海南芦笋园杂草种类调查及杂草防除技术研究

系统调查海南芦笋种植区的主要杂草种类,明确芦笋园的杂草优势种群,并以此为基础进行盆栽芦笋化学除草药效试验及覆盖控草试验。结果表明,海南芦笋园常见杂草有21科106种,其中优势种群由马齿苋、红尾翎、短颖马唐、龙爪茅、牛筋草、砖子苗、假臭草、伞房花耳草及鳢肠9种构成。采用覆盖控草和化学除草可在一定程度上控制杂草的发生：覆盖9种植物60 d后,防效可达60%以上,且覆盖葛藤、毛蔓豆、飞机草、薇甘菊、肿柄菊后,芦笋抽笋数和新笋径围都显著高于其余各处理;施用4种除草剂60 d后,盖草能和乙草胺对盆栽芦笋的防效较高且安全。因此,在实际生产中,通过覆盖控草和化学除草相结合,可最大限度的控制芦笋园中杂草。     

海南剑麻园杂草种类调查及防除技术研究

本文系统调查了海南剑麻主要种植区的杂草种类,确定了剑麻园的杂草优势种群,并以此为基础进行了剑麻园除草试验。结果表明,本区剑麻园杂草发生种类共有21科121种,其中优势种杂草主要为红毛草、大黍、白茅、短颖马唐、飞机草、假臭草、羽芒菊和含羞草8种杂草;采用间种豆科植物或多年生藤本植物覆盖控草可在一定程度上控制杂草的发生,其中间种花生、大翼豆处理具有明显的防除效果,且间种豆科植物能提高土壤肥力,可以在该地区进一步推广应用。     

中国剑麻园杂草种类分布危害调查与防控策略

剑麻是我国重要的热带经济作物,杂草危害给剑麻生产带来严重障碍和损失。为了掌握我国广东、广西和海南剑麻园杂草情况,从而进行科学防控。本研究采取踏查和定块系统调查相结合,全面调查了我国剑麻园杂草种类、分布与危害。结果表明,剑麻园共有杂草49科144属200种,其中禾本科40种,菊科24种,豆科20种,茜草科和莎草科各10种;一年生杂草79种,二年生杂草1种,多年生杂草100种,其它生活周期20种;种子繁殖杂草143种,种子、茎和根茎等繁殖杂草57种;外来杂草68种,本地杂草132种;5级危害的杂草3种（大白茅、铺地黍和香附子）,4级危害的杂草7种（牛筋草、短颖马唐、假臭草、阔叶丰花草、加拿大蓬、鬼针草、薇甘菊）。在剑麻园杂草防控方面,提出了生态优先,以草治草策略和不生草的剑麻园不可能是生态剑麻园,只有生良草的剑麻园才可能是生态园的新观点,并采取剑麻园种草控草、养地、养麻、养畜和驱虫防病的生态化管理技术措施,达到减肥减药、生态安全的可持续发展目标。     

不同生物炭种类与施用量对胡椒园土壤培肥效果研究

将生物炭用于胡椒园土壤,探讨生物炭对胡椒园土壤培肥的作用,为生物炭培肥胡椒园土壤提供依据。试验设计C1和C2两种,两种生物炭施用量均为炭土比10 %、20 %、30 %,空白土壤为对照(CK),测试土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾元素含量。研究结果表明：添加生物炭C1和C2都能显著提高胡椒园土壤有机质和速效钾含量,炭土比为30 %的生物炭C2施用量对土壤有机质和速效钾含量的影响最大;生物炭C1和C2的添加对土壤水解性氮和有效磷含量的影响不明显。     

漳州市花卉种植地常见杂草种类及优势种群调查研究

对福建省漳州市花卉种植地杂草进行调查,发现常见杂草有68种,分属22科,其中29种为主要杂草,运用乘积优势度法分析得出升马唐、牛繁缕、苦职、龙葵、藿香蓟等5种杂草为优势杂草种群,其中升马唐的MDR′为10.3%,危害级别最高。     

安徽省茶园杂草主要种类调查

正安徽省是全国主要茶区之一,茶区涵盖50多个县(市、区),地处北纬29.5°～32.0°,横跨江南和江北茶区,依据地貌特征和生态因素划分为皖南山地茶区、皖西大别山茶区、沿江江南丘陵茶区和江淮丘陵茶区。茶树栽培历史悠久,时空格局复杂。茶树是多年生常绿灌丛,茶园远比一般农田生态系统稳定,其杂草群落组成复杂、稳定性强。茶园土壤的母土     

