Possible alternative utilization of Cynara spp.: I. Biomass, grain yield and chemical composition of grain

Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and cultivated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.) are horticulturally important crop plants. These species have potential as biomass and oilseed crops. We field tested, for 3 years, two artichoke and two cardoon cultivars and one wild cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris Lam.) population on the Sicilian plain of Catania (37°27′ N, 15°04′ E, 10 m a.s.l.). On a 3-year average, the dry aboveground biomass resulted about 31 t ha⁻¹ in both cultivated cardoons, 18.8 t ha⁻¹ in wild cardoon, 13.7 t ha⁻¹ in globe artichoke ‘3/10 V.S.’ and 9.9 t ha⁻¹ in globe artichoke ‘374’ F₁. The caloric values of aboveground biomass (except for seeds), which was not significantly different among genotypes, ranged between 16 005 and 17 028 KJ kg⁻¹ of dry matter. The cultivated cardoon ‘Gigante di Lucca’ had the greatest grain yield (on 3-year average, 2.6 t ha⁻¹), whereas the two globe artichokes had the lowest yield (on 3-year average, 0.5 t ha⁻¹). Regardless of genotypes and years, the grains contain 20.1% crude protein, 24.4% oil, 18.5% crude fiber and 4.1% ash (dry weight basis). The grains of globe artichokes showed the highest crude protein content (21.6%), whereas those of cardoons the highest oil content (25.2%).     

Biomass and grain oil yields in Cynara cardunculus L. genotypes grown in a Mediterranean environment

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean perennial plant. Studies were conducted on cardoon for biomass production, in order to assess the plant as an alternative low input management crop in a Mediterranean environment. The grain oil has similar composition to sunflower or saffron oils and can be easily extracted. In this work, the results of cardoon biomass and grain oil production under Sicilian (South Italy) low input conditions are shown. In a completely randomized block, during 1998–2001, 14 genotypes of C. cardunculus L., five cultivated cardoons and nine wild cardoons, were evaluated for lignocellulosic biomass production, grain yield and chemical composition of the grain. The results showed, on average for the genotypes, a 3-year cumulative aboveground biomass of 47.4 t ha⁻¹ DM, the 6.3% of which was grain. Differences within the 3 years of cultivation were observed, due to varying water availability (rainfall differences) and age of the crop. The results showed some genotypes are very promising for biomass, grain and oil production. Moreover, the good range of variability observed among genotypes is important for developing cultivars suitable for varying cropping systems in breeding programs.     

Side-effects of botanical insecticides derived from Meliaceae on coccinellid predators of the date palm scale

Bioassays were conducted in Mauritania to determine the toxicity of botanical insecticides from the tree Melia volkensii Gürke (Meliaceae) to ladybird predators (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the date palm scale, Parlatoria planchardi Targ. (Homoptera: Diaspididae). M. volkensii seed extract was formulated in neem oil or a mixture of neem and maize oil. Three preparations were tested on Chilocorus bipustulatus L. var. iranensis, an introduced species, and one on the indigenous Pharoscymnus anchorago F., a species already used in previous bioassays. Fourth instar larvae were exposed for 2 days to treated scale-infested date palm leaves. The botanical insecticides were toxic to C. bipustulatus. Median lethal application rates (LR₅₀s) were close to the recommended application rate of 1 l/ha. In contrast, P. anchorago showed no increased mortality at this rate. Hazard quotients (application rate divided by the LR₅₀) were generally less than 2, suggesting a low risk for both species. However, risk mitigation measures are recommended when using oil formulations because the threshold value for C. bipustulatus, the more susceptible of the two ladybird species, would be exceeded at higher dose rates or when conducting multiple applications. Sublethal effects included an extension of the larval stage and morphogenetic defects. These effects were again more pronounced in C. bipustulatus than in P. anchorago.     

