农用抗生素120有效成份的研究

赖孢吸水链霉菌北京变种（即农抗１２０产生菌）发酵代谢产物具有多种成份，脂溶性成份是其中一类活性物质。作者采用溶媒提取法，一次性提取收率超过５０％。分离纯化后的纯品（Ａ）的紫外，红外光谱图与Ａｎｉｓｏｍｙｃｉｎ相同。（Ｂ）为四烯类物质。（Ａ）对水稻纹枯病等几种作物病原真菌，在平皿中抑菌测定有很高活性。     

害极灭防治柑桔潜叶蛾田间药效试验

害极灭防治柑桔潜叶蛾田间药效试验李华，黄运霞，黄荣瑞（广西农科院植保所）害极灭（Ａｇｒｉｍｅｃ）是美国默沙东药厂生产的一种全新的广谱杀螨、杀虫剂，其主要活性成份是从土壤微生物Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｅｓａｖｅｒｍｉｔｉｔｉｓ提取出来的天然产物──爱比菌素...     

农药残留分析中的提取新技术

本文介绍了近些年来, 农药残留检测分析中的加速溶剂提取法（ＡＳＥ） 、微波加热提取法（ＭＡＥ） 、超临界流体提取法（ＳＦＥ）、微型固相提取法（ＳＰＭＥ） 等一些新的提取技术的特点。     

光活化除草剂ALA作用机理初探

光活化除草剂ＡＬＡ作用机理初探闫宏涛，李汉杰，王邦法（西北大学化学系西安７１００６９）δ—氨基乙酰丙酸（δ—ａｍｉｎｏｌｅｖｕｌｉｎｉｃａｃｉｄ，简称ＡＬＡ）具有光活化除草活性，是近年来国际上研究开发的一种新型光活化农药。它可选择性地杀除农田杂草，被...     

冰凝结活性菌对仓虫抗低温力的削弱

冰凝结活性菌对仓虫抗低温力的削弱Ａｂｓｔｒ．Ｅｎｔｏｍｏｌ．２４（７）：Ａ１３～１６在实验室试验中，作为谷物致干冷剂而使用的冰凝结活性菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｙｒｉｎｇａｅ（３１０号菌株），可使谷物冰凝结活性增强，同时也引起锈赤扁谷盗Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｌ...     

寄主植物对桃蚜羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的诱导作用

在１９９５～１９９６年研究了寄主植物对桃蚜［Ｍｙｚｕｓｐｅｒｓｉｃａｅ（Ｓｕｌｚｅｒ）］羧酸酯酶（ＣａｒＥ）和乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）的诱导作用。在试验的甘蓝、茄子和桃树３种寄主植物中，取食甘蓝的桃蚜种群ＣａｒＥ和ＡＣｈＥ活性最高，取食茄子和桃树的桃蚜种群ＣａｒＥ活性没有明显不同，而ＡＣｈＥ活性取食茄子的桃蚜种群明显高于取食桃树的种群。ＣａｒＥ与底物的亲和力是桃树＞茄子＞甘蓝，而ＡＣｈＥ与底物的亲和力则是甘蓝＞茄子＞桃树。ＡＣｈＥ与毒扁豆碱的双分子速率常数（Ｋｉ）值大小顺序为甘蓝＞桃树＞茄子     

渗透胁迫对绵刺(Potaninia mongolica Maxim.)嫩枝保护酶活性的影响

分别用不同浓度的 Ｐ Ｅ Ｇ（ Ｍ Ｗ ６０００）对当年生绵刺嫩枝进行渗透胁迫处理,测定其超氧化物歧化物（ Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ）、过氧化氢酶（ Ｃ Ａ Ｔ）的活性和丙二醛（ Ｍ Ｄ Ａ）含量的变化。结果表明：绵刺嫩枝在渗透份胁大于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ 迫条件下,能维持较高的 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性,脂质过氧化作用较弱,膜系统基本完整; 渗透胁迫小于－ ２．０ Ｍ Ｐａ。 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性明显下降,脂质过氧化作用加强,膜透性增加。 Ｍ Ｄ Ａ 含量与 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性呈负相关关系（ｒ＝ － ０９４２１７）; Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 的活性随渗透胁迫强度增大而逐渐增强,达到一个峰值（－ ２．５ Ｍ Ｐａ）后,呈现下降趋势。说明绵刺嫩枝中 Ｃ Ａ Ｔ 和 Ｓ Ｏ Ｄ 活性具很强的抗水分胁迫能力。     