胡椒园土壤养分相关性研究

对海南典型胡椒园0～40 cm土层养分的相关性的研究结果表明：土壤pH和全N属弱变异,其余养分均属高变异;除全N和交换性Ca外,其余养分的中心趋向分布为非标准正态分布;土壤有机质与碱解N、速效K、有效Cu、有效S呈极显著正相关,与交换性Ca呈显著正相关;pH与碱解N、交换性Ca、有效Mn、有效Cu呈极显著正相关,与速效K呈显著正相关。     

甘肃省亚麻田杂草种类及危害程度评价

为准确评价农田杂草的危害程度,为亚麻杂草综合防控提供依据,采用倒置"W"9点取样法调查甘肃省亚麻主产区亚麻田杂草种类、株数、株高和盖度.依据调查结果分析提出相对优势度RA的计算公式:RA=RD(相对密度)+RF(相对频度)+RU(相对均度)+RH(相对高度)+RC(相对盖度).该计算方法与国内外文献报道的不同,属于计算...     

湖北省冬小麦田杂草种类与群落特征

为明确湖北省冬小麦田杂草的发生危害现状和群落组成特征,运用倒置"W"9点取样法对该省冬小麦主产区麦田杂草群落进行了调查。结果表明,湖北省冬麦田杂草有16科39种,其中禾本科杂草占18%,阔叶杂草占82%。相对多度达15以上的杂草依次为猪殃殃、牛繁缕、日本看麦娘、野老鹳草、野燕麦和大巢菜等6种,其中猪殃殃、牛繁缕和日本看麦娘的相对多度分别为74.19、51.66和30.36,为优势种类。     

讷河市大豆田杂草的种类及化学防除技术

通过两年的调查、鉴定，目前讷河市大豆田常见或部分地块大量发生的杂草有60余种，隶属19科。针对杂草发生种类，应采取以苗前封闭除草和苗期茎叶处理的化学除草为主，结合机械除草和人工除草，以达到综合防除杂草的效果。     

江苏金坛水稻田杂草发生危害调查研究

为揭示江苏金坛稻麦轮作制水稻田杂草组成、发生等危害特点,于2014年10月调查不同区域、不同管理措施的90块水稻田。结果显示:金坛地区水稻田有12科21属23种杂草,其中外来入侵杂草2种;优势杂草种为鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)、水苋菜(Ammannia baccifera)、稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、多花水苋(Ammannia multiflora)。     

湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态与发生规律

 1996～1997年在浙江嘉兴调查了湿润直播稻田杂草出苗动态和发生规律,并比较了直播与移栽,早稻、单季晚稻与连作晚稻直播,翻耕与免耕直播间杂草发生差异。湿润直播稻田杂草以稗草、千金子、异型莎草、节节菜、陌上菜为主,其次有通泉草、丁香蓼、水芹。禾本科、莎草科和阔叶杂草种类数分别占25.0%、18.8%和56.2%,出苗数量分别占11.2%、11.6%和77.2%。单季晚稻直播田稗草、千金子发生重于其他直播田,直播田稗草和千金子数量明显高于移栽田。直播田杂草于播种后3～4 d陆续出苗,1～3周达到高峰。连作晚稻直播田播后6～8周出现明显的第二个出苗高峰。以阔叶杂草为绝对优势的翻耕直播田杂草发生重于免耕田。直播田杂草数量自然消长呈现与出苗动态相同的趋势。直播田杂草发生以稗草、千金子、丁香蓼较早,节节菜、陌上菜、通泉草次之,异型莎草和水芹较迟。稗草、千金子及其他几种主要杂草出苗高峰均呈单峰状态,而节节菜、陌上菜在连作晚稻直播田的出苗则为双峰。     

Effect of herbicides and annual weeds on the yield and seed quality of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Field research conducted over six location years has indicated that lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a poor competitor with annual weed species. Failure to control annual weeds reduced lathyrus seed yields by 54–95%, depending on the weed species present and their density. Weed competition also reduced thousand-seed weight. Preplant soil-incorporated applications of trifluralin and postemergence applications of sethoxydim controlled wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beav.). Trifluralin failed to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), an important broad-leaved weed in western Canada, but this weed was controlled by both preplant soil-incorporated and postemergence applications of metribuzin. Lathyrus exhibited excellent tolerance to these herbicides, which are currently registered for use on high-acreage crops in Canada.     

水稻直播田抗药性杂草防控技术探讨

田间试验表明,采用“一封一杀”的动态防治模式,以“封闭为主,茎叶喷雾为辅”的防治策略较为符合浙中稻区水稻直播田生产用药实际。“一封一杀”是指播后芽前每667 m2用30%丙草胺EC100 mL进行土壤封闭,苗后杂草用300 g/L丙草胺EC100 mL+3%氯氟吡啶酯OD 53.3 mL、13%氰氟·氯氟吡啶酯EC 80 mL+100 g/L氰氟草酯EC100 mL、10%双环·双唑GG 200 g、39%敌稗·异噁草松EC 200 mL+85%丁草胺EC 47 m L喷施茎叶;或每667 m2用4%双唑草腈SC 150 mL进行土壤封闭、播后10～15 d上水撒施2%双唑草腈GR 600 g。     

Weed management in no-till winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In general, effective weed control in no-tillage systems is based on the use of herbicides. However, the development of appropriate weed management strategies can help to reduce the amount of herbicides applied.     

不同月份黑胡椒精油化学成分的研究

以4个不同月份胡椒鲜果为原料制备成黑胡椒,通过GC-MS对4个不同月份黑胡椒精油的化学成分进行分析。结果表明：（1）胡椒不同月份对胡椒精油化学成分的种类与含量都有显著影响。（2）不同月份黑胡椒精油中含量较多的化学成分主要有3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、石竹烯、α-石竹烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、δ-榄香烯和α-蒎烯等8种烯类物质。     

Discrimination of weed seedlings, wheat (Triticum aestivum) stubble and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)

The potential of using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to discriminate between seven broadleaf weed species, sunflower and wheat stubble was evaluated. Our results showed that the spectral window between 750 and 950 nm, which corresponds to near-infrared wavelength, was able to discriminate among wheat stubble, sunflower and the most problematic “hard-to-control” weeds in no-till sunflower, i.e. Little mallow (Malva parviflora L.) and Ecballium elaterium L. These results are promising for further work in real-time remote sensing identification of weed patches in sunflower fields.     

Biology,impact, and management of Echinochloa colona (L.) Link

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. is one of the most problematic weeds across the world. It is an annual C₄ summer grass, native to tropical and subtropical Asia, emerged as a serious and persistent threat in 35 cropping systems in more than 60 countries. E. colona is reported as an important associated weed species in transplanted and direct-seeded rice. Diverse ecotypes, high seed production, short seed dormancy, rapid growth, competitive potential, allelopathic interaction, and resistance against several herbicides makes it a more adaptable and persistent challenge in various agro-ecosystems. Development of resistance to recommended or higher doses of numerous herbicides, including ametryn, atrazine, bispyribac-sodium, clefoxidym, cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, glyphosate, metribuzin, propanil, and triazine, is a serious concern for the farming and scientific community. Crop infestation with resistant E. colona biotypes may ultimately increase the weed control cost. Unfortunately, investigations on seed dormancy release, genetic diversity, allelopathic interference, and competitive ability of this weed are inadequate in accomplishing its appropriate control in different environments. Therefore, a comprehensive review is presented here to gather the existing information, to pin point key findings, and to highlight the research gaps in the biology, interference, and management of E. colona. Different management options have been discussed in relation with eco-biology of this noxious weed. The potential research endeavours have also been highlighted in order to provide an insight of its existing scenario and to facilitate the future management strategies.     

Economic analysis of chemical weed control in irrigated garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Sudan Savanna Ecology, Nigeria

An economic analysis on the use of herbicide to control weeds in garlic production in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 dry seasons indicated a considerable reduction in the cost of weed control and labour demand with the application of herbicide. Although the hoe weeding and the herbicide gave comparable bulb yield in 2002/2003 dry season, the net return per hectare was higher with herbicide application in both seasons. Similarly, the value of labour saved through herbicides use was positive throughout and increased significantly in 2003/2004 dry season.     

胡椒叶片挥发性成分HS-SPME-GC/MS分析

以胡椒属种质蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱和质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定3种种质叶片中的挥发性成分及用面积归一法计算其相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔的挥发性成分59种,其中从蒌叶中共鉴定出挥发性成分36种,其含量较高的有安息香醛、荜澄茄油烯和β-石竹烯,相对含量分别为23.56％、9.36％和8.54％;从墨西哥胡椒中鉴定出挥发性成分18种,其中含量较高的有肉桂醛、萜品烯和萜品油烯,相对含量分别为77.98％、5.88％和5.11％;而假荜菝叶片挥发性成分有25种,含量较高的有β-石竹烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇。挥发性成分的种类在3种胡椒属种质中都不相同,总的相对百分含量也不同,说明不同的种质,叶片挥发性成分有一定的差异。