石斛的氨基酸组成及分析

利用全自动氨基酸分析仪测定22种主要石斛栽培品种的氨基酸组成和含量,并应用多元统计分析方法对其品质进行分析。结果表明,石斛中以天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸4种氨基酸含量最丰富;蛋氨酸和胱氨酸分别为石斛的第1和第2限制性氨基酸。不同品种石斛的氨基酸含量和组成比例存在一定差异,其中,10种石斛含有17种氨基酸和7种必需氨基酸,11种石斛未检出蛋氨酸或胱氨酸。参照FAO/WHO推荐标准,氨基酸营养价值较高的是线叶石斛、紫瓣石斛、杓唇石斛、玫瑰石斛、紫菀石斛和叠鞘石斛6个品种;采用主成分分析方法和聚类分析,可将22种石斛氨基酸分为4类品质,以石斛氨基酸指标聚类可将22种石斛聚为3类。     

中国西藏贝母兰属（兰科）新资料

贝母兰属植物隶属兰科,多数种类具较高的观赏价值,但西藏自治区的贝母兰属植物资源考察不充分。本文报道了兰科贝母兰属植物1个中国未详知种：细茎贝母兰（Coelogyne mishmensis Gogoi）;4个西藏新记录种：褐唇贝母兰（Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl.）、密茎贝母兰[Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D. Don) Lindl.]、疣鞘贝母兰（Coelogyne schultesii Jain et Das）、禾叶贝母兰（Coelogyne viscosa Rchb. F.）。其中,细茎贝母兰与流苏贝母兰（C. fimbriata Lindl.）极为相似,但细茎贝母兰花大,唇瓣边缘为厚绒毛状,与流苏状唇瓣相区别;褐唇贝母兰的近似种为云南贝母兰（C. assamica Linden & Rchb. f.）和斑唇贝母兰（C. fuscescens Lindl. var. brunnea Lindl.）,但三者的界限划分不明确,通过搜索模式标本,从植株和花的形态、颜色看,本文报道的种更接近褐唇贝母兰原变种;密茎贝母兰近似眼斑贝母兰（C. corymbosa Lindl.）,本研究提供鉴别特征将2种区分开;疣鞘贝母兰未在花期时,外观极易与黄绿贝母兰（C. prolifera Lindl.）混淆,但细微特征如鞘上具疣状突起,花唇瓣上具两条褶片等特征极易区别,本文提供了重要形态特征描述及详细特征图片等信息。该新记录的发现扩充了我国西藏自治区贝母兰属植物的记录,为今后兰科植物调查和保护研究提供新资料。     

基于形态学特征和psbA-trnH叶绿体编码基因序列明确五指山野生茶的分类地位

海南的野生茶树在植物形态分类学上,在植物分类上一般都认为属于普洱茶（Camellia sinensis var. assamica）,也有人认为是白毛茶（Camellia sinensis var. pubilimba）。五指山市以水满乡为代表,是海南野生茶分布的集中地区,为了进一步明确五指山市的野生茶分类地位,本研究通过在五指山市境内8个居群的野生茶植株的观察和测量。结果表明,五指山市野生茶树与茶（原变种）、普洱茶和白毛茶（茶的变种）等相比较,在形态方面,五指山市野生茶树更为接近普洱茶,但也有明显的区别,五指山市野生茶的叶子要比普洱茶、白毛茶的叶子大,侧脉稍多;从花形态分析,普洱茶的花瓣多为6~7枚,白毛茶为5~6枚,五指山市野生茶都是5枚。psbA-trnH叶绿体编码基因序列测序结果进一步表明,8个居群的五指山市的野茶30个样品为独立的一组,与普洱茶、白毛茶并列。我们认为五指山市野生茶也可确定为茶（原变种）的另一个变种,因此,命名为海南五指山水满茶（Camellia sinensis (Linnaeus) Kuntze var. shuiman F.Su and X.B.Yang）,简称水满茶。     

木通属21个种质油脂基本品质评价

比较木通属植物不同种质籽油品质的差异,综合评价不同种质的优劣,为其开发利用提供参考.以同一生境同一生长年限下的木通属植物为材料,分别测定并记录木通属植物21份种质的外形参数与产量性状,利用索氏提取法测定种子含油率,采用气相色谱法检测脂肪酸种类及含量,通过变异系数分析种间及种内种质的产量及品质差异.通过相关性分析、主成分...     

