不同缝合材料与方法在犬小肠肠管吻合术中的应用效果观察

为了探索不同缝合材料与方法在犬小肠肠管吻合术中的应用效果,选择8只5-7月龄、7～8kg体重的家犬进行小肠肠管切除及吻合术,术后观察其精神状态与消化机能恢复情况,并于术后2个月剖检、切片,观察施术肠管的外部形态与肠壁组织学变化。结果显示:双层缝合比单层缝合的肠管易发生粘连,且肠腔内部比较狭窄;双层缝合的黏膜不如单层缝合对合好,且出现空隙和炎性渗出物的情况比单层缝合严重;肠线质地比丝线硬,缝合过程中容易拉断黏膜。结果表明,在犬小肠肠管吻合术中,单层缝合较传统的双层缝合效果好,其中以选择带针非吸收性外科缝线行间断伦勃特缝合效果最好。     

全层连续缝合法在犬胃部切开术中的应用试验

对犬胃部创口第一层采用不穿透黏膜层的全层连续缝合法,结果表明,全层连续缝合法术后愈合速度快,炎症反应小,3d后切口处黏膜愈合平整,而采用传统的胃部第一层穿透胃部黏膜的全层连续缝合法,切口处黏膜愈合在15d左右,愈合速度平均相差7d,差异明显。     

皮内缝合在犬外科手术中的应用

为探讨皮内缝合技术在犬外科手术中应用的效果,自2008年3月-2009年5月,在成都市谐和动物医院进行外科手术的76例病犬,使用可吸收外科线进行了皮内缝合。结果使用该法缝合的伤口愈合良好,该法与传统的结节缝合相比,切口愈合更快,伤口美观,术后不用拆线,值得推广使用。     

WAB生物粘合剂在犬耳整形术中的应用试验

用WAB生物粘合剂代替丝线，应用于犬耳整形。结果表明，WAB生物粘合剂除具有闭合伤口的作用外，还有促进伤口愈合、减少瘢痕形成，加速瘢痕成熟与软化的效果。WAB生物粘合剂是一种可替代传统丝线用于动物外科手术的理想物质。     

猫腹腔镜膀胱切开与缝合术

膀胱结石主要表现为痛性尿淋沥、尿频和血尿。在无法正常排除结石的情况下,如母猫结石直径大于5mm或公猫结石直径大于1mm无法通过尿道腔排出时,必须进行膀胱切开手术。常规开腹手术对动物机体的影响较大,如牵拉引起的疼痛、器官暴露增加感染率等。术者结合腹腔镜技术对6只成年本地猫进行了腹腔镜膀胱切开术,以探讨一种创口小、手术视野清晰、对机体影响小、术后疼痛反应轻、恢复快、     

透析管膀胱背侧韧带固定术在犬腹膜透析上的应用试验

为探讨腹膜透析管膀胱背侧韧带固定术在腹膜透析中的应用效果,用5只实验犬进行实验研究。结果显示60%实验犬持续透析天数达到7 d,平均透析液回收率为85.3%,透析期间透析管位置未发生明显变化;100%的实验犬出现透析液滞留,40%出现透析管堵塞,20%出现皮下水肿,20%出现尿频等并发症。实验结果表明腹膜透析管膀胱背侧韧带固定术有较好的透析效果,值得在临床上推广使用。实验结果表明腹膜透析管膀胱背侧韧带固定术作为一种腹膜透析时透析管的埋置方法,对透析液的回收有较好的效果。     

犬膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的诊治与分析

通过对犬膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的病史调查、临床症状、X射线诊断、手术治疗和组织学检查,发现它是由上皮细胞和结缔组织纤维组成,上皮细胞呈柱状,垂直附着于基膜上,结缔组织部分和细胞部分较少,纤维组织较多,排列紊乱不整齐。论述了它的发病机理和临床诊治的意义。     

一例车祸导致犬膀胱基部破裂的诊断与治疗

膀胱破裂后尿液和血液流入腹腔,引发排尿障碍、腹膜炎、尿毒症等疾病,严重时引起休克,威胁生命。该病近几年来发生率较高,对宠物犬猫造成了严重的危害。本文是一例由于车祸导致的膀胱基部破裂的完整病例记录,通过临床检查、血常规、血生化,结合X光造影确诊为膀胱破裂,并根据诊断结果进行治疗。采取手术修补膀胱破裂口及正确的术后护理和消炎措施,最后患犬痊愈。     

不同麻醉方法在犬剖腹产手术的临床效果

为探究不同麻醉方法对犬剖腹产手术的应激效果及仔犬的生活容态。本试验采用846合剂全身麻醉、普鲁卡因硬膜外腔麻醉及846合剂与普鲁卡因联合麻醉对怀孕期满的犬进行剖腹产手术,在剖腹产手术的麻醉前(T1)、切开腹壁(T2)、手术30min(T3)、手术完(T4)、术后24h(T5)、术后48h(T6)进行静脉采血,检测血浆皮质酮和血糖含量,比较术后幼犬平均日增重及生活容态。结果表明:846麻醉组和硬膜外麻醉组血浆皮质醇质量浓度在T2⁶这5个时期显著高于自然分娩组和联合麻醉组(P<0.05),联合麻醉组仅在T3时血浆皮质醇质量浓度显著高于自然分娩组(P<0.05);846麻醉组和硬膜外麻醉组血糖质量浓度在T26这5个时期显著高于自然分娩组和联合麻醉组(P<0.05),联合麻醉组仅在T3时血浆皮质醇质量浓度显著高于自然分娩组(P<0.05);846麻醉组和硬膜外麻醉组血糖质量浓度在T2⁶时期均显著高于自然分娩组及联合麻醉组(P<0.05),联合麻醉组仅在T36时期均显著高于自然分娩组及联合麻醉组(P<0.05),联合麻醉组仅在T3⁴时期显著高于自然分娩组(P<0.05);联合麻醉组中的幼犬增重、生活容态与自然分娩时幼犬最接近,846麻醉组效果较差,硬膜外麻醉组效果最差。本研究证明846合剂与普鲁卡因硬膜外腔联合麻醉方法能够更有效缓解犬剖腹产手术的应激反应。     

复方沙棘油合剂在犬外科病中的应用

近年来。用现代医学手段研究沙棘油在临床上的应用已有新的突破，并证实沙棘油可抗疲劳、抗辐射、增强机体活力，具杀菌、止痛、促进组织再生的功能。笔者在小动物疾病诊疗实践中，参照相关资料配制了沙棘油合剂，用其治疗犬化脓创6例，犬疥螨病5例，全部治愈，收到了良好的效果，现报告如下。     

Radiographic features of suspected suture‐associated cystic calculi in dogs

This retrospective case series describes the radiographic features of suspected suture‐associated cystic calculi in six dogs with a history of at least one or multiple prior cystotomies. One of the dogs presented twice. Suspected suture‐associated cystic calculi were multifocal, short, predominantly linear mineral opacities localized in the center of the urinary bladder on abdominal radiographs. One patient (n = 1) presented with multifocal round, pin point, and linear radiopaque calculi. The calculi were all calcium oxalate in composition. On gross examination, the calculi had a hollow center. Six cystotomies used monofilament absorbable suture material (polydioxanone [n = 4] or poliglecaprone 25 [n = 1]) in prior cystotomies. Suture material in two of the cases was unknown. Suspected suture‐associated cystic calculi are a rare occurrence in veterinary medicine but should be considered in dogs that have a history of prior cystotomy, hollow core on gross analysis, and radiographic evidence of mineral opaque, predominantly linear, cystic calculi.     

Entamoeba infections in different populations of dogs in an endemic area of Lahore,Pakistan

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite that affects humans and other primates all over the world. It is a common waterborne pathogen in endemic areas that have fecal oral transmission cycle. The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of E. histolytica and other Entamoeba species cysts in three different dog populations. Fecal samples from 600 dogs were collected and processed to detect Entamoeba cysts using the triple fecal test (light microscopy) and fecal antigens of E. histolytica were detected using a fecal antigen ELISA (TechLab E. histolytica II). Because it is impossible to differentiate E. histolytica from Entamoeba dispar and E. moshkovskii, using light microscopy we referred to all cysts morphologically consistent with E. histolytica as E. histolytica/dispar/moskovskii to reflect this uncertainty. Samples from 197 household dogs without clinical signs, 122 samples from household dogs exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhea, dysentery and vomiting and 281 stray dogs with no specific clinical signs were examined. Entamoeba histolytica-like cysts were observed in 94 (15.6%, 95% CI = ±3.88) by triple fecal test microscopy and E. histolytica antigens were demonstrated in 66 (11%, 95% CI = ±4.41) by fecal antigen ELISA in 600 fecal samples. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in prevalence were found between the three populations. Twenty (10.1%, 95% CI = ±7.86) and 11 (5.6%, 95% CI = ±7.70) of 197 fecal samples from household dogs without clinical signs were positive by microscopy and by antigen ELISA, respectively. Twenty-nine (23.8%, 95% CI = ±6.58) and 23 (18.8%, 95% CI = ±7.81) of 122 the fecal samples from household dogs with clinical signs were positive by microscopy and by antigen ELISA, respectively. Forty-five (16.01%, 95% CI = ±5.62) and 32 (11.3%, 95% CI = ±6.38) of 281 fecal samples from stray dogs were positive by microscopy and by fecal antigen ELISA, respectively. Dogs from the youngest age group (6 months to 1 year) were more likely to be E. histolytica antigen positive than were dogs from the other two older age groups, with a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between all age groups. Statistically, no significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference of prevalence was seen in male and female dogs. The local dogs had the highest prevalence rate of E. histolytica antigens (36 of 246, 14.2%, 95% CI = ±6.32) followed by imported breeds (11 of 115, 9.5%, 95% CI = ±10.4) and crossbred (19 of 239, 8.3%, 95% CI = ±7.47), indicating a significant (P ≤ 0.05) trend of positivity between various breeds of dogs. These findings suggest that dogs may play an important role in the epidemiology of this pathogen.     

Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs

Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock, and for the treatment of human infertility. Their widespread use has contributed to improvements in human health and welfare. However, in dogs, only artificial insemination using frozen semen is readily available as an ART to improve breeding and control genetic diversity. A recent priority in sperm cryopreservation is the development of alternatives to egg yolk, which is widely used as a component of the sperm extender. Egg yolk can vary in composition among batches and is prone to contamination by animal pathogens. The latter can be a problem for international exchange of cryopreserved semen. Low-density lipoprotein and skim milk are promising candidates for use as extenders, to ensure fertility after artificial insemination. Although not tested for its effects on fertility following artificial insemination, polyvinyl alcohol may also be a useful alternative to egg yolk as an extender. The development of cryopreservation techniques for canine embryos lags behind that for other mammals, including humans. However, given the success of non-surgical embryo transfer in 2011, studies have sought to refine this approach for practical use. Research on sperm cryopreservation has yielded satisfactory results. However, investigation of other approaches, such as cryopreservation of oocytes and gonadal tissues, remains insufficient. Techniques for the efficient induction of estrus may aid in the development of successful canine ARTs.     

Assessment of postoperative pain after unilateral mastectomy using two different surgical techniques in dogs

Background

There are few studies reporting pain and postoperative analgesia associated with mastectomy in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate postoperative pain after unilateral mastectomy using two different surgical techniques in the dog.

Findings

Twenty female dogs were assigned (n=10/group) to undergo unilateral mastectomy using either the combination of sharp and blunt dissection (SBD) or the modified SBD (mSBD) technique, in which the mammary chain is separated from the abdominal wall entirely by blunt (hand and finger) dissection except for a small area cranial to the first gland, in a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. All dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous ketamine (5 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg), and maintained with isoflurane. Subcutaneous meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) was administered before surgery. Postoperative pain was evaluated according to the University of Melbourne pain scale (UMPS) by an observer who was blinded to the surgical technique.. Rescue analgesia was provided by the administration of intramuscular morphine (0.5 mg/kg) if pain scores were >14 according to the UMPS. Data were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA (P>0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups for age, weight, extubation time, and duration of surgery and anesthesia (P>0.05). There were no significant differences for postoperative pain scores between groups. Rescue analgesia was required in one dog in each group.

Conclusions

The two surgical techniques produced similar surgical times, incidence of perioperative complications and postoperative pain. Multimodal analgesia is recommended for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy.     

