内蒙古中西部旱作农田土壤水分动态研究

有效地利用干旱半干旱地区有限的降水,对提高旱作农田的农作物产量具有重要意义。研究认为,旱作梯田、旱平地土壤水分变化主要取决于降水,其动态变化与降水变化相吻合,但在时间上滞后1～2月;作物生长发育耗水主要来源于该年雨季降水,土壤起到了调节和再分配的作用;不同作物对水分的利用及抗旱能力不同,搞好蓄水保墒、选用和培育相适应的耐旱作物,是合理利用土壤水分,提高旱作农田产量的有效途径。     

黄土高原水土保持措施对土壤水分的影响

土壤水是重要的生态水源和水文要素之一,它与黄土区生态环境建设关系密切,水土保持措施是人类对土壤流失区下垫面性质的综合改造,这种改造会影响土壤水分的静态布和动态过程,在黄土高原地区,水土保持坡面工程措施能有效地提高土壤含水量,人工林草植被使土壤含水量降低,甚至造成人为干层,天然植被与人工植被对土壤含量水量的影响相反,这是黄土高原植被营造及规划中应关注的问题。     

冀西北高原旱作农田土壤水分动态与提高水分作物生产力研究

针对当地栗钙土坡梁地旱、薄的作物生产障碍,根据土壤水分时空变异和层位特征,充分利用有限的降水资源,采用聚水土沟作、聚水沟作等保护性耕作措施,较传统耕作莜麦产量提高１８．４％～２３．４％,水分利用效率由４．０５ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２提高到４．５７～４．６４ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２;而改变土壤营养环境则显著提高水分作物生产力。在贫水、平水和丰水三种降水年型下,氮磷肥合理配施莅麦产量可提高８９．８％～１６１．２％,水分利用效率可高达７．２７ｋｇ／ｍｍ·ｈｍ２。     

水稻旱作下土壤水分状况和施用磷肥对红壤有效磷含量的影响

通过盆栽和模拟实验探讨了水分状况和施磷量对红壤有效磷的影响。结果表明,水分状况和施磷量均显著地影响红壤有效磷含量,二者的交互作用达极显著水平;同时也均显著地影响水稻生物量和对磷的吸收量,二者的交互作用达显著和极显著水平。红壤有效磷含量基本上随红壤水分含量和施磷量的增加而提高,随水稻生长时间的延长而降低;水稻的生物量和对磷的吸收量均随施磷量的增加和水稻生长时间的延长而增加,但以中水条件下最高。在保证80%的饱和持水量和常规氮、钾等养分投入条件下,施磷量为67.5 kg hm-2就可以满足水稻旱作的生长需求。     

水稻旱作条件下土壤水分对红壤磷素的影响

通过温室盆栽和大田试验研究旱作水稻在施用中量磷肥条件下,土壤水分对红壤中几种磷的含量和动态的影响。研究表明:土壤水分水平和采样时间对红壤全磷、有效磷、有机磷和不同形态的无机磷含量都有极显著的影响,且相互间的交互作用明显。栽种水稻后总体来说,土壤全磷、有机磷和O-P含量均有一定的提高,有效磷和Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P含量则下降;土壤中不同形态无机磷含量为O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca-P;大田和盆栽实验相比,在4种形态的无机磷、全磷和有机磷的排列顺序、演变趋势等方面基本一致,但有效磷则出现相反的结果,同时,大田试验土壤中各种磷的含量要比盆栽试验高得多,表明盆栽条件下,由于根系密度大,使土壤磷素消耗更快。     

黄土丘陵区水土保持措施配置与土壤水分的关系

土壤水分与水土保持措施配置间存在密切关系,从空间结构看,地形起伏引起降水再分配,而工程措施可使降水形成有益的再分配,由此产生土壤水分的微域分异。这种分异制约影响着生物措施的空间配置;从时间过程看,为防止某些植物过度的水分消耗而致土壤干燥化,需采取循环轮作配置。在黄土丘陵区要求林草与农作物地在轮作周期内的总耗水量与有效雨量（降雨量与径流深之差）持平。     

微垄覆膜沟播对阴山丘陵地区旱作马铃薯土壤水分及产量的影响

阴山丘陵地区土壤水分状况是限制该地区马铃薯发展的主要因素,如何对天然降雨进行高效、永续利用,提高马铃薯对自然降水的利用率,是该地区马铃薯生产发展的战略考虑。本研究提出了微垄覆膜沟播的种植模式,结果表明:(1)微垄覆膜沟播种植模式明显提高土壤0~60 cm土层贮水量,在马铃薯需水关键时期,出苗后35 d和55 d,微垄覆膜沟播土壤贮水量分别比平作覆膜和露地平作提高25.68%、14.26%和28.92%、18.47%。(2)微垄覆膜沟播种植模式可明显提高马铃薯产量及对降雨的利用效率。(3)微垄覆膜沟播种植模式下的马铃薯每公顷吸收的水分数量比平作覆膜和露地平作分别高25.70%和33.52%。因此,微垄覆膜沟播种植模式可以明显提高马铃薯产量及对自然降水的利用效率,可作为发展内蒙古阴山丘陵地区旱作马铃薯的有效途径。     

黄土高原水土保持措施对土壤水分的影响

土壤水是重要的生态水源和水文要素之一,它与黄土区生态环境建设关系密切.水土保持措施是人类对土壤流失区下垫面性质的综合改造,这种改造会影响土壤水分的静态分布和动态过程.在黄土高原地区,水土保持坡面工程措施能有效地提高土壤含水量.人工林草植被使土壤含水量降低,甚至造成人为干层.天然植被与人工植被对土壤含水量的影响相反,这是黄土高原植被营造及规划中应关注的问题.     

土壤水分含量和施磷量对旱作水稻磷素吸收的影响

通过温室盆栽和大田试验研究了土壤含水量和施磷量对旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响。结果表明:土壤水分和施磷量对大田旱作水稻全磷吸收量的影响不显著;对盆栽而言,施磷量的影响显著,但二者的交互作用明显,因而其差异主要体现为水和磷的复合效应;当施磷量(P)为0·030gkg-1、土壤含水量为饱和持水量的80%时旱作水稻吸磷量最高,但相同土壤水分条件下,施磷与不施磷间旱作水稻吸磷量差异最大,而不同施磷量间差异较小;旱作水稻各部分全磷平均吸收量为:籽粒>茎>根。实验结果可以为中国南方丘岗地区水稻旱作的水分和磷素管理提供理论依据。     

北京密云石匣小流域水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

水土保持措施的实施可有效地控制土壤侵蚀 ,不同的水土保持措施存在不同的水土保持效益值。利用北京密云石匣共 2 0个坡面径流试验小区的野外观测资料 ,分析得出了北京石匣小流域不同水土保持措施下的水土保持效益值 ,其中免耕 (玉米 )为 0 .2 80 ,梯田 (玉米 )为 0 .142 ,人工草地为 0 .0 6 3,荒草地为 0 .0 45 ,水平条林地为0 .0 2 5 ,鱼鳞坑林地为 0 .0 19。人工草地、荒草地、水平条林地和鱼鳞坑林地有显著的水土保持效益 ,但它们之间的水土保持效益并无显著差别。坡耕地 (16 .8°)的年均侵蚀模数为 145 3.8t/ km2 ,远大于土壤自然形成速度和北方石质山区的允许土壤流失量。其研究结果可为土壤侵蚀模型预报、水土保持规划、环境治理和评估提供依据     

Cropping systems and bed width effects on runoff,erosion and soil properties in a rainfed Vertisol

The effects of two bed widths (1 and 2 m) and four rainfed cotton‐based cropping systems on soil properties, runoff and erosion were evaluated in a Vertisol (1 per cent slope; 21 g per 100 g sand, 12 g per 100 g silt, 67 g per 100 g clay) in subtropical central Queensland, Australia. The cropping systems were: early cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sown between August and October; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sown in May, sprayed out and followed by early cotton; wheat allowed to mature, harvested and followed by late cotton sown between October and December; and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) followed by cotton. Land preparation was by minimum tillage and traffic was restricted to the furrows between the beds. Rainfall runoff and soil erosion were monitored with water‐height recorders, flumes and troughs. Soil structure was evaluated as air‐filled porosity of oven‐dried soil in the 0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m depths. Soil chemical properties measured in the 0–0.15 m depth were organic carbon, pH (in 0.01 M CaCl₂), electrical conductivity (EC_1:5) of a 1 : 5 soil : water suspension and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na. In comparison with 1 m beds, 2 m beds resulted in lower runoff and soil erosion, lower exchangeable Na, exchangeable sodium percentage and higher EC_1:5/exchangeable Na, higher rate of soil organic matter decrease and better soil structure in the 0–0.15 m depth. Runoff and erosion were reduced, and cotton lint yields increased either by cropping systems sown early to intercept most of the seasonal rainfall or by those which produced a high level of ground cover. Soil physical and chemical properties were best, and runoff and erosion lowest with 2 m beds and cropping systems producing a high level of ground cover. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水土保持措施及其减水减沙效益分析

水土流失已经和正在蚕食着人们赖以生存的宝贵的水土资源，如何有效地控制水土流失日益受到社会各界和科学家们的广泛关注。中国在水土保持方面创造了许多颇具特色的水土保持措施，如：生物林草措施、耕作措施和水土保持工程措施。该文总结了目前所采用的主要水土保持措施类型。采用坡度、坡长校正公式将数据转化为具有可比性的量值(标准小区)，定量分析了各种水土保持措施对于减少径流和土壤侵蚀产沙的效果，即治理措施的减水减沙效益，为小流域土壤侵蚀预报、水土保持措施的优化及合理配置、优化土地利用结构等提供参考依据。     

典型水土保持措施对红壤坡地柑橘园水土保持效益的影响

为研究红壤坡地果园不同水土保持措施的水土保持综合效益,该研究采用野外标准径流小区试验方法,通过对江西水土保持生态科技园柑橘园小区长期定位观测,分析了植物措施、耕作措施、工程+植物措施和工程措施等4种不同水土保持措施的径流、泥沙、养分流失情况以及对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:1)各项水土保持措施的年均减流效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施工程+植物措施植物措施;减沙效益依次为,工程措施耕作措施植物措施工程+植物措施。植物措施减流效益最佳,为71.43%;工程+植物措施减沙效益表现最优,为95.88%。减氮效益为工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。减磷效益趋势与减沙效益一致。植物措施减氮效益最佳,为19.84%;工程+植物措施减磷效益最佳为68.94%。2)各项水土保持措施土壤理化指标,田间持水量依次为:工程措施工程+植物措施植物措施耕作措施。其中耕作措施田间持水量提高幅度最大,为14.60%;植物措施其次,提高7.19%。土壤含水率依次为,耕作措施工程+植物措施工程措施植物措施。其中植物措施土壤含水率提高幅度最大,为18.94%。土壤≥0.5mm水稳性团聚体(WSA,water-stable aggregates)质量分数值依次为,工程措施工程+植物措施耕作措施植物措施。其中植物措施WSA值提高幅度最大,为4.42%。土壤养分综合趋势与WSA值一致。土壤养分以植物措施中的百喜草全园覆盖提高最大,有机质、全氮和全磷分别增加34.53%,78.26%,12.24%。由此可知,植物措施稳定后,在减流减沙、减少养分流失及土壤改良等水土保持综合效益方面表现最优。该研究可为南方红壤丘陵区果园开发选择适合的水土保持治理措施,以及提高果园土壤质量、解决水土流失与环境问题提供参考。     

红壤缓坡花生地不同水土保持措施效果分析

采用径流小区试验,以花生常规种植为对照,研究红壤荒坡花生地花生+草篱、花生+覆盖+草篱、花生+覆盖3种种植措施的水土保持效果.试验从4月份花生种植后开始测定,8月底花生收获结束.结果表明:1)3种种值措施地表径流量均随日降雨量的增大而增大;2)3种种植措施地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量均与对照差异显著(P＜0.01).表明,花...     

Evaluating the impact of soil management on soil loss in olive orchards

Abstract. The effects of soil management on soil losses from olive plantations in southern Spain were evaluated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), a review of published experiments, and preliminary results of an on-going field trial. Experimental data were used to parameterize the RUSLE for olive orchards under various soil management regimes. The predictions agreed qualitatively with the data available, and the model provided a simple way to assess the effects of soil management on erosion. Our results showed that no-tillage caused the greatest soil loss, while cover crops showed the least. Tillage and planting following contours proved only partially effective and did not reduce soil erosion as much as protective crops. One scenario studied suggests that, on slight to moderate slopes, land transformed from row crops to olive orchards may remain below the maximum tolerable soil erosion limit, if a cover crop is included between the trees. A scenario for marginal olive orchards located on steep slopes suggests that effective erosion control could only be achieved with a cover crop system that would have the side-effect of reducing the yield of rain-fed olives. Quantifying the effects of soil management on soil erosion in olive orchards is uncertain because very few experimental results are available. Further research that monitors soil loss in carefully selected long-term experiments at different scales and follows the changes in key soil parameters is urgently required to develop effective erosion control policies.     

Performance of soil and water conservation practices in the erosion evolution process,runoff dynamics and surface roughness

Soil and water conservation practices are used widely to prevent soil erosion and protect soil and water resources, which is significant for ecological restoration and food security. However, rill evolution processes, erosion and deposition characteristics and critical hydrodynamic parameters need more research. In order to investigate the effect of soil and water conservation practices on soil erosion dynamics, simulated rainfall experiments were undertaken in a laboratory on 15° loess slopes with engineering measures (fish-scale pits, FSPs), tillage measures (artificial digging, AD; contour ploughing, CP) and bare slope (CK). The results showed that: (1) during rill erosion, hillslopes with FSPs, CP and AD were more likely to develop wide and shallow rills, while a bare slope (CK) was more likely to develop narrow and deep rills. At the end of the experiment (cumulative rainfall was about 150 mm), headward retreat erosion dominated the AD slope (maximum rill length: 3.27 m), side-wall expansion erosion dominated the CP slope (maximum rill width: 0.522 m) and bed incision erosion dominated the CK (maximum rill depth: 0.09 m); (2) soil and water conservation practices reduced surface erosion and sediment transport and runoff velocity. However, the positive effects disappeared when rainfall amounts exceeded 82.5, 105 and 127.5 mm for FSPs, CP and AD, respectively; (3) for runoff kinetic energy and runoff shear strength of 3 J and 1.5 N/m², respectively, soil and water conservation measures had greater anti-erosion abilities than CK; (4) as rainfall duration increased, surface roughness, runoff rate and sediment concentration increased on the CK and FSP treatments, but decreased on the CP and AD treatments. This study has important implications for managing different soil and water conservation measures based on rainfall conditions and offers a deeper understanding of soil erosion processes.     

坡耕地保护性耕作措施的水土保持效应

为探索不同保护性耕作技术在黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地的水土保持效应,于2007、2008年在甘南县东兴村坡耕地径流小区进行不同耕作措施的降雨径流、土壤储水量和土壤流失量试验研究。结果表明：土壤储水量的动态变化趋势与天然降雨趋势一致;与常规耕作措施相比,所研究的3种耕作措施均可不同程度地增加土壤储水量、减少地表径流和土壤流失量,其中,垄向区田措施减少径流效果最好,覆膜＋垄向区田技术集成措施增加土壤储水和减少土壤流失效果最好,免耕秸秆覆盖措施在以上3方面的效果均为最差;垄向区田和覆膜＋垄向区田措施具有增加土壤储水深度的作用。研究结果可为黑龙江省西部半干旱区坡耕地水土保持措施的合理选择提供参考。     

上海市水力侵蚀现状与水土保持措施分析

为研究上海市水土流失及措施现状,以第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查结果为基础,结合上海市基本情况,分析上海市水力侵蚀现状和水土保持措施情况。结果表明,上海市水土流失面积超过了200km^2,水土流失以河道两岸和湖泊沿岸的坍塌淤浅为主要特征,建设项目施工造成的人为水土流失也是上海市水土流失的一个重要方面。上海市中心城区水土保持措施较完善,但郊区部分河道还没有采取有效护坡措施,基本处于自然状态,很容易发生水土流失;因此,河道边坡和湖泊岸线的护岸整治、海岸滩涂的保滩促淤治理是上海市水土保持工作的重点,同时还应加强建设项目的监管和水土保持监测,以防止人为水土流失。     

红壤侵蚀区水土保持植物配置模式

 为探索中国南方红壤侵蚀严重区水土流失快速治理的方法和途径,在江西省的修水、宁都、石城等县花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,对16种水土保持植物配置模式的植物生长状况、蓄水保土效益、改土增肥效益、经济效益4方面进行观测,通过建立评价模型,对不同人工植物群落配置模式的水土保持效益进行综合定量评价。结果表明:修水试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子+黄栀子、马尾松+木荷+泡桐+胡枝子,宁都试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子,石城试验区湿地松+枫香+胡枝子+硬骨草、湿地松+胡枝子+硬骨草和湿地松+胡枝子+百喜草配置模式各种效益表现优良,可以在同类地区大力推广。     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面土壤侵蚀过程的影响

 采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究近地表土壤水分条件对安塞黄绵土和杨陵塿土土壤侵蚀过程的影响,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件下的土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明:土壤质地对入渗和径流过程有较大影响。对同一质地的供试土壤,随着前期近地表土壤含水量的增大,入渗量减少,而径流强度增大,坡面初始发生产流时间也越早。当前期近地表土壤含水量相近时,杨陵塿土的初始产流时间早于安塞黄绵土,坡面径流量和侵蚀产沙量也随前期近地表土壤水分含量的增加而增大。对于安塞黄绵土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和含水量的100%、75%和50%时,其径流量分别占饱和含水量的25%时的2.5、2.2和1.3倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为50、25和1.3倍。而对于供试土壤为杨陵塿土,当前期土壤含水量分别为饱和土壤含水量的100%和50%时,其径流量分别是占饱和土壤含水量的25%时的1.1和1.0倍,其侵蚀产沙量分别为6.5和2.0倍。在降雨过程中,前期土壤含水量越大,片蚀发展为细沟侵蚀的时间越早,而且细沟侵蚀也越严重。