广佛手不同套种模式下根际土壤理化性质及有效态元素的变化

研究3种套种模式（分别套种广藿香、金钱草和穿心莲）对广佛手根际土壤理化性质和有效态元素的影响。结果表明,广佛手与广金钱草套种土壤pH最低（pH 6.1）,广佛手单作土壤pH最高（pH 6.4）;与广佛手单作相比,3种套种模式下土壤有机质含量和土壤碱解氮含量有所下降,其中与广金钱草套种下降最为显著,广藿香套种组土壤碱解氮与广佛手单作组无显著差异;穿心莲套种组比广佛手单作组土壤有效磷、速效钾含量分别提高了8.07%和3.41%,说明套种穿心莲后土壤有效磷、速效钾含量明显增加;广藿香套种组根际土壤交换性钙、镁,有效铜的含量降低,有效锌、铁、锰、硼的含量增加;广金钱草套种组根际土壤的交换性钙、镁,有效铜、锌、铁的含量降低,有效锰、硼的含量增加;穿心莲套种组根际土壤交换性钙、镁、有效铜、锰的含量降低,有效锌、铁、硼的含量增加;PCA分析结果表明碱解氮,速效钾,有效磷、铜、锌、铁是影响广佛手生长的特征因素;同时不同套种模式提高了整体经济效益。不同套种模式显著影响了广佛手根际土壤理化性质和有效态微量元素的含量,为广佛手套种模式的应用提供参考。     

不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆干燥特性及品质研究

采用先湿法脱皮再干燥的方式可以简化油莎豆榨油前工序,提高榨油效率。为探究最适合的干燥工艺,本文以湿法脱皮油莎豆为研究对象,探究其薄层热风干燥特性,对比分析不同干燥工艺下脱皮油莎豆品质及所制取油脂的品质变化规律,以期为油莎豆产业化发展提供支持。本实验分别将油莎豆在自然干燥以及热风温度为50℃、60℃、70℃,风速0.8 m/s条件下进行干燥,再测定油莎豆的色泽、硬度、复水性以及脱皮油莎豆所制取油脂的品质。实验结果显示,样品干燥后亮度值、泛红度降低,硬度升高;热风50℃样品复水性最好,自然干燥次之,热风70℃下样品复水性最差;热风干燥条件下,随着风温的升高,所制得的油莎豆油的酸价及过氧化值均呈增加趋势,但是远低于国家标准中对食用植物油的要求。     

13种苯丙烷代谢物对6种炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

炭疽病是广泛影响热带、亚热带植物的真菌性病害。开发绿色农药是有效防治炭疽病的重要手段。热带牧草柱花草的转录组和代谢组研究表明,苯丙烷代谢通路在响应炭疽菌侵染过程中显著上调。为评价苯丙烷代谢物的抑菌活性,本研究采用体外抑菌试验,测定了13种苯丙烷代谢物对柱花草胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶胶孢炭疽菌、大薯胶孢炭疽菌、芒果胶孢炭疽菌、番木瓜胶孢炭疽菌和橡胶尖孢炭疽菌等6种炭疽菌的菌丝生长抑制作用;进一步测定了活性较好的代谢物及其两两组合对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长和5种炭疽菌孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,13种代谢物对6种炭疽菌的抑制效果不同,在500 μmol/L和1000 μmol/L的浓度下,紫檀芪对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,高浓度时平均抑制率可达47.47%~80.74%;在1000 μmol/L的浓度下,根皮素和香豆素对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长也有一定的抑制效果,而其他9种代谢物对6种炭疽菌抑制作用较弱或者无明显抑制作用。代谢物两两组合时,含紫檀芪的代谢物组合对6种炭疽菌菌丝生长有显著的抑制作用,平均抑制率为31.07%~89.05%;紫檀芪及含紫檀芪的代谢物组合对5种炭疽菌孢子萌发有显著的抑制作用,对柱花草胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶胶孢炭疽菌、橡胶尖孢炭疽菌、芒果胶孢炭疽菌和番木瓜胶孢炭疽菌毒力最强的代谢物或组合分别为紫檀芪+根皮素、紫檀芪+阿魏酸、紫檀芪+阿魏酸、紫檀芪+根皮素、紫檀芪,IC₅₀值分别为293.475、67.660、184.764、108.671、68.417 μmol/L。本文所发掘的代谢物及其组合可为进一步研究防治炭疽病的绿色农药提供理论基础。     

北部产区长林系列油茶良种果实品质研究

油茶（Camellia oleifera）是我国第一大木本食用油料树种。为了选择适宜北部产区推广应用的油茶品种,以河南省光山县、新县和安徽省金寨县3个试验地的8个长林系列油茶品种（长林3号、4号、18号、23号、27号、40号、53号、55号）为材料,对果实性状进行测定,通过主成分分析筛选综合品质优良的品种。结果表明：（1）不同试验地对鲜果果径和鲜果出籽率的影响显著,对鲜果质量、鲜果果高、鲜籽质量的影响极显著;（2）不同试验地对茶油脂肪酸各组分含量的影响不显著;（3）不同品种在鲜果质量、鲜果果高、鲜果果径、鲜籽质量、鲜果出籽率、干出仁率、干仁含油率等指标上差异极显著;（4）不同品种在茶油脂肪酸各组分含量上差异不显著,长林53号的不饱和脂肪酸含量均值最大;仅从不饱和脂肪酸的角度分析,金寨县的长林53号表现优良;（5）通过主成分分析可知,仅考虑第一主成分,长林55号评价值（0.935）最高;各试验地排名依次为：金寨县（1.103）＞光山县（0.032）＞新县（-1.153）。综合评价认为,在北部油茶产区,长林53号、长林4号、长林18号和长林55号的果实性状综合表现较其它4个品种优良,可作为该产区优先推广应用的良种。     