Studies on platelet aggregation using the Born method in normal and uraemic dogs

Using the Born method, based on light transmission in platelet rich plasma, the minimum effective concentration (threshold values) of several platelet agonists for inducing maximum platelet aggregation was determined in healthy dogs. The final concentrations of aggregation agonists were as follows: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (0.5-50 micromol/L; n = 75 healthy dogs), collagen (0.5-20 mg/mL; n = 75), thrombin (0.1-5 IU/mL; n = 75), ristocetin (1-10 mg/mL; n = 10), and epinephrine (5-50 micromol/L; n = 10). Reference values for maximum aggregation with a lower limit of > 80% were achieved for agonist concentrations 25 micromol/L ADP (80-98%), > or = 10 microg/mL collagen (80-96%), and > or = 1 IU/mL thrombin (80-97%). None of the concentrations of epinephrine and ristocetin used in this study induced quantitative aggregation in the whole group of healthy dogs. We also studied platelet aggregation in 14 uraemic dogs using selected concentrations of aggregation agonists. Aggregation was significantly decreased in uraemic dogs using intermediate agonist concentrations, i.e., in the region of the threshold concentration. In contrast, maximum aggregation was increased in uraemic patients compared to reference values using low concentrations of all three agonists (ADP: 1 micromol/L, collagen: 1 microg/mL, and thrombin: 0.1, 0.2 IU/mL).     

Parasitic load and histological aspects in different regions of the spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Leishmania infantum causes from subclinical infection to severe disease in humans and dogs. The spleen is one of the organs most affected by the infection. Although evidence exists that the parasitic load distribution and histological alterations may not be homogeneous in the affected organs of naturally infected individuals, it has not been formally demonstrated using the current techniques used for studying the disease.In six dogs naturally infected with Leishmania, parasitic load and histological changes were compared in samples collected from the lower, middle and upper third of the spleen.Parasitic load in the spleen of the group of dogs was variable, revealing a difference of 61 times between animals with the lowest and the highest parasitism. The set of parasitic load values of each dog showed a cluster trend, when compared to the other animals. Nevertheless, the parasitic load values of each dog showed a variation ranging from 3.2 to 34.7 times between lowest and highest value. Histological changes showed recognizable variation in frequency (granulomas) or intensity (perisplenitis) in the spleen of 2 out of the 6 dogs. The agreement of histological findings between samples collected from the different thirds of the spleen was good (kappa coeficient, 0.61–0.80) very good (0.81–0.99) or perfect (1.00), for most of the parameters analyzed.Variability of parasitic load and, to a lesser extent, histological changes in spleen of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis is observed. Such variability may be taken in account in the design of studies on pathogenesis, vaccine and therapeutic drug development.     

Impact of sedation method on the diagnosis of hip and elbow dysplasia in Swedish dogs

Our objective was to investigate the effect of sedation method on the screening result for hip and elbow dysplasia. The study was based on a questionnaire survey of routines for hip and elbow screening at Swedish veterinary clinics and results of hip and elbow status, for eight breeds (Bernese Mountain Dog, Boxer, German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, and Saint Bernard) recorded by the Swedish Kennel Club. In total 5877 and 5406 dogs examined for hip and elbow dysplasia, respectively, from January 2002 through March 2003 were included. We used logistic regression to examine whether the type of chemical restraint used for sedation affected the screening result for hip and elbow dysplasia. In addition to sedation method, the effects of veterinary clinic, sex, breed, and age at screening were studied.

The type of chemical restraint used for sedation affected the screening result for hip but not for elbow dysplasia. Acepromazine gave less than half the odds of hip dysplasia compared with medetomidine and butorphanol (the most common method), medetomidine alone or xylazine. Females had about 25% higher odds for developing hip dysplasia whereas males had almost 40% higher odds for developing elbow dysplasia. Saint Bernard, Newfoundland and German Shepherd Dog had the highest odds of developing hip dysplasia, whereas Rottweiler and Labrador Retriever had the lowest odds. Boxer had the lowest risk for elbow dysplasia, followed by Labrador Retriever. Saint Bernard and Rottweiler had the highest odds of elbow dysplasia. Increasing age increased the odds of both hip and elbow dysplasia, by about 2.5% per month.

Following the results in this study, recording of the type of chemical restraint used for sedation during hip screening has now become mandatory in Sweden. This makes it possible to account for the effect of sedation method in a model for prediction of breeding values for hip dysplasia.     

Plasma L-carnitine concentration in healthy dogs and dogs with hepatopathy

BACKGROUND: L-Carnitine has an essential role in lipid metabolism. Disturbances of L-carnitine metabolism can influence the energy supply of the organism. L-Carnitine is synthesized exclusively in the liver. Hence, we hypothesized that liver disease can influence L-carnitine metabolism. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare plasma L-carnitine concentrations in dogs with different liver diseases of differing severity with the plasma L-carnitine concentrations of healthy dogs. METHODS: Sixteen dogs with inflammatory liver disease and 12 dogs with liver neoplasia were included in the study. Liver disease was diagnosed by clinical chemistry, ultrasonography, and histology of liver biopsy specimens. L-Carnitine concentration was measured in plasma samples using mass spectrometry, and compared among groups using unpaired Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls (24.4 +/- 8.4 micromol/L), the plasma L-carnitine concentration in dogs with liver disease (44.2 +/- 23.7 micromol/L) was significantly higher (P<.0001). The difference in L-carnitine concentration between dogs with moderate (n=8; 33.6 +/- 13.7 micromol/L) and severe (n=8; 57.4 +/- 22.9 micromol/L) hepatitis was also significant (P=.02). No difference in plasma L-carnitine concentration was found between dogs with hepatitis and those with liver tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Liver disease in dogs was accompanied by elevated plasma L-carnitine concentration. The severity of hepatitis appears to influence L-carnitine concentration.     

Plasma and urinary trypsinogen activation peptide in healthy dogs, dogs with pancreatitis and dogs with other systemic diseases

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specificity and sensitivity of plasma and urinary trypsinogen activation peptide (TAP) concentrations in diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of clinical cases. PROCEDURE: Dogs were classified into three groups: healthy animals, dogs with confirmed pancreatitis and dogs with nonpancreatic disease, which clinically or biochemically resembled pancreatitis. This last group was further subdivided into dogs with renal and those with nonrenal disease. The plasma and urinary TAP concentration was determined by a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Clinical cases additionally had serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity concentration measured, as well as radiography and ultrasound of the abdomen and further diagnostic procedures. Nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis test) was performed using Statistix 4.0 program. RESULTS: There was a wide range of urinary TAP concentration in healthy dogs (mean 52.30 nmol/L, standard deviation 55.25) that made interpretation of urinary TAP concentrations difficult in the other groups. There was a narrow reference range for plasma TAP (mean 2.67 nmol/L, standard deviation 0.93). Plasma and urinary TAP concentrations, as well as urinary TAP to creatinine ratio, were all increased in dogs that died with necrotising pancreatitis. Values were not increased in mild, interstitial pancreatitis. Increased plasma TAP concentrations were also present in dogs with severe renal disease. CONCLUSION: Plasma TAP concentration is a good prognostic indicator in naturally occurring pancreatitis in dogs. The failure of TAP to increase in mild pancreatitis, and the increase present in severe renal disease, suggests its measurement has limited application as a sole diagnostic tool for canine pancreatitis. Further investigations are required in order to explain the large variability of urinary TAP concentration and the presence of circulating TAP in healthy dogs.     

Evaluation of a standard immunofluorescence assay and a new flow cytometric method for the detection of autoreactive antibodies in dogs with tumours

The major purpose of the presented study was to develop and to evaluate a flow cytometry-based assay (IIFC) for the determination of autoreactive antibodies in sera from canine cancer patients. A blinded study demonstrated the poor reproducibility of the standard, slide-based and microscopically evaluated indirect immunofluorescence test (IIF), especially with sera displaying a cytoplasmic reactivity. In the IIFC, the intra assay coefficient of variance ranged between 5% and 11%, the inter assay variance between 8% and 25%. The IIFC resulted in significantly less positive results among canine cancer patients (16%) than the IIF (40%). The latter results were due to low titered sera indicating that the standard assay may lead to a high proportion of false positive results. The limitation of the IIFC is that no conclusions can be made about the sub cellular localization of the fluorescence. However, this cytometry-based assay makes a more objective and standardized detection of canine autoreactive antibodies possible.