梨中AVERMECTIN B1残留的酶联免疫吸附测定

本文建立了检测梨中Ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ Ｂ１的间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）。以结合物４″－Ｏ－（单）琥珀酰Ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ Ｂ１－ＢＳＡ免疫家兔，制备特异性针对Ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ Ｂ１的多克隆抗体。梨样本经甲醇提取后用ＥＬＩＳＡ检测。在６．０￣６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ添加浓度范围内，Ａｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎ Ｂ１的回收率为８６％￣１０５％，变异系数（ＣＶ）为４％￣８％。样本检测限为０．１ｍｇ／     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟蚜的生物活性

为了探索大蒜根系分泌物粗提物及其四种成份对烟蚜的影响，分析大蒜在烟田套种生态系统中对烟蚜的控制作用，在室内利用固体琼脂培养法培养、分离了大蒜根系分泌物粗提物，并测定了该分泌物粗提物及其四种成份（邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、2，6-二异丙基苯酚、二烯丙基二硫和2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚）对烟蚜的忌避、触杀等生物活性。大蒜根系分泌物粗提物对烟蚜有显著的忌避、触杀活性。大蒜根系分泌物粗提物为4 g/mL时，对烟蚜的忌避活性较好，忌避率在75.93%～80.56%，且对烟蚜的触杀活性也较好，其死亡率在92.22%～96.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成份对烟蚜也有显著的忌避、触杀活性。2，6-二异丙基苯酚对烟蚜的忌避活性较好，其忌避率在93.65%～100.00%；邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和2，6-二异丙基苯酚对烟蚜触杀活性较好，其死亡率在83.33%～92.22%。4种成份对烟蚜的忌避活性由强至弱顺序为2，6-二异丙基苯酚，二烯丙基二硫，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚；而触杀活性由强至弱顺序为2，6-二异丙基苯酚，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，2，6-二叔丁基对甲酚，二烯丙基二硫。以上结果表明，大蒜根系分泌物粗提物及其4种成份对烟蚜均具显著的忌避、触杀作用，这为研制含大蒜根系分泌物或其4种成份的植物保护剂和间作套种大蒜等绿色防控措施防控烟蚜提供科学参考。     

新型植物生长调节剂——天丰素

天丰素的有效成份是油菜素内酯（简称表－ＢＲ），具有良好抑制植物某些酶的活性，除能抑制植物氧化酶与水解酶的活性外，还能增强植物呼吸和调节内源激素的平衡，提高植物的免疫功能和起到抗逆性作用；促进植物对营养物质的吸收、运转、提高光合作用的速率，使植物组织保...     

利用原生质体融合技术选育农抗120高产菌株及应用的研究

利用TF-120和KT-739菌株理化特性相似、抗性互补、届者生长速度快等特点,进行了原生质体的形成、再生及其融合的研究,从近千个融合子中选育出一株FR-220。经鉴定,确认FR-220为农抗120高产菌株。工厂中试结果,其发酵单位可以提高一倍,由6000～8000μg/ml增加到14000～17000lμg/ml,相当于生产成本降低一半。1988-1089年田间防治瓜果蔬菜上的白粉病、炭疽病、枮萎病,试验示范面积2000亩,防效达70～90％,增产20～25％,扩大推广20万亩。     