Achievements and future directions of sunflower breeding

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is among the most important oil crops in the world. Due to its low to moderate production requirements, high oil quality, protein content, and utilization of all plant parts, it is grown on about 14 million ha. The major sunflower-producing countries in the world are the Soviet Union, Argentina, China, the United States, France, Spain, Romania, Turkey and Hungary. Sunflower became an oil crop around the end of the 19th century, when ‘popular selection’ was practiced in several parts of Russia to improve sunflower populations grown at that time.

The most important contributions to the development of sunflower were made by Pustovoit and Jdanov in the Soviet Union, who increased the oil concentration in sunflower seed above 500 g kg⁻¹. Leclercq of France discovered the first usable sourccytoplasmic male sterility in a cross H. petiolaris Nutt. × H. annuus L. and Kinman of the United States developed fertility restorer lines RHA 265 and RHA 266 which allowed practical development of sunflower hybrids.

When starting a breeding program, it is useful to design a model of the desired hybrid and then strive to develop the envisaged model as closely as possible. It is also advisable to direct breeding efforts toward a limited number of economically important traits. These should include: (1) components of seed and oil yield: the number of seeds per plant, test weight, 1000-seed weight, low husk content and high oil concentration in the seed; (2) architecture of the sunflower plant: plant height, head size and shape, angle of the head, leaf area and leaf canopy; (3) increased harvest index: oil quality, protein concentration and quality, early maturation, short stem and uniform height; and (4) resistance to diseases and drought using wild sunflower species.

Mass selection, a method of selecting desirable plants from a population on the basis of phenotypic traits, is still in effective method in sunflower breeding. Recurrent selection appears to be a promising method of increasing the frequency of desirable genotypes in a source population.

Genetic variability of the cultivated sunflower may be increased by interspecific hybridization with wild sunflower species. The inclusion of wild species programs is difficult because of differences in chromosome number (2n, 4n, 6n) and incompatibility. These obstacles have been overcome by embryo culture and other tissue culture techniques. Generally, the use of new technologies in sunflower breeding is imperative, particularly in regard to the introduction of resistance genes to diseases and insect pests.     

茶园三种间作模式对小贯小绿叶蝉及其天敌功能团群落的影响

为探讨茶园间作对茶园小贯小绿叶蝉（Empoasca onukiiMatsuda）的生态调控作用,本研究开展樱花（Cerasus sp.）、圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）、油菜（Brassica napus L.）间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉种群时序动态,及其天敌功能团组成结构、种群数量时序变化调查,分析间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团群落多样性和益害比。结果显示：樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶和油菜-茶中小贯小绿叶蝉的时间动态变化趋势与常规茶园无显著差异,但发生量较同期常规茶园显著下降（P=0.034<0.05）,全年分别下降25%~225%、20%~82.6%和20%~100%;经调查、鉴定得出,同期茶园小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团隶属于蜘蛛目、脉翅目和膜翅目,共计9个科、12个种,均为肉食性节肢动物;不同间作茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团种群的优势种、从属种和偶见种存在差异;与常规茶园相比,樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶可显著提高蜘蛛、捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫的种群数量（P<0.05）,油菜-茶可显著提高茶园中捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫的发生量,但对蜘蛛的发生量无显著影响;樱花-茶的小贯小绿叶蝉与天敌功能团益害比显著高于油菜-茶和圆叶决明-茶;多样性指数分析显示,樱花-茶、圆叶决明-茶、油菜-茶的小贯小绿叶蝉天敌功能团群落多样性与常规茶园存在显著差异,且通过聚类分析得出,当兰氏距离为4.79时,茶树间作模式分为2类,一类为常规茶园,一类为樱花-茶、油菜-茶和圆叶决明-茶。研究结果表明,间作樱花、圆叶决明、油菜能有效降低茶园中小贯小绿叶蝉的发生量,提高天敌功能团的种群数量和益害比,对小贯小绿叶蝉的发生起到明显的生态控制作用。     

