中差异更显著。[结论]3种蔬菜中小白菜的耐镉能力最高,在镉污染风险区种植叶类蔬菜,小白菜的食品安全性较高。     

陆地棉SRO基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

SRO是植物特有的类RCD-ONE蛋白家族,在植物抵御各种生物和非生物胁迫过程中具有重要的作用。本研究利用生物信息学方法从陆地棉遗传标准系TM-1(Gossypium hirsutum L.acc.TM-1)基因组中鉴定到12个SRO基因家族成员。多重序列比对及进化树分析表明,12个陆地棉SRO均含有PARP和RST结构域,聚为3类,即A、B和C亚家族。转录组数据分析表明,TM-1全基因组中的Gh_D12G1442在茎中优势表达,Gh_D05G2064在萼片和雄蕊中优势表达;Gh_A05G3788在雄蕊中优势表达,Gh_A12G1318在雄蕊和纤维中优势表达;Gh_A12G2480、Gh_D12G2608、Gh_A05G2257和Gh_D05G2516在纤维中优势表达;Gh_A08G1390、Gh_D08G1685、Gh_A12G2663和Gh_D12G2054具有较为广泛的组织表达。逆境胁迫处理试验表明,Gh_A08G1390明显受冷处理和盐处理的诱导,Gh_D12G2054、Gh_D08G1685、Gh_A12G2663基因在不同的胁迫处理下受到不同程度的诱导。     

棉花远缘杂交创制抗黄萎病新种质

本研究通过陆地棉与异常棉、辣根棉、旱地棉、雷蒙德氏棉、黄褐棉等野生棉的远缘杂交和回交等,育成65份陆地棉背景的远缘种质系。农艺性状鉴定结果 ,这些种质系的株高平均值与陆地棉品种处于相同水平,单株果枝数、单株果节数、单株结铃数、铃重、衣分平均值均低于陆地棉品种,纤维长度、断裂比强度均高于陆地棉品种,马克隆值均低于陆地棉品种。落叶型黄萎病菌系V991人工病圃抗性鉴定结果,从65份陆地棉背景的远缘种质系中获得5份抗黄萎病的棉花新种质系,其中苏远040、苏远045、苏远061病情指数分别为8.33、4.35、7.79,高抗黄萎病;苏远030、苏远034病情指数分别为12.35、13.70,抗黄萎病。追踪陆地棉抗黄萎病新种质系的亲缘关系发现,苏远040和苏远045为陆地棉与雷蒙德氏棉杂交后代,苏远061为陆地棉与黄褐棉杂交后代,苏远030和苏远034为陆地棉与旱地棉杂交后代。这些优质、抗黄萎病新种质的育成,拓宽了陆地棉的遗传基础,为我国棉花抗病新品种选育提供种质材料。     

播期对棉铃生物量和氮累积与分配的影响及其与棉铃品质的关系

试验于2005年在江苏徐州(117°11′E,34°15′N)、2007年在河南安阳(114°13′E,36°04′N)进行,设置正常播期(4月25日)和晚播(5月25日)两个播期,研究播期对棉铃生物量和氮累积与分配的影响及其与棉铃品质的关系。结果表明,晚播显著影响棉铃(铃壳、棉籽、纤维)生物量和氮的累积与分配,进而影响铃重、棉纤维和棉籽品质形成。与正常播期比较,晚播条件下有以下变化:(1)棉株中部果枝棉铃铃期日均温下降,2005、2007年分别由24.8℃降至20.8℃、24.1℃降至19.4℃。(2)铃壳生物量升高、氮累积量下降;棉籽、棉纤维生物量和氮的快速累积起始时间推迟,累积速率峰值降低且出现时间晚,导致棉籽和棉纤维生物量和氮的累积量降低;棉纤维氮累积速率峰值出现时间早于生物量,棉籽则相反。(3)铃壳生物量和氮的累积量所占整个棉铃中的比率上升,棉籽生物量和氮的分配系数降低;棉纤维生物量的分配系数降低,但棉纤维氮的分配系数变化较小。(4)铃重、棉纤维比强度和棉籽蛋白质、油含量显著降低。综上所述,中部果枝棉铃在晚播条件下,铃期日均温降低导致光合产物和氮素向纤维和棉籽中的分配及铃壳的再转运过程受阻,棉籽和纤维的生物量和氮累积量降低,最终铃重降低、棉纤维和棉籽品质变劣。     