不同时期使用农抗120控制花生网斑病侵染源的试验研究

用农抗120防治花生网斑病,不同使用方法效果不一。用常规喷洒叶面方法控制再侵染源,防效为21.4％,相当于多菌灵(29.4％);用农抗120和杀菌剂(抗枯灵或多菌灵等)混合,在花生播种时喷洒地面一次,控制初侵染源,防效为48.6％,用农抗120同杀菌剂混合,播种时喷洒地面,以控制初侵染源,7月上旬再喷洒叶面,控制再侵染源,效果最佳,防效高达70％以上。     

农抗120应用技术中的几个问题

通过近5年的大量田间试验和20万公顷作物上的防治实践,作者认为农抗120对枯萎病的主要抑菌机理是通过植物体的吸收,在体内产生尚未知的生理生化过程,显著提高植物的抗病和免疫能力。因此,在农抗120应用中应贯彻防重于治的原则。作者对防治瓜、菜枯萎病提出了一套浸种,苗床处理,移栽浇穴,苗期灌根等技术措施,并对施药时机和用药量等因素与防治效果的关系做了详细讨论。文章对农抗120防治其它作物叶部病害及果树腐烂病试验、示范及技术要点也做了说明。还讨论了农抗120使用中应注意的事项。     

三株病原真菌对稗草生防潜力的研究

从稻田中采集自然感病的稗草标样,分离获得10余种病原真菌,经生测,链格孢菌、尖角突脐孢菌和内脐孢菌是3株很有希望的稗草生防潜力菌。对它们的生长及产孢特性、寄主范围及孢子悬浮液喷雾接种对水稻和稗草的致病性等进行了研究。结果表明,3个菌各有优缺点。链格孢菌对稗草致病力稍差,对水稻有轻度感染,但其产孢速度快,产孢量大;尖角突脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻无影响,但产生孢子慢,产生菌丝多;内脐孢菌对稗致病力强,对稻安全,菌落生长较慢,但产孢速度快,产孢量多,气生菌丝少。黑暗、空气充足有利于3菌株的生长及产孢。     

自动分析仪测定土壤全磷的方法探讨

对AA3型连续流动分析仪测定土壤全磷的方法进行了试验研究.结果表明,通过调整试剂中的硫酸量使显色酸度在反应的适宜范围,该仪器能准确测定土壤样品中的全磷,与传统比色法的测定结果无显著差异,在线性区间,标准曲线r值可达到0.999以上,加标回收率为97.9%～102.1%,待测溶液最低检出限为0.012 mg/L.     

Influence of some hardwood barks as soil amendments onRotylenchulus reniformis reproduction and growth response of sunflower

Four hardwood barks (HWB) i. e.Acacia arabica (AA),Ficus sycomorus (FS),Morus alba (MA) andZiziphus spinachristi (ZS) were tried as soil amendments at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% rates w/w for control ofRotylenchulus reniformis and improvement of cv. Giza 1 sunflower growth under greenhouse conditions. All HWB with various concentrations significantly (P≤0.01) reduced numbers of larvae in soil, both females and eggmasses on roots, total final nematode population as well as the nematode build-up as compared to control. 1.5% rate of ZS, AA and MA barks were most effective in reducing numbers of larvae in soil, total final nematode population and the nematode build-up. Also, 1.5% rate of each of FS and AA barks were most effective in reducing numbers of females or eggmasses, respectively. On the other hand, the least reduction in the previous nematode stages and rate of build-up was observed with 0.5% dose of FS bark. Shoot weights were increased significantly with both of 1.0% and 1.5% doses of each of FS and ZS barks and only with 1.5% dose of MA bark. Both shoot lengths and root weights increased significantly with 1.5% dose of all HWB or with 1.0% dose of each of AA and ZS barks as compared to control. No significant increase in root lengths was observed. Generally, there were positive significant correlations between doses of HWB, each of the reductions in the previous nematode stages and increases in sunflower growth criteria.     

AA级绿色食品大米生产中稻鸭共育技术的研究

对比试验结果表明,稻鸭共育对水稻纹枯病、稻飞虱、叶蝉的防除效果显著;对二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟等有一定的控制作用。就防治稻飞虱和杂草而言,稻鸭共育可以替代药剂防治。对天敌虽然有一定程度损伤,但主要天敌蜘蛛的总量仍比常规药剂防治田高1.37～3.10倍,天敌优势种群密度显著高于常规防治田。表明生态治理害虫的效果明显。稻鸭共育还可提高水稻分蘖数,比常规防治区增产8.67%。稻鸭共育生态防治技术是生产AA级绿色食品大米的关键技术措施之一。     

稻瘟菌诱导的稻叶脂氧合酶的纯化及部分氨基酸序列测定

 作者对已报道的稻瘟菌诱导稻叶脂氧合酶CM-LOX 1和CM-LOX 2的纯化方法作了进一步改进和完善。改进后的纯化方法可缩短该脂氧合酶的纯化时间,并提高纯化倍数。利用改进的方法,作者从20 g非亲和性稻瘟菌小种接种稻叶中获得了电泳纯的酶蛋白CM-L OX 1 133 μ g和CM-LOX 2 208μg。在此基础上,采用特异性的蛋白酶endoproteinase Lys-C和溴化氰对该酶蛋白进行了裂解,回收其肽段,得到了CM-LOX 1的3个不同肽段共30个氨基酸和CM-L OX 2的7个不同肽段共87个氨基酸的序列,为最终克隆这2个酶的基因奠定了基础。     

Sources of resistance to Pseudocercospora fijiensis,the cause of black Sigatoka in banana

Black Sigatoka, caused by Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana. In commercial banana-growing systems, black Sigatoka is primarily managed by fungicides. This mode of disease management is not feasible for resource-limited smallholder farmers. Therefore, bananas resistant to P. fijiensis provide a practical solution for managing the disease, especially under smallholder farming systems. Most banana and plantain hybrids with resistance to P. fijiensis were developed using few sources of resistance, which include Calcutta 4 and Pisang Lilin. To broaden the pool of resistance sources to P. fijiensis, 95 banana accessions were evaluated under field conditions in Sendusu, Uganda. Eleven accessions were resistant to P. fijiensis. Black Sigatoka symptoms did not progress past Stage 2 (narrow brown streaks) in the diploid accessions Pahang (AA), Pisang KRA (AA), Malaccensis 0074 (AA), Long Tavoy (AA), M.A. Truncata (AA), Tani (BB), and Balbisiana (BB), a response similar to the resistant control Calcutta 4. These accessions are potential sources of P. fijiensis resistance and banana breeding programmes can use them to broaden the genetic base for resistance to P. fijiensis.     

Feeding and attraction of non-target flies to spinosad-based fruit fly bait

A spinosad-based fruit fly bait, GF-120, has recently become a primary tool for area-wide suppression or eradication of pest tephritid fruit flies. The present study assessed the attraction and feeding of five non-target fly species to GF-120 in Hawaii. These non-target flies include three beneficial tephritid species [Eutreta xanthochaeta (Aldrich), Tetreuaresta obscuriventris (Loew), Ensina sonchi (L.)] introduced for weed biological control, an endemic Hawaiian tephritid [Trupanea dubautiae (Bryan)] (all Diptera: Tephritidae) and the cosmopolitan Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). All five non-target fly species were susceptible to GF-120, as was the target pest Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Feeding on, or even brief tasting of, GF-120 killed all fly species within 2 h. When individual flies were provided with a choice of GF-120 or honey solution, there was no difference in the frequency of first food encounter by E. xanthochaeta, D. melanogaster or C. capitata. The other three non-target species approached honey more often than GF-120 in their first food encounter. Feeding times on GF-120 and honey were not significantly different for D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while the other four non-target species fed longer on honey than on GF-120. There was no significant difference in feeding time on honey versus GF-120 between males and females of each species. These results suggest that area-wide treatment using GF-120 for the purpose of eradication of pest fruit flies has potential negative impacts on these and other non-target fly species in Hawaii.