一株猪伪狂犬病病毒的分离鉴定

为了确诊山东省利津县某猪场发生的疫情是否由猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)感染所致,试验利用BHK-21传代细胞对疑似猪伪狂犬病死亡猪进行病毒分离,并通过PCR方法、间接免疫荧光试验及动物试验对分离病毒进行鉴定。结果表明:接种病料后48小时BHK-21细胞出现明显细胞病变,PRV荧光抗体阳性、PCR扩增片段大小为220 bp,测序结果与NCBI中伪狂犬病病毒基因组同源性为96%~98%,接种家兔后表现出明显的伪狂犬病症状,病毒毒价达到1×107.25TCID50/0.1 m L。说明该猪场的疫情由猪伪狂犬病病毒感染所致。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒北京株的分离鉴定

从北京某猪场疑似猪伪狂犬病发病死亡仔猪脑及内脏中分离到1株病毒并进行了鉴定。该分离毒株接种ST细胞24 h后出现圆缩、聚集、脱落等典型的细胞病变(CPE);分离毒株能够被伪狂犬病病毒标准阳性血清中和;分离病毒接种家兔后,引起家兔出现奇痒等典型的伪狂犬病临床症状;同时根据GenBank公布的PRV的gD基因设计引物并扩增出特异性的目的片段,扩增产物经过测序比较,表明扩增产物序列为猪伪狂犬病病毒基因序列。以上结果证实该病毒为猪伪狂犬病病毒,依据分离地点命名为猪伪狂犬病病毒北京株。     

潍坊某猪场一起伪狂犬病的诊治

2014年9月山东潍坊某猪场发生疑似猪伪狂犬病疫情,采集病死仔猪的脑组织等,利用Vero细胞做病毒分离,并设计一对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)g E基因片段的特异性引物对分离病毒进行PCR鉴定及家兔接种试验。结果表明:脑组织上清液接种Vero细胞后有典型的细胞病变;PCR扩增产物电泳后显示出990bp长的目的片段,目的片段基因序列与6株PRV毒株的g E基因序列核苷酸同源性在97.7%~100%之间,证实该病毒为PRV;分离病毒接种家兔出现典型的伪狂犬病症状。临床诊断结合实验室鉴定以及动物接种试验,确诊该病例为猪伪狂犬病。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒的分离鉴定及其gE基因序列分析

从福建省某猪场疑似伪狂犬病的发病3日龄仔猪的脑、肺脏中分离到1株病毒.该病毒接种家兔出现了典型的伪狂犬病症状,接种PK-15细胞36 h后出现了圆缩、集聚、脱落等典型的细胞病变,猪伪狂犬病病毒阳性血清能特异性中和该分离病毒.根据已发表的伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)gE基因的序列,设计并合成了一对引物,采用PCR方法可扩增特异性298 bp的DNA片段.测序结果与GenBank中有代表性的6株参考毒株相应基因序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为95.5%~99%和91.8%~98%.系统进化树结果表明分离株与湖北分离株Ea株亲缘关系最近.     

猪伪狂犬病病毒HDDJ株的分离鉴定

广东省某猪场常规免疫猪伪狂犬病疫苗(Bartha-K61株)的母猪流产,疑似为猪伪狂犬病病毒感染。为确定发病原因,将流产胎儿的脑、淋巴结、肺脏研磨混合液接种Vero细胞,形成稳定细胞病变(CPE),并测定其细胞半数感染量(TCID50),通过PCR鉴定、测序比对、进化树分析,确定感染病毒及基因型,动物回归实验判定病毒致病性。结果表明,分离毒株为PRV中国变异株,命名为HDDJ株,与猪伪狂犬病疫苗Bartha-K61株亲缘关系较远。     

猪伪狂犬病毒变异株(Fujian-LY)对免疫仔猪的致病性研究

本实验室2014年从福建省龙岩市某规模化猪场疑似猪伪狂犬病发病仔猪的脑组织中分离到1株猪伪狂犬病毒变异株,命名为PRV Fujian-LY株。为了研究Fujian-LY株对免疫仔猪的致病性,将8头20龄的PRV抗原、gE抗体均为阴性,gB抗体均为阳性仔猪随机分为3组,其中2组(每组3头猪)分别通过肌肉注射和滴鼻接种Fujian-LY株,第3组2头仔猪做阴性对照。试验仔猪接种病毒24h后体温均开始升高,随着病程发展,呼吸系统症状明显,滴鼻接种组仔猪发病明显快于肌肉注射组,所有攻毒仔猪虽均有发病但未出现死亡。通过病理剖检、PCR鉴定、病毒分离培养、易感动物感染试验及gE抗体ELISA检测证实Fujian-LY株人工攻毒试验成功。gE抗体检测结果表明所有攻毒仔猪攻毒后7dPRV gE抗体开始阳转。对发病仔猪剖检可见,脑积液明显增多,脑膜血管充血,并伴有出血等典型的伪狂犬病病理变化。病理切片观察结果显示发病仔猪脑实质中小血管扩张充血,血管周围有淋巴细胞包围"血管套"现象,其他主要脏器也均有明显的病理变化。试验结果表明PRV Fujian-LY株为伪狂犬病毒强毒株。     

一例猪伪狂犬病野毒感染的实验室诊断

为确诊衡阳市某猪场育肥猪发生的疑似猪伪狂犬病(PR)疫情,采集发病猪脾脏,运用PCR方法进行猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)核酸检测,利用非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)进行病毒分离培养,采用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞染色法(IPMA)进行病毒血清学鉴定;用分离培养物进行家兔感染试验,观察临床症状和病例剖检变化,采用PCR检测各器官中的病毒分布情况。结果显示:病料接种Vero细胞培养3 d后,出现明显的细胞病变效应(CPE);分离培养的病毒与PRV阳性血清呈阳性反应;家兔感染后出现奇痒等神经症状并死亡,其肝、脾组织均为PRV gE核酸检测阳性。试验结果证实,分离到的病毒为PRV野毒,从而确诊了该疑似疫情。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒鲁A株的分离鉴定

从山东省某些猪场疑似猪伪狂犬病发病仔猪的脑及内脏中分离到多株病毒，对其中一代表毒株进行了全面鉴定。该分离毒株在兔肾原代细胞(RK)上和鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上连传5代．均出现典型细胞病变．再接种于RK-13细胞、BHK-21细胞、Vero细胞、PK15细胞和143TK细胞，均出现典型细胞病变；在RK-13细胞上的TCID50为10^-0.52/0．1mL；在电镜下可见到典型的伪狂犬病病毒粒子；对氯仿、乙醚敏感，56℃30min灭活；能被伪狂犬病病毒标准阳性血清中和；病毒接种于家兔和小鼠，均出现典型伪狂犬病症状与病变；提取所分离病毒的DNA作为模板。应用特异性引物，以PCR方法可扩增出伪狂犬病病毒gD基因中272～534nt之间262bp长的特异性片段。上述结果证明，所分离病毒为猪伪狂犬病病毒，并将其命名为猪伪狂犬病病毒鲁A株。     

一例猪伪狂犬变异株的诊治

为对山东省某养猪场疑似猪伪狂犬病进行诊断,采用发病情况调查、临床症状、病理剖检、病原分离、PCR鉴定及血清中和试验诊断,确诊病原为猪伪狂犬病毒变异株。根据确诊结果,按照猪伪狂犬病治疗措施操作,猪场发病情况得到有效控制。     

山东省某规模猪场猪伪狂犬病毒变异毒株的分离与鉴定

2015年山东省烟台市某免疫伪狂犬病疫苗Bartha-K61猪场暴发疑似伪狂犬病疫情,临床表现为妊娠母猪繁殖障碍,仔猪神经症状。脑组织病料样品接种BHK21细胞,分离获得1株伪狂犬病病毒(PRV),命名为PRV-YT株。该病毒株gE基因与JS-2012、HN1201和ZJ01株序列同源性为99.4%～99.8%,且位于同一遗传进化分支。选择70日龄PRV阴性健康猪接种PRV-YT株,发病率和死亡率均达100%(5/5),均表现严重脑组织、肝脏与肺脏损伤,表明PRV-YT株为猪伪狂犬病病毒变异强毒株。本研究为制定猪伪狂犬病防控方案提供了重要基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.