西藏兰属（兰科）植物新记录

兰属植物观赏价值极高,在我国已有一千多年的栽培历史,西藏兰属植物资源丰富,摸清西藏兰属植物本底资源,可对今后培育观赏园艺品种提供基础资料。本研究报道了兰科兰属植物4个西藏新记录：莎叶兰（Cymbidium cyperifolium Wall. ex Lindl.）、福兰（C.devonianum Paxton）、春兰[C. goeringii (Rchb. f.) Rchb. f.]和大雪兰（C. mastersii Griff. ex Lindl.）,其中莎叶兰和蕙兰（C. faberi）近似,但莎叶兰花瓣和萼片无条纹,叶片边缘全缘;福兰为兰属家族中较特殊的一种,植株仅具2~4枚叶片,花数量大可以区别于该属其他种类;春兰植株近似于蕙兰,但春兰花葶极短,假鳞茎明显存在等特征与蕙兰甚易区分;大雪兰不开展的花及唇盘2条亮黄色纵脊均近似于莎草兰（C. elegans）,但大雪兰假鳞茎延长成茎状,叶窄,唇盘2条纵脊在中部汇合。本研究对新记录进行简要描述,并提供详细特征图片等。这些兰属新记录的发现扩充了西藏自治区兰属植物的记录,为今后对西藏兰属植物的栽培驯化以及培育园艺品种提供了新资料。     

龙脑樟法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因克隆及表达模式分析

法呢基焦磷酸合酶（farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase,FPS）是萜类及其衍生物合成的关键限速酶。本研究以龙脑樟为材料,基于转录组测序,克隆CcFPS基因,利用生物信息学软件分析该基因编码的氨基酸序列特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测CcFPS基因的表达,分析龙脑樟根、茎、叶中该基因的表达与总萜含量的关系。结果表明：CcFPS基因的开放阅读框为1053bp,编码350个氨基酸,分子量为40.4kDa,等电点pI为5.25,亲水性平均值（GRAVY）为-0.299。氨基酸同源性与沉水樟最高（98.86%）,含有7个相同的保守结构域和2个富含天冬氨酸的基序[DDXX(XX)D]。二级结构α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的比例分别为61.14%、6.57%、2.86%和29.43%,三级结构预测与沉水樟极其相似。系统发育树（NJ树）结果显示,CcFPS蛋白与同为樟科的沉水樟、山苍子的FPS处于同一个分支上。CcFPS基因在龙脑樟的根、茎、叶中均有表达,且表达具有组织特异性,在叶中的相对表达量最高,根中次之,茎中最低。在CcFPS蛋白调控的萜类...     

Biomass, extracted liquid yields, sugar content or seed yields of biofuel feedstocks as affected by fertilizer

Harvesting products from plants for conversion into renewable resources is increasing in importance. Determination of nutrition requirements for the applicable crops is necessary, especially in regions where the biofuel feedstock crops have not been historically grown. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), two hybrids and one variety; sweet and grain (milo) sorghums (both Sorghum bicolor L.), one variety each, and sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf.), four cultivars, were provided the recommended and twice the recommended rate of fertilizer. Biomass, expressed liquid volumes and sugar contents of sweet sorghum and sweet corn were determined. Grain yields of milo and sunflower and oil content of sunflower were determined. Sweet corn stalk sugar levels were below what is expected from field corn (maize), and were not affected by fertilizer rate. Sweet sorghum biomass and sugar content were within expected ranges and not affected by fertilizer rate. Milo grain yields were higher with increased fertilizer. Seed yield in Sunflower, which was below expected levels, was inconsistently affected by fertilizer rate, years or varieties. Overall crops year and cultivar/variety had more effect on results than did fertilizer. There does not appear to be a reason to provide fertilizer above recommended rates in production of these crops.     