Genetic effects of nine <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. chromosome substitution lines in top crosses with five elite Upland cotton <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L. cultivars

Crosses between Gossypium barbadense L and Gossypium hirsutum L. (Upland cotton) have produced limited success in introgressing fiber quality genes into the latter. Chromosome substitution lines (CSBL) have complete chromosomes or chromosome arms from G. barbadense, line 3-79, substituted for the corresponding chromosome or arms in G. hirsutum in a near isogenic background of TM-1. We top crossed nine CSBL and their parents (TM-1 and 3-79) with five cultivars. Parental lines and their F₂ populations were evaluated in four environments for agronomic and fiber quality traits. The CSBL and their F₂ hybrids showed wide ranges for both agronomic and fiber traits of economic importance. Genetic analysis showed that additive variances were larger than dominance variances for lint percentage, boll weight, lint yield, fiber length, strength, elongation, micronaire, and yellowness; whereas, dominance variances were larger than additive variances only for uniformity of fiber length and equal for fiber reflectance. For all traits, except boll weight and lint yield, significant additive effects of one or more chromosomes from 3-79 in TM-1 background were greater than the corresponding TM-1 chromosome. In addition, we identified specific chromosomes from G. barbadense (3-79) that carry alleles for improvements in specific fiber quality traits in Upland cotton. Favorable additive effects of individual chromosomes or chromosome segments from 3-79 relative to corresponding chromosomes or chromosomes segments from TM-1 were identified in this study as follows: Lint percentage, chromosome/arms 10, 16-15; longer fibers, chromosome/arms 01, 11sh, 26Lo; more uniform fibers, chromosomes/arms 01, 11sh, 10, 17-11; stronger fibers, chromosome/arms 01, 11sh, 12sh, 26Lo, 17-11; fiber elongation, chromosomes/arms 01, 11sh, 26Lo, 10, 17-11; reduced fiber micronaire, chromosome/arms 01, 12sh, 4-15, 16-15, 17-11; fibers with more reflectance, chromosome/arms 10, 4-15, 16-15, 17-11; fiber with less yellowness, chromosome arms 4-15, 17-11. Based on the present study, we concluded that by using CSBL, favorable fiber quality alleles can be introgressed into Upland cotton, thus greatly improving the breeder’s ability for improvement of Upland cotton for a variety of traits. These data should provide useful genetic information to the cotton breeding industry at large.     

Seed trait evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> L. chromosomes/arms in a <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L. background

Investigation of cotton nutritional components is important because its seeds provide a useful nutritional profile and can possibly serve as a biofuel resource. In this study, five cultivars, 13 cotton chromosome substitution (CS-B) lines, their donor parent, '3-79', and their recurrent parent, 'TM-1', were evaluated for seed traits over four environments. A mixed linear model approach with the jackknife method was employed to estimate variance components and to predict genotypic effects for each seed trait. Genotypic effects were more important than genotype by environment interaction for all seed traits. Chromosome associations with these seed traits were detected using the comparative method by comparing the differences between each CS-B line and TM-1. For example, chromosome 4 of 3-79 in TM-1 background was associated with reduced seed index (SI), embryo percentage, protein percentage while associated with increased seed oil percentage and seed fiber percentage. Other chromosome associations with these seed traits were also observed in this study. SI was highly correlated with three seed index traits: seed protein index, seed oil index (OI), and seed fiber index. Lint percentage, boll number, and lint yield were positively correlated with protein percentage while negatively correlated with SI and OI. SI and seed fiber content exhibited negative correlations with micronaire but positive correlations with fiber length and strength. Results suggested that agronomic traits and seed nutrition components can be improved simultaneously.     

镉胁迫对棉花幼苗生长效应及不同器官镉积累的影响

以转基因抗虫棉品种农大棉9号(ND9)和国欣棉3号(GX3)为材料,设4个镉(Cd)处理(0μmol·L-1、25μmol·L-1、50μmol·L-1、100μmol·L-1)。结果表明:随Cd处理浓度升高,棉苗干物质质量、根系总根长、总表面积和总体积呈下降趋势;根冠比和根系直径呈升高趋势。Cd在根、茎、叶中的积累量表现为(叶片+叶柄)根系茎。当Cd处理浓度为50μmol·L-1时的转移率(TF)达到最大,为对照的2.2倍;处理浓度为100μmol·L-1时,TF则呈下降趋势。表明Cd胁迫增加棉苗体内Cd积累量,根系生长受到抑制,阻碍地上部植株发育,最终对棉苗产生毒害作用。     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics and Agronomic Traits of Three Upland Cotton Cultivars

[Objective] To improve knowledge of the remediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil, and provide a theoretical and practical basis for breeding of cotton cultivars. [Method] Three cotton cultivars, namely 'C184', 'Xiangzamian15 (XZM 15)', and 'Xiang419', were used as materials for the study. We compared and analyzed the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, under treatment with different Cd concentrations. In addition, the Cd content of various plant organs and agronomic traits were assessed at all cotton growth stages. [Result] Antioxidant enzyme activity was inhibited by Cd treatment, especially that of POD. With increasing Cd concentration, the growth of cotton plants was restrained. The maximum inhibition on antioxidant enzyme activity and agronomic traits was attained at 5 mg·L^－1 Cd stress. However, CAT activity was maintained under Cd stress. [Conclusion] XZM 15 showed superior tolerance and accumulation capability for Cd than the other cotton cultivars studied.     

Effects of chromosome 5sh from Gossypium barbadense L. on flower production in G. hirsutum L.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield is directly determined by mature bolls that developed from squares and flowers. The first four to six weeks of flowering accounts for the majority of lint yield in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for most cultivated areas of the southern USA cotton belt. In this study, we evaluated 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines (CS-B) and their chromosome specific-F₂ hybrids, TM-1, 3–79, and six cultivars for the number of flowers produced during the first four weeks of flowering. Results showed that CS-B05sh produced more flowers than TM-1 and 3–79 from 10 July to 5 August. The results suggest that when the short arm of chromosome 5 was substituted from 3–79 (G. barbadense L.) into TM-1 (G. hirsutum) a positive genetic association with flower numbers during this flowering period was exhibited. CS-B05sh had comparable flower numbers with three cultivars, Deltapine 90, Phytogen 355, and Stoneville 474 and more flowers than, Sure Grow 747, Sure Grow 125, and Deltapine 5415. Different patterns for additive and dominance effects on cumulative flowers were observed across weeks of flowering. Dominance effects were more apparent during the early part of the flowering period while additive effects were more apparent towards the end of the flowering period.     

Genotypic comparisons of chromosomes 01, 04, and 18 from three tetraploid species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium</Emphasis> in topcrosses with five elite cultivars of <Emphasis Type="Italic">G. hirsutum</Emphasis> L.

Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. is the most widely planted cultivated cotton in the United States and the world. The other cultivated tetraploid species G. barbadense L. is planted on considerable less area; however, it produces extra long, strong, and fine fibers which spins into superior yarn. The wild cotton tetraploid species G. tomentosum Nuttall ex Seemann, native to the Hawaiian Archipelago also exhibits traits, such as drought tolerance, that would also be desirable to transfer to Upland cotton. Long-term breeding efforts using whole genome crosses between Upland and these species have not been successful in transferring very many desirable alleles into Upland cotton. Our chromosome substitution lines (CSL) have one chromosome or chromosome arm from an alien species backcrossed into the Upland cotton line,TM-1, via aneuploid technology. Five Upland cultivars were crossed with CS-B01, CS-T01, CS-B04, CS-T04, CS-B18 and CS-T18 and TM-1 the recurrent parent of the CSLs. This provided an opportunity to determine the effects of chromosomes 01, 04, and 18 from the three species in crosses with the five cultivars. Predicted genotypic mean effects of the parents, F₂, and F₃ generations for eight agronomic and fiber traits of importance were compared. The predicted hybrid mean effects for the three chromosomes from each species were different for several of the traits across cultivars. There was no single chromosome or species that was superior for all traits in crosses. Parental and hybrid lines often differed in the effect of a particular chromosome among the three species. The predicted genotypic mean effects for F₂ and F₃, with a few exceptions, generally agree with our previous results for additive and dominance genetic effects of these CSL.