蛇代谢综合征继发感染细菌的分离鉴定及致病性试验

近年来,广西人工饲养的蛇发生代谢障碍综合征后,病死率较高,为查清原因,对临床接诊的18例蛇代谢障碍综合征病例的心、肝、脾等脏器病料进行细菌分离鉴定,并测定分离菌对小鼠和蛇的致病力。结果从18例病蛇的不同组织器官中分离到10株细菌,PCR结合生化试验方法,鉴定出4种细菌,分别为粪肠球菌、克氏葡萄球菌、缓慢葡萄球菌和弗格森氏大肠埃希菌,并对其进行种系发育关系分析。所鉴定的4种细菌对昆明小鼠和蛇的致病力差异较大,克氏葡萄球菌和弗格森氏大肠埃希菌对昆明小鼠有较强致病性,粪肠球菌和缓慢葡萄球菌对昆明小鼠致病力较弱;克氏葡萄球菌对眼镜蛇有致病性,其余菌对王锦蛇、眼镜蛇、滑鼠蛇均无致病性。     

眼镜蛇腐皮病病原菌分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了研究眼镜蛇腐皮病的致病菌,试验采用细菌分离培养的方法,在无菌条件下,从患腐皮病眼镜蛇皮肤溃烂处挑取少许内容物划线接种于普通琼脂平板、兔血平板、SS琼脂平板及真菌培养基上,继而选取优势菌落进行分离、纯培养。结果表明:得到9种细菌,没有发现真菌。根据细菌形态、菌落生长特征和生化特性得出,这9种细菌分别为:黏质沙雷菌1株、奇异变形杆菌3株、铜绿假单胞菌3株、克氏耶尔森菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌1株、雷极普鲁威登斯菌1株、嗜麦芽假单胞菌1株、金黄色葡萄球菌1株和腐生葡萄球菌3株。经致病性试验证实,奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、克氏耶尔森菌、雷极普鲁威登斯菌、嗜麦芽假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有致病性,黏质沙雷菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和腐生葡萄球菌无致病性。药物敏感性试验证实:在15株致病菌中,除克氏耶尔森菌外,均对妥布霉素和庆大霉素高度敏感;嗜麦芽假单胞菌对妥布霉素不敏感,对庆大霉素高度敏感;除金黄色葡萄球菌外,均对阿米卡星高度敏感;15株致病菌均对头孢类抗生素不同程度敏感;哌拉西林、氨曲南和卡那霉素对大部分菌有抑制作用。说明眼镜蛇腐皮病主要由致病性细菌引起,敏感药物治疗后有良好效果。     

猪粪便中致病性病原菌检测与耐药性分析

为了检测猪粪便中的致病微生物并分析其耐药性,试验采用细菌分离培养、生化试验、16S rRNA PCR检测与测序、致病性试验等方法对从镇江地区不同养猪场采集的100份粪便样品进行病原菌鉴定,采用K-B药敏纸片法测定致病性病原菌的耐药性。结果表明:从100份粪便样品中分离得到大肠杆菌25株、沙门氏菌17株、金黄色葡萄球菌15株,其中致病性大肠杆菌20株,致病性沙门氏菌15株,致病性金黄色葡萄球菌10株;分离菌16S rRNA PCR扩增得到大小约为1 492 bp的目的条带;57株分离株的PCR产物测序结果与GenBank中参考株基因序列的同源性高于97.0%;致病性大肠杆菌对阿莫西林、环丙沙星、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶等12种药物的耐药率在65.0%～95.0%之间,致病性沙门氏菌对阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素等12种药物的耐药率在46.7%～100%之间,致病性金黄色葡萄球菌对阿莫西林、庆大霉素、氟苯尼考等9种药物的耐药率在50.0%～100%之间,且存在多重耐药性。     

腹泻兔病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性检测

为了确定娄底地区兔腹泻的病原菌、致病性及耐药性,对采集的203份患腹泻的兔肛拭子、粪便进行病原菌分离鉴定,结果分离得到了30株大肠埃希氏菌、20株铜绿假单胞菌、17株产气荚膜梭菌、15株金黄色葡萄球菌;人工接种小鼠试验、KB药敏纸片法分别检测病原菌的致病性及耐药性,结果表明分离得到20株大肠埃希氏菌、15株铜绿假单胞菌、12株产气荚膜梭菌、10株金黄色葡萄球菌对小鼠具有致病性;分离的15株致病性铜绿假单胞菌对阿莫西林、氨曲南、庆大霉素等7种药物耐药率在46.7%以上,分离的12株致病性产气荚膜梭菌对环丙沙星、磺胺嘧啶、氟苯尼考等8种药物耐药率在41.7%以上,分离的10株致病性金黄色葡萄球菌对磺胺嘧啶、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素等7种药物耐药率在80.0%以上,分离的20株大肠埃希氏菌对磺胺嘧啶、多黏菌素、强力霉素等7种药物耐药率在45.0%以上,4种病原菌对其他药物具有不同的耐药性。     

猪源科氏葡萄球菌的分离与鉴定

从病死猪肺脏内分离到的1株优势菌并命名为SCI-1。根据细菌的形态特征、生化特性、并结合分离菌株的16SrDNA基因核苷酸序列测定以及系统进化树分析,确定分离菌株为科氏葡萄球菌。动物致病性试验表明,该分离株对小鼠具有较强致病性。药敏结果显示,该菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星及磺胺间甲氧嘧啶敏感;对阿奇霉素、氯霉素、红霉素、氟苯尼考、阿莫西林及强力霉素耐药。     

致病性奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染致奶牛关节脓肿和腹泻的研究

试验旨在查明2012年底甘肃省某奶牛场奶牛关节脓肿和腹泻的病因并选择合适的治疗药物。经牛病毒性腹泻黏膜病毒(BVDV)和牛轮状病毒(BRV)检测、细菌分离鉴定、小鼠致病性试验、药敏试验及血清中钙磷含量测定等综合分析,确诊该病是由致病性奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染引起的。这2种分离菌对青霉素、阿莫西林、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、四环素、氟哌酸及复方新诺明等常用药物严重耐药,均对氟苯尼考中度敏感。经氟苯尼考治疗和加强饲养管理后该病得到有效控制。     

猪渗出性皮炎的诊治

从疑似渗出性皮炎病猪皮肤溃疡浆液和痂皮下组织中分离出2株细菌，通过对分离菌株进行形态特征、培养特性观察、生化特性鉴定，结果表明该分离菌为白色表皮葡萄球菌。通过对家兔进行致病性试验，证实表皮葡萄球菌对家兔有一定的致病性。药敏试验结果表明分离菌对庆大霉素、先锋V、丁胺卡那霉素和万古霉素高度敏感。应用庆大霉素对该病进行治疗得到较好疗效。     

牦牛源溶血致病性表皮葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏分析

对1株分离自西藏那曲地区养殖场有出血性症状牦牛的致病性菌进行分子鉴定及药敏分析,为西藏地区牦牛出血性疾病提供治疗依据。通过对病死牦牛肺脏、肝脏进行细菌分离纯化获得疑似菌株,对所得疑似菌株进行形态学观察与哥伦比亚血平板试验筛选出疑似致病菌株,再对疑似致病菌株进行生理生化鉴定试验、16S rDNA通用引物检测及测序、同源性比对,后经药敏试验得到该疑似致病菌株的敏感药物,最后通过动物回归试验验证其敏感药物的治疗效果。结果表明,通过对病死牦牛肺脏、肝脏分离纯化获得6株疑似菌株,经形态学观察试验、哥伦比亚血平板试验筛选出1株具有溶血性的革兰氏阳性球菌S-4。经生理生化鉴定试验、16S rDNA测序、同源性比对,鉴定S-4菌株为表皮葡萄球菌;药敏试验结果显示,S-4菌株对恩诺沙星、新霉素、多黏菌素B、卡那霉素、环丙沙星敏感,对氟苯尼考、多西环素中介敏感,对链霉素、红霉素、四环素、青霉素、头孢氨苄耐受;动物回归试验显示,该菌株具有致病性,且恩诺沙星、新霉素、卡那霉素3种药物治疗效果良好,多黏菌素B、环丙沙星治疗效果差。本试验获得1株具有致病性的牦牛源表皮葡萄球菌,该致病菌在养殖过程中可使用恩诺沙星、新霉素、卡那霉素3种药物进行治疗。     

眼镜蛇缓慢葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

对广西南宁市某眼镜蛇养殖场送检的患病眼镜蛇进行病理剖检及病原菌分离鉴定,根据临床发病症状、病理变化、病理组织学检查、病原分离鉴定及致病力试验结果,确诊为缓慢葡萄球菌感染.该分离菌对小鼠有一定的致病性;药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对阿莫西林钠舒巴坦钠、头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠、氨苄西林钠、阿莫西林钠、苯唑西林钠、哌拉西林钠、阿米卡星敏感,对头孢曲松钠、氧氟沙星、利福平中介,对链霉素、林可霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、氟苯尼考、土霉素、诺氟沙星耐药.选择敏感抗生素阿莫西林钠舒巴坦钠添加在水和料中预防发病,患病眼镜蛇肌肉注射头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠,46条病蛇经一个疗程治疗,仅5条死亡,效果显著,蛇群无新病例发生,1周后逐渐恢复采食.     

猫口腔炎的细菌分离鉴定

通过采样拭子采集患口腔炎的猫口腔黏膜、舌头、牙龈分泌物样本,分离到23株菌,经致病性试验证实有3种菌具有致病性。根据形态、生长特性和生化特性,11株被鉴定为葡萄球菌,9株被鉴定为链球菌,3株被鉴定为巴氏杆菌;从5只健康猫样本中分离到大肠杆菌5株。细菌分离结果表明,大肠杆菌为常在非致病菌,葡萄球菌、链球菌及巴氏杆菌为致病菌。药敏试验结果表明,分离的3种致病菌对头孢噻肟高度敏感。因此临床上治疗应首选头孢类抗生素。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein