动物源性食品存在的问题及对策

目前,食品安全问题频频发生,危害严重。随着科技的不断发展,新的有害化学物质、微生物和生物的出现,食源性病原体及人类的疾病也在增加。由动物或动物源性食品引发的食品安全事件更是屡屡发生,对畜牧业造成巨大损失的同时,也对人类健康构成了极大的威胁。1存在的问题致病菌、病毒、寄生虫的污染。食源性致病菌中常见的有金黄色葡萄球菌、肉毒杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、李斯特菌等。     

兽药残留的危害及控制措施

1危害兽药及其代谢产物通过粪便、尿液等进入环境,由于仍具生物活性,对环境有潜在的毒性会对土壤微生物、水生生物及昆虫等造成影响。进入环境中的兽药被动、植物富集,然后进入食物链,危害人类健康。兽用抗生素残留积累,人食用后可引发过敏反     

饲料中潜在的危害及预防控制对策

饲料安全关乎到畜牧业的安全和经济建设的良性发展,关系到人类的健康和社会的稳定。如何预防控制饲料中的潜在危害应是我们饲料工作者研究的重要课题之一。1饲料中可能存在的危害风险饲料可能存在的危害大体可以分为三类:生物危害、化学危害和物理危害。1.1生物危害可包括动物疫病病原微生物和寄生虫、人类病原微生物、食源性致病性微生物、腐败菌、霉菌。1.1.1动物疫病病原微生物和寄生虫这类危害又可分为人兽共患病病原和不感染人的动物疫病病原。这类危害比较大的有:口蹄疫病毒、结核杆菌、布氏杆菌、炭疽杆菌、猪水疱病病毒、猪瘟病毒、…     

高级别生物安全实验室的安全与防护

生物安全是指病原微生物、转基因生物及其产品、外来有害微生物等生物体对人类、动植物、微生物和生态环境可能产生的潜在风险或现实危害的防范和控制。生物安全概念的提出源于20世纪40年代,但其内容较为模糊,更多地倾向与实验室污染所造成的危害,即实验室生物安全。     

犊牛腹泻症的临床类型及防控策略

在饲养犊牛的过程中,腹泻病是一种非常常见的临床疾病,引发原因大都来自于致病菌感染和饲养管理不当而造成犊牛的营养不良,再加上防疫制度上的不完善、不健全,造成饲养环境中的细菌、病毒、寄生虫繁衍滋生,从而引发犊牛的胃肠道感染,患上腹泻症。腹泻症是一种发病机理复杂的疾病,可能由单一或多种因素诱发,其发病原因和疾病、产房环境、摄入营养、先天遗传等方面都有密切的联系。我们通常将其分为传染和非传染两类。前者是由犊牛自身的消化功能或神经调节机能的不完善、适应力差、日粮抗原过敏反应等引发腹泻。后者则是指因为营养不良、应激因素、肠道寄生虫的寄生等原因引发的腹泻。     

动物性食品安全

近几年来,世界食品安全问题频频发生,危害严重、影响广泛,由动物或动物食品引发的食品安全事件屡屡发生,在对养殖业造成巨大损失的同时,对人类健康也构成了极大的威胁。1食品安全概论1.1动物性食品又称动物源食品,是指由单位生产的肉、蛋、奶等科食性组织及其加工的产品,由于动物性食品安     

我国蜂产品质量安全风险评估体系架构初探(续)

3、风险评估基本程序 根据FAO／WHO规定对人体健康风险评估,评估程序包括四个步骤：危害识别、危害特征描述、暴露评估、风险特征描述。其中,危害特征描述和暴露评估是风险评估最关键的两个步骤。在这些步骤中,不同风险评估方法可根据不同要求和条件穿插应用到风险评估中,目的是确定由严重程度和发生概率共同决定下的风险值（见公式1）。     

猪呼吸道疾病的流行与综合防控

随着猪养殖业的规模化和集约化发展,猪呼吸道疾病的发生概率逐渐提升。猪呼吸道疾病主要是由病毒性感染细菌性感染和寄生虫性感染引起的一种传染性疾病,对猪养殖业的危害比较大。发病原因多种,包括病原侵袭,也包括饲养管理和环境条件等因素。一旦发生该病,造成严重的经济损失,不利于我国猪养殖业的健康发展。为此,应该结合猪呼吸道疾病的病因采取综合性的防控措施。     

仔猪链球菌病的诊治

仔猪链球菌病是由多种致病性链球菌感染引起的一种人畜共患病,其致病率和致死率都较高,不仅危害生养猪业发展,还可能危害人类健康,引发公共卫生安全事件。本文对仔猪链球菌病的临床表现、剖检变化进行了分析,提出了对该病的治疗和预防措施。     

生鲜乳中危害因子与奶业质量安全分析

正1生鲜乳中危害因子与质量安全防范措施1.1生鲜乳中的风险危害因子生鲜乳质量安全隐患问题的制约因素较多,从当前来看,生鲜乳中的风险危害因子主要包括非法违禁添加物、兽药残留、细菌微生物及其代谢产物和有害重金属残留。2008年婴幼儿奶粉事件后,我国食品卫生部门相继发布了《食品中可能违法添加的非食用物质名单(第一批)》、第二批、第三批均涉及到乳及乳制品中的非法违禁添加物、兽药残留、细菌     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.