虹鳟“水科1号”

正一、品种概况(一)培育背景鲑鳟鱼是世界第一大水产贸易品种,投资回报率非常高,全球产量约为317万吨(鲑鱼235万吨,鳟鱼82万吨),为第三大养殖种类(FAO,2018)。淡水养殖品种主要以虹鳟为主,虹鳟属鲑形目,鲑科,鲑亚科,大麻哈鱼属,原产于北美地区。虹鳟为世界性养殖鱼类,自1959年首次引进以来,我国先后从不同国家引进了数个虹鳟品系,     

日本计划引进南方型鱼种石斑鱼的养殖

现下,日本的海水鱼类养殖的年产量为27．5万t。养殖的主要鱼类有,鲫鱼、真鲷、银大麻哈鱼、牙鲆、红鳍东方鲍等,其中产量最大的为蛳鱼的16万t（占58％）,其次为真鲷的8万t（占29％）、银大麻哈鱼的1万t（占4％）,以上三者合占91％。     

世界鲑科鱼类养殖技术的现状

鲑科鱼类有两个属,即鲑属和大麻哈鱼属。鲑属只有鲑一个种,而大麻哈鱼属则有六个种,即:大麻哈鱼、银大麻哈鱼、大鳞大麻哈鱼、细鳞大麻哈鱼、红大麻哈鱼和马苏大麻哈鱼。本文简要地介绍了当前世界各国养殖鲑科鱼类方面的现状,有助於我们对它有一个整体的了解,也有助於我们开展鲑科鱼类养殖时参考。     

几种鲑鳟鱼类摄食习性及投喂技术

鲑鳟鱼是优质的冷水性鱼类 ,欧美国家养殖极为普遍。我国从上世纪 5 0年代开始养殖虹鳟 ,主要集中在北方地区。随着渔业生产技术的不断发展 ,我国鲑鳟鱼类的养殖范围 ,正由北方向南方扩展 ,养殖品种也由单一的虹鳟鱼扩大到金鳟 ,白点鲑 ,银鲑 ,大西洋鲑 ,等等。虽然这些鱼类都属鲑科 ,但是它们摄食习性相差很大 ,在生产中必须采取不同的投喂方式。1　虹鳟。虹鳟是养殖时间最长的鲑科鱼类 ,已经完全驯化。虹鳟性凶猛 ,贪食 ,能在水面、水中和池底摄食 ,抢食激烈 ,有跟人走动索饵习性。投喂时 ,可定点成片地撒投饲料 ,一般站在池埂的中间 ,向…     

鲑鳟鱼的营养价值及其食疗作用

现在人们所说鲑鳟鱼,是一个笼统的概念,它并不特指某一种鱼,而是鲑鱼和鳟鱼的统称。而鲑鱼和鳟鱼各自又包括许多种类,如大西洋鲑、太平洋鲑、银鲑、北鲑等都属于鲑鱼,虹鳟、河鳟、金鳟等都称为鳟鱼。因此严格地讲,应该称其为鲑科鱼类,它包括鲑亚科和白鲑亚科所属的所有种类。到目前为止,科学家们采用分类学方法从鱼体的结构特征上发现,世界上现共有鲑科鱼类66个品种。人们之所以将如此多的鲑科鱼类笼统地称之为鲑鳟鱼,在很大程度上也与大西洋鲑和虹鳟这两种鱼在鲑鳟鱼总产量中一直占有绝对优势有关。如2000年全球鲑鳟鱼产量中排在前三位的是…     

2010年世界养殖鲑鳟鱼产量为191．5万t同比减少1％

2010年世界鲑鳟鱼总产量为273．7万t（换算为原条鱼的推算产量,下同）,其中,捕捞的鲑鳟鱼产量为82．1万t（占30％）,养殖的鲑鳟鱼产量为191．5万t（占70％）。以下介绍世界养殖鲑鳟鱼产量、各鱼种养殖产量、主要国家的养殖鱼种。     

2010年世界捕捞鲑鳟鱼的产量为82．1万t同比减少29％

2007年世界鲑鳟鱼总产量（包括捕捞和养殖的）突破300万t大关增至300．5万t（换算为原条鱼的推算产量,下同）,但2008年减至291．3万t,而2009年世界鲑鳟鱼总产量再次突破300万t大关增至309．2万t（创历史新高）,然而,2010年又减至273．7万t,比2009年的减少11．5％,其中天然捕捞产量为82．1万t（占30％）,养殖产量为191．5万t（占70％）,表明现下世界鲑鳟总产量中,养殖的鲑鳟鱼起着重要作用。以下介绍2010年世界捕捞鲑鳟鱼产量、主要国家捕捞产量和各鱼种产量。     

基于细胞色素b基因序列分析我国鲑亚科鱼类系统发育关系和不同虹鳟养殖群体遗传变异

采用PCR技术扩增了中国不同虹鳟群体的细胞色素b基因,对虹鳟不同养殖群体进行了遗传多样性分析,并与鲑亚科中其他5属11个物种的细胞色素b基因进行同源性比较,建立了主要养殖鲑亚科鱼类的系统关系。试验结果显示,虹鳟种内本地虹鳟群体遗传距离最小(0.001),道氏群体最高(0.004)。种间遗传距离以哲罗鲑与马苏大麻哈鱼的遗传距离最大(0.127),其次为哲罗鲑与银大麻哈鱼(0.123),以远东红点鲑和美洲红点鲑的最近(0.003)。聚类分析表明,同属的鱼均能单独聚类,哲罗鱼属和细鳞鱼属聚在一起,鲑属与红点鲑属聚在一起。虹鳟不同群体间并没有单独聚类,提示不同虹鳟群体间没有发生明显的遗传分化。     

鲑鱼甲病毒病研究进展

1疾病概述
　　冷水鲑科鱼类价格昂贵,是世界三大养殖鱼类之一,主要分布于欧洲和北美。目前我国的鲑科鱼养殖以虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）为主,年产量占世界总产量的1％以下,每年需要进口大量的鲑鱼,尤其是大西洋鲑鱼（Salmo salar ）［1-2］,鲑鱼甲病毒病对于我国的鲑科鱼养殖具有潜在的威胁。     

海水驯养虹鳟试验

虹鳟 (SalmogairdneriRichardson)属鲱形目、鲑亚目、鲑科、鲑属 ,具有骨刺少 ,肉味鲜美 ,易捕捞 ,不需越冬保种 ,饵料利用率高 ,生长快 ,养殖产量高 (流水高密度养殖产量可达 1万kg/667m2 )等特点 ,因而深受人们的青睐。虹鳟作为一种冷水性名贵鱼类 ,淡、海水均可饲养 ,故已成为世界性的养殖鱼类。目前国内已有 2 0多个省 (市 )开展了虹鳟养殖 ,但大多为淡水养殖。1　虹鳟对盐度的适应能力虹鳟对盐度有较强的适应能力。稚鱼能适应盐度 5‰～ 8‰ ,当年鱼为 1 2‰～ 1 4‰ ;1龄鱼为2 0‰～ 2 5‰ ,成鱼为 35‰ ,通常 35g以上的鱼经半咸水过…     

Comparison of growth rate in Atlantic salmon,pink salmon,Arctic char,sea trout and rainbow trout under Norwegian farming conditions

Growth rates of Atlantic salmon, pink salmon, Arctic char, sea trout and rainbow trout were compared under Norwegian farming conditions. During the juvenile, freshwater period, growth was fastest in pink salmon, followed by rainbow trout and Arctic char. Freshwater growth of sea trout and, especially, Atlantic salmon, was slow. After transfer of smolts or fingerling to sea water, Arctic char failed to survive the autumn. Sea water growth of sea trout was slow, but the three species, rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon and pink salmon, all grew rapidly through all seasons. When in sea water, rainbow trout and pink salmon were regularly attacked by vibriosis, while Atlantic salmon were rarely attacked, and sea trout never. It is concluded that, for commercial farming in Norway, rainbow trout are of value for production of fish of any size up to 3–4 kg, and pink salmon for production of small fish of 0.5–1.5 kg. Atlantic salmon is the only species suitable for production of a very large salmonid, i.e., more than 4–5 kg.     

Pancreas disease in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in Norway

The present paper describes, for the first time, clinical signs and pathological findings of pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in sea water in Norway. Similarities and differences with reports of PD from Ireland and Scotland are discussed. Samples of 68 rainbow trout from disease outbreaks on 14 farms and from 155 Atlantic salmon from outbreaks on 20 farms collected from 1996 to 2004 were included in the present study. The histopathological findings of PD in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in sea water were similar. Acute PD, characterized by acute necrosis of exocrine pancreatic tissues, was detected in nine Atlantic salmon and three rainbow trout. Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) was identified in acute pancreatic necroses by immunohistochemistry. Most fish showed severe loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue combined with chronic myositis. Myocarditis was often but not consistently found. Kidneys from 40% and 64% of the rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, respectively, had cells along the sinusoids that were packed with cytoplasmic eosinophilic granules. These cells resembled hypertrophied endothelial cells or elongated mast cell analogues. Histochemical staining properties and electron microscopy of these cells are presented. SAV was identified by RT-PCR and neutralizing antibodies against SAV were detected in blood samples.     

Variation in semen production of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout

The variation in semen production among farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) has been studied. Both species were stripped at weekly intervals, the Atlantic salmon four times and the rainbow trout three times.The individual variation in volume of semen was very high, particularly in rainbow trout. The total volume of semen obtained was 137 ml (20 ml/kg body weight) in Atlantic salmon and 23 ml (5 ml/kg body weight) in rainbow trout. The intraclass correlation for volume of semen was estimated at 0.73 in Atlantic salmon and at 0.59 in rainbow trout. The correlations between volume of semen and body size (weight and length) were all positive. They were all significant and medium in Atlantic salmon whereas in rainbow trout they were all low and significant only for volume of semen at first stripping.The number of males needed to supply the Norwegian fish farming industry with semen is discussed. It is concluded that the possibility of disseminating genetic improvement throughout the whole population of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout by transport of semen from selected males is considerable.     

The effect of competition among three salmonids on dominance and growth during the juvenile life stage

Although non‐native species can sometimes threaten the value of ecosystem services, their presence can contribute to the benefits derived from the environment. In the Great Lakes, non‐native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) support substantial recreational fisheries. With current efforts underway to restore once‐native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to Lake Ontario, there is some concern that Atlantic salmon will impede non‐native contributions to the recreational fishery because Atlantic salmon exhibit niche overlap with brown trout and rainbow trout, particularly during the juvenile life stage. We therefore examined competition and growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon, brown trout and rainbow trout in semi‐natural streams. We found that brown trout were the most dominant and had the greatest growth rate regardless of what other species were present. Rainbow trout were more dominant than Atlantic salmon and consumed the most food of the three species. However, in the presence of brown trout, rainbow trout fed less frequently and exhibited negative growth as compared to when the rainbow trout were present with only Atlantic salmon. These data suggest that, outside of density‐dependent effects, Atlantic salmon will not impact stream production of brown trout and rainbow trout.     

大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟和金鳟的肌肉营养成分与品质特性

为了解大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)、三倍体虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)、金鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)3种鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性,利用生化分析、物性分析方法分析3种鱼肌肉的营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、肉色、系水力和质构特性。结果表明,大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉的水分质量分数分别为62.91%、67.15%、73.02%,粗蛋白质量分数分别为22.39%、21.03%、22.11%,粗脂肪质量分数分别为14.64%、17.16%、5.11%。3种鱼肌肉的滴水损失、黄色值(b~*)、羟脯氨酸含量、内聚性均显著不差异(P0.05)。3种鱼肌肉的硬度和咀嚼性由低到高依次为大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟,而pH值的结果则与之相反(P0.05)。大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肌肉的灰分、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、回复性、弹性和红色值(a~*)差异不显著(P0.05),但灰分、蒸煮损失、回复性均小于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05),弹性和红色值(a~*)则均大于金鳟肌肉的对应指标(P0.05)。大西洋鲑、三倍体虹鳟、金鳟肌肉中必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量分别为42.28%、41.84%、41.63%(质量分数),必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)比值分别为73.25%、71.94%、71.32%,均符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)对优质蛋白质的评价标准;3种鱼肌肉中均检测到22种脂肪酸,组成丰富,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。综上所述,3种鱼的肌肉都是符合人体营养需求的优质水产品,其中大西洋鲑和三倍体虹鳟肉质接近,且都优于金鳟的肉质。     

Genetic improvement of cold-water fish species

Carnivorous fish are two to three times as efficient as pigs and broilers in converting energy and protein to edible food for humans. As the domestication of fish continues, they will become more and more efficient and competitive with these industries. In the future, this will be very important, as more efficient utilization of available food resources is required to supply the growing human population with enough food. Today, about 1% of aquaculture production is based on genetically improved fish and shellfish. For salmonid fishes, we have the necessary knowledge to establish efficient breeding programmes. Large genetic variation has been associated with important economic traits. For growth rate, heritability ranges from 0.2 to 0.3, with a coefficient of variation of 20–30%. This implies that it is possible to obtain large responses from selection for growth rate. In several large‐scale experiments and in breeding programmes, 10–15% genetic change has been obtained per generation, which is much higher than that reported for other farm animals. In Norway, extensive breeding experiments with Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout were started in 1971. For the first two generations of selection, the breeding goal was growth rate. Age at sexual maturation (measured as frequency of grilse) was then included. From the fifth generation, disease resistance (measured by challenge test for furunculosis and the virus ISA) and meat quality (measured as fat percentage, fat distribution and flesh colour) were included. Today, Norsk Lakseavl AS (Norwegian Salmon Breeding Company Ltd) or NLA runs the National Breeding Programme and has two breeding stations where 400 full‐sib and half‐sib families of Atlantic salmon are tested in each of four year classes. For rainbow trout, the number of families totals 120 in each of three year classes. In 1997, the Norwegian production was 310 000 tons of Atlantic salmon and 33 000 tons of rainbow trout. At present, about 65% of the salmon and trout produced in Norway use genetically improved fish from NLA and multipliers. The cost–benefit ratio for the National Breeding Programme in Norway is estimated to be 1:15.     

Eggs of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L) and Trout (S. trutta L); Identification by Phosphoglucoisomerase Zymograms*

Salmonid eggs were collected from spawning redds in the Norwegian rivers Alta, Gaula, and Driva in 1982. Their phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI; E.C. No. 5.3.1.9) patterns, as revealed by isoelectric focusing and histochemical staining, were compared to standard zymograms produced by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (S. trutta L.) white skeletal muscle extracts, and to the zymogram in salmon eggs of known origin. In salmon, the egg zymogram was identical with that of muscle. Two types of zymograms, identical with either salmon or trout muscle zymograms and thus regarded as species-determinants, were observed among the eggs from wild fish. Their proportions in the three rivers were as expected from current knowledge of species composition. The present findings are related to previous reports on PGI expression in salmonids. The PGI zymograms are probably diagnostic keys to species for eggs from Norwegian stream-dwelling salmonids, including Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Some managemental implications of the present results are briefly discussed.     

Competitive interactions among multiple non‐native salmonids and two populations of Atlantic salmon

Competitive interactions with non‐native species can have negative impacts on the conservation of native species, resulting in chronic stress and reduced survival. Here, juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two allopatric populations (Sebago and LaHave) that are being used for reintroduction into Lake Ontario were placed into semi‐natural stream tanks with four non‐native salmonid competitors that are established in Ontario streams: brown trout (S. trutta), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Brown trout and rainbow trout reduced the survival and fitness‐related traits of Atlantic salmon, whereas Chinook salmon and coho salmon had no impact on these traits. These data support theories on ecological niche overlap and link differences in observed aggression levels with competitive outcomes. Measurements of circulating hormones indicated that the Atlantic salmon were not chronically stressed nor had a change in social status at the 10‐month time point in the semi‐natural stream tanks. Additionally, the Sebago population was better able to coexist with the non‐native salmonids than the LaHave population. Certain populations of Atlantic salmon may thus be more suitable for some environments of the juvenile stream phase for the reintroduction into Lake Ontario.     

主要养殖鲑科鱼类遗传育种的研究进展

冷水性鲑科鱼类肉质鲜美,高蛋白、高不饱和脂肪酸、营养丰富、无肌间刺、易加工,是世界性养殖鱼类,其中大西洋鲑、虹鳟和红点鲑属鱼类等主要养殖鲑科鱼类,一直是水产遗传育种领域的重要研究对象。本文简要叙述了鲑科鱼类遗传育种研究的历史和现状,主要介绍了经济性状遗传参数估计、选择育种、分子遗传与标记辅助育种等方面的研究进展,提出了我国鲑科鱼类遗传育种工作重点研究的方向。     

Gill disease of marine fish caused by infection with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) of maricultured salmonids, turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), and sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti), caused by Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis has been reported from Australia (Tasmania), Ireland, France, Chile, North America (Washington State and California) and Spain. Of the salmonids, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., appears to be the most susceptible with rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), also suffering significant disease. Only minor outbreaks have been reported in coho, O. kisutch (Walbaum), and chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha (Walbaum). The disease now accounts for 10–20% of production costs of Atlantic salmon in Tasmania and has lead to temporary abandonment of culture of this species in parts of Spain. It is of lesser, but still significant, importance in other countries. Much is known about the pathology of AGD but the pathophysiology of the disease is poorly understood. There is evidence that non-specific immunity is involved in fish acquiring resistance to AGD, but no unequivocal evidence exists for protection as a result of specific immune responses. To date, for salmonids, the only effective treatment for AGD is a freshwater bath. Control procedures based on modification of management strategies have been minimal and virtually unresearched.