猫须草无菌短枝组织培养与快速繁殖体系的建立

猫须草又称作“肾茶”,是一种生长在热带和亚热带地区的多年生草本植物,有一定的药用价值和观赏价值。在东南亚,猫须草作为一种传统的茶饮而深受人们喜爱,在我国则更多是作为一种中草药用于治疗肾脏疾病。然而猫须草野生药材资源日趋枯竭,传统生产繁殖方式难以满足市场需求,因此采用植物组织培养快速繁殖技术,为猫须草大规模种植提供种苗已成为急需解决的问题。为了研究适合猫须草的无菌短枝组织培养快速繁殖体系,本研究以带一对腋芽的猫须草幼嫩茎段为外植体,探究不同消毒方法、激素类型与浓度及培养基配方对猫须草无菌短枝组织培养的影响。结果表明,猫须草无菌短枝组织培养的最佳消毒方法为75%酒精浸泡10 s或15 s+0.1%升汞浸泡6 min,当0.1%升汞消毒时间为8 min时,猫须草无菌短枝的萌芽率显著下降,当0.1%升汞消毒时间为4 min时,猫须草无菌短枝的污染率显著提高。最佳初代培养基配方为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L或MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L;但当6-BA的浓度达2.0 mg/L时,组培苗长势细弱,叶片发黄,并有玻璃化发生。最佳继代培养基配方为MS+TDZ 0.05 mg/L+IBA 0.2 mg/L;与添加6-BA相比,添加TDZ更有利于猫须草无菌短枝继代组培苗的生长。最佳生根培养基配方为1/2MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L+IBA 1.0 mg/L+活性炭3 g/L,组培苗生根率可达95%。培养基配方及不同激素组合均会影响猫须草无菌短枝组培苗的生根,1/2MS培养基明显优于MS培养基,同时添加NAA和IBA比单独添加NAA的效果好。将组培苗移栽至珍珠岩、细河沙、泥炭土的体积比为1:1:1的混合基质中,植株生长良好,成活率高。研究结果可为猫须草大规模工厂化生产提供科学可行的技术支持。     

Effect of herbicides and annual weeds on the yield and seed quality of lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Field research conducted over six location years has indicated that lathyrus (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a poor competitor with annual weed species. Failure to control annual weeds reduced lathyrus seed yields by 54–95%, depending on the weed species present and their density. Weed competition also reduced thousand-seed weight. Preplant soil-incorporated applications of trifluralin and postemergence applications of sethoxydim controlled wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beav.). Trifluralin failed to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), an important broad-leaved weed in western Canada, but this weed was controlled by both preplant soil-incorporated and postemergence applications of metribuzin. Lathyrus exhibited excellent tolerance to these herbicides, which are currently registered for use on high-acreage crops in Canada.     

越南油茶40年生实生林优株筛选与遗传多样性分析

为了筛选越南油茶实生老林优株和探讨实生变异的遗传多样性,在海南省保梅岭生态保护区以40年生油茶老林32个丰产单株为试验材料,开展了主要农艺性状、经济性状和品质性状的田间调查和实验室检测。结果表明：从32个丰产单株中筛选出果实丰产性良好或果实、种子含油率较高的优株共20株,其中金波5号和23号果实丰产、果实和种子含油率较高;32个单株茶籽油理化性质和脂肪酸含量基本上都达到了《油茶籽油》（GB/T11765-2018）的要求;依据农艺和经济性状、茶籽油理化性质和茶籽油脂肪酸组成等差异分别作聚类分析,可以分别归属成6类（r ²=0.932）、10类（r ²=0.864）和7类（r ²=0.937）,3项聚类分析结果都能区分出丰度较高和较低的基因型种类,20个优株分别归属到全部6类、10类中的7类和全部6类中,说明越南油茶实生变异存在丰富的遗传多样性、不同种类基因型存在丰度差异,不同优株分属不同基因型种类。可见,越南油茶的育种目标应以丰产性和稳产性为主,金波5号和23号是有希望上升为品种的优株;越南油茶具备丰富的遗传多样性,且不乏有特色的稀有种质。     

Effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. for control of the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in maize in Kenya

The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and insecticide trichlorfon were compared for the control of stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in field experiments at different times of infestation. Egg masses of C. partellus at the blackhead stage were pinned to the undersurface of the maize leaves. Two fungal formulations, conidial aqueous suspensions and a granular formulation, were applied. Compared with the untreated checks, the numbers of surviving C. partellus larvae were significantly reduced in treatments where B. bassiana was applied at a concentration of 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹ as granules and as two aqueous spray formulations. No significant difference in numbers of stem borer larvae was found between trichlorfon and the untreated check. Fungus granules persisted longer in the field than did one spray of the fungus inoculum at the same concentration, or trichlorfon. A major increase in grain yield was obtained with two fungal sprays and with fungus granules both applied at a concentration of 10¹³ conidia ha⁻¹. A granular formulation of B. bassiana should be considered for the control of the stem borer C. partellus.