羔羊腹泻细菌和病毒病原的研究进展

导致羔羊腹泻的因素多样,细菌和病毒感染是最关键的因素,其危害也最严重。已有很多专家、学者应用不同的方法对引起羔羊腹泻的病原开展了大量研究,旨在探明引起羔羊腹泻的主要病原。近年来,对病原的研究主要集中于病原主要编码基因和功能蛋白在致病过程中的作用及其分子流行病学。作者从分子水平将近年来导致羔羊腹泻的主要细菌和病毒病原进行综述,并据此为羔羊腹泻病原学发展提出看法。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒引起仔猪腹泻的诊断

为了对贵州省某猪场发生的仔猪腹泻疫情进行病原学诊断,采用细菌分离培养、PCR及RT-PCR方法分别对采集的病料进行了细菌、猪流行性腹泻病毒及其他3种病原检测。结果显示,猪流行性腹泻病毒检测样品中出现651 bp目的条带,其他几种病原检测均为阴性,细菌分离培养未见细菌生长。结果表明,此次仔猪腹泻疫情的主要病因为猪流行性腹泻病毒感染。     

规模猪场仔猪腹泻病的诊断与防制

2010年以来,华东地区出现了大面积的仔猪腹泻病．部分省份的仔猪发病率高达87％．其主要病原为猪流行性腹泻病毒和猪传染性胃肠炎病毒。2012年1月,重庆长寿区一规模猪场暴发严重的仔猪腹泻病．仔猪多在吃初乳后1天左右发病．出现水样腹泻、呕吐、脱水等症状。发病率高达70％,病死率达90％。经血清学和病原学诊断,该病主要由猪流行性腹泻病毒和猪A群轮状病毒引起,并伴发了大肠杆菌病和Kobu病毒病。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒S基因的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻是由猪流行性腹泻病毒引起的猪的一种急性肠道传染病,是导致仔猪早期死亡的重要疫病之一。近年来,猪流行性腹泻的流行区域有逐渐扩大的趋势,已成为中国甚至世界最常见的猪腹泻传染病之一。通过对猪流行性腹泻病毒基因组概述、S基因及其编码蛋白的功能特性、基于猪流行性腹泻病毒S基因的诊断技术及其疫苗研究进展等方面进行综述,以期对猪流行性腹泻病毒S基因研究以及猪流行性腹泻的预防和控制提供帮助。     

仔猪常见腹泻性传染病的综合防制

猪腹泻性传染病病原种类繁多，病性复杂，近年来又不断有新病原出现，同时还存在多种病原混合感染，成为一个引人注目的世界性问题。腹泻通常见于仔猪，也见于母猪。但近年来，在群养仔猪中，腹泻性传染病的发病率增多，己成为仔猪生长受阻和死亡率高的主要原因。引起仔猪腹泻的病因主要有病毒性、细菌性和寄生虫性，临床上以细菌性和病毒性腹泻最常见，危害最重。下面主要介绍仔猪常见的几种病毒性和细菌性腹泻病的鉴别及其综合防制措施。     

某规模化猪场仔猪腹泻的诊断及防治

某规模化猪场多次发生较大规模仔猪腹泻,临床症状多以5～20日龄的仔猪呕吐、严重腹泻和脱水,病理变化主要出现在消化道,发病率18%,死亡率15%。经过对猪场饲养管理的了解,并结合临床症状、病变检查、实验室分子生物学鉴别诊断进行综合分析,确定病原主要以大肠杆菌和轮状病毒感染为主,也存在流行性腹泻病毒和轮状病毒的混合感染,根据检测结果,养殖场积极采取防治措施,仔猪病死率逐步下降,因此发生仔猪腹泻病时及时进行病原学检测很有必要。     

仔猪腹泻病综合防控技术探讨

通过对腹泻疫情发生、流行的成因分析,联合江苏农业科学院相继开展了多病原感染情况调查、PEDV超敏感胶体金快速检测研究、酵母细胞壁免疫多糖配伍T-P二联苗免疫效果等试验。查实了腹泻病主要病原,建立出新的生猪腹泻病病原检测方法,开发出猪流行性腹泻病毒疫苗免疫新技术。通过完善饲养管理措施、运用断奶仔猪培育技术、优化免疫程序等一系列措施细化饲养管理技术,建立完善了仔猪腹泻病综合防控技术体系,使仔猪腹泻病发病率、死亡率均有所下降,提高了广大生猪养殖场生产效率和经济效益。     

猪早期断奶腹泻病的病因及防控技术

断奶仔猪腹泻病导致仔猪生长缓慢,生长发育停滞;同时由于腹泻导致仔猪体质下降,免疫力降低,对疾病的抵抗力减弱,容易继发感染其他疾病,也是断奶仔猪死亡的重要原因。仔猪腹泻病造成饲料报酬率、仔猪成活率降低,严重威胁养猪业的健康发展。本文从应激诱发,消化机能不健全,病原危害,饲养管理等方面分析研究了引起仔猪腹泻症的原因,并提出了一些综合性防控猪腹泻的措施。     

猪嵴病毒的特征及检测技术研究进展

嵴病毒是从近年来暴发的仔猪病毒性腹泻疫情中新发现的小RNA病毒科嵴病毒属成员,可引起仔猪的病毒性腹泻。目前对猪嵴病毒的研究刚刚起步,相关报道也比较匮乏。通过对猪嵴病毒的病原学特征及检测技术研究进展作一简要概述,为科研人员加强深入研究及了解仔猪病毒性腹泻疫情的整体概况提供参考。     

PEDV编码蛋白拮抗宿主天然免疫的研究进展

猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)属于冠状病毒家族成员,是近年来引起新生仔猪水样腹泻致死的主要病原之一,给养殖业带来了巨大威胁.病毒感染后,宿主细胞通过模式识别受体(PRRs)识别病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),促进I型干扰素等细胞因子的产生,进而抑制病毒的增殖.近年来的研究表明,PEDV能够通过其编码蛋白对宿主的抗病毒天然...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -