Rapid variability of seawater chemistry over the past 130 million years

Fluid inclusion data suggest that the composition of major elements in seawater changes slowly over geological time scales. This view contrasts with high-resolution isotope data that imply more rapid fluctuations of seawater chemistry. We used a non-steady-state box model of the global sulfur cycle to show that the global δ(34)S record can be explained by variable marine sulfate concentrations triggered by basin-scale evaporite precipitation and dissolution. The record is characterized by long phases of stasis, punctuated by short intervals of rapid change. Sulfate concentrations affect several important biological processes, including carbonate mineralogy, microbially mediated organic matter remineralization, sedimentary phosphorous regeneration, nitrogen fixation, and sulfate aerosol formation. These changes are likely to affect ocean productivity, the global carbon cycle, and climate.     

玉米秸秆分解期间土壤中有机碳数量的动态变化研究

通过室内培养实验,研究了玉米秸秆分解期间全土圾其水溶性物质、轻组和重组的有机碳数量随时间的动态变化规律。结果表明：随培养时间的延长,全土有机碳量呈下降的趋势;玉米秸秆的残留碳和残留率也呈下降的趋势,而分解率逐渐增加;水溶性物质数量呈下降的趋势;轻组碳量和追加复合度则逐渐增加。     

Temporal trends in deep ocean Redfield ratios

The Redfield ratio [carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P)] of particle flux to the deep ocean is a key factor in marine biogeochemical cycling. Changes in oceanic carbon sequestration have been linked to variations in the Redfield ratio on geological time scales, but this ratio generally is assumed to be constant with time in the modern ocean. However, deep-water Redfield ratios in the northern hemisphere show evidence for temporal trends over the past five decades. The North Atlantic Ocean exhibits a rising N:P ratio, which may be related to increased deposition of atmospheric nitrous oxides from anthropogenic N emissions. In the North Pacific Ocean, increasing C:N and C:P ratios are accompanied by rising remineralization rates, which suggests intensified export production. Stronger export of carbon in this region may be due to enhanced bioavailability of aeolian iron. These findings imply that the biological part of the marine carbon cycle currently is not in steady state.     

Biogeochemical Controls and Feedbacks on Ocean Primary Production

Changes in oceanic primary production, linked to changes in the network of global biogeochemical cycles, have profoundly influenced the geochemistry of Earth for over 3 billion years. In the contemporary ocean, photosynthetic carbon fixation by marine phytoplankton leads to formation of approximately 45 gigatons of organic carbon per annum, of which 16 gigatons are exported to the ocean interior. Changes in the magnitude of total and export production can strongly influence atmospheric CO2 levels (and hence climate) on geological time scales, as well as set upper bounds for sustainable fisheries harvest. The two fluxes are critically dependent on geophysical processes that determine mixed-layer depth, nutrient fluxes to and within the ocean, and food-web structure. Because the average turnover time of phytoplankton carbon in the ocean is on the order of a week or less, total and export production are extremely sensitive to external forcing and consequently are seldom in steady state. Elucidating the biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on primary production is essential to understanding how oceanic biota responded to and affected natural climatic variability in the geological past, and will respond to anthropogenically influenced changes in coming decades. One of the most crucial feedbacks results from changes in radiative forcing on the hydrological cycle, which influences the aeolian iron flux and, in turn, affects nitrogen fixation and primary production in the oceans.     

The impact of agricultural soil erosion on the global carbon cycle

Agricultural soil erosion is thought to perturb the global carbon cycle, but estimates of its effect range from a source of 1 petagram per year(-1) to a sink of the same magnitude. By using caesium-137 and carbon inventory measurements from a large-scale survey, we found consistent evidence for an erosion-induced sink of atmospheric carbon equivalent to approximately 26% of the carbon transported by erosion. Based on this relationship, we estimated a global carbon sink of 0.12 (range 0.06 to 0.27) petagrams of carbon per year(-1) resulting from erosion in the world's agricultural landscapes. Our analysis directly challenges the view that agricultural erosion represents an important source or sink for atmospheric CO2.     

土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳库去向的影响

土壤有机碳库是陆地生态系统中最重要的碳库。土壤侵蚀是导致陆地碳库衰减的主要动力之一,也是陆地碳汇与海洋碳汇相互作用的重要过程。从不同角度阐述了物理和人为因素对侵蚀区域土壤有机碳迁移蓄积过程的影响,尤其关注了侵蚀过程碳的重新再分配,这一点是准确预测土壤有机碳循环对碳源/汇贡献及准确评估碳收支的关键。针对土壤有机碳循环的特点,提出亟待解决的问题。     

Atmospheric CO2 and climate on millennial time scales during the last glacial period

Reconstructions of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations help us better understand how the global carbon cycle and climate are linked. We compared CO2 variations on millennial time scales between 20,000 and 90,000 years ago with an Antarctic temperature proxy and records of abrupt climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature were positively correlated over millennial-scale climate cycles, implying a strong connection to Southern Ocean processes. Evidence from marine sediment proxies indicates that CO2 concentration rose most rapidly when North Atlantic Deep Water shoaled and stratification in the Southern Ocean was reduced. These increases in CO2 concentration occurred during stadial (cold) periods in the Northern Hemisphere, several thousand years before abrupt warming events in Greenland.     

Tectonic implications of U-Pb zircon ages of the himalayan orogenic belt in nepal

Metasedimentary rocks of the Greater Himalaya are traditionally viewed as Indian shield basement that has been thrust southward onto Lesser Himalayan sedimentary rocks during the Cenozoic collision of India and Eurasia. Ages determined from radioactive decay of uranium to lead in zircon grains from Nepal suggest that Greater Himalayan protoliths were shed from the northern end of the East African orogen during the late Proterozoic pan-African orogenic event. These rocks were accreted onto northern Gondwana and intruded by crustal melts during Cambrian-Ordovician time. Our data suggest that the Main Central thrust may have a large amount of pre-Tertiary displacement, that structural restorations placing Greater Himalayan rocks below Lesser Himalayan rocks at the onset of Cenozoic orogenesis are flawed, and that some metamorphism of Greater Himalayan rocks may have occurred during early Paleozoic time.     

我国不同林区典型乔木树种枝叶燃烧碳排放特性

[目的]对我国不同林区典型乔木树种燃烧释放含碳物质排放特性的研究,可为了解含碳气体和颗粒物对大气环境和全球碳循环的影响提供科学依据.[方法]本研究运用自主设计的生物质燃烧系统,模拟东北林区、南方林区和西南林区共19种典型乔木树种枝、叶燃烧,分析不同树种、不同树种类型及不同林区的含碳气体(CO2、CO和CxHy)、颗粒物...     

Partially Molten Middle Crust Beneath Southern Tibet: Synthesis of Project INDEPTH Results

INDEPTH geophysical and geological observations imply that a partially molten midcrustal layer exists beneath southern Tibet. This partially molten layer has been produced by crustal thickening and behaves as a fluid on the time scale of Himalayan deformation. It is confined on the south by the structurally imbricated Indian crust underlying the Tethyan and High Himalaya and is underlain, apparently, by a stiff Indian mantle lid. The results suggest that during Neogene time the underthrusting Indian crust has acted as a plunger, displacing the molten middle crust to the north while at the same time contributing to this layer by melting and ductile flow. Viewed broadly, the Neogene evolution of the Himalaya is essentially a record of the southward extrusion of the partially molten middle crust underlying southern Tibet.     

Phosphate depletion in the western North Atlantic Ocean

Surface waters of the subtropical Sargasso Sea contain dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) concentrations of 0.2 to 1.0 nanomolar, which are sufficiently low to result in phosphorus control of primary production. The DIP concentrations in this area (which receives high inputs of iron-rich dust from arid regions of North Africa) are one to two orders of magnitude lower than surface levels in the North Pacific (where eolian iron inputs are much lower and water column denitrification is much more substantial). These data indicate a severe relative phosphorus depletion in the Atlantic. We hypothesize that nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation of primary production in the present-day ocean may be closely linked to iron supply through control of dinitrogen (N2) fixation, an iron-intensive metabolic process. Although the oceanic phosphorus inventory may set the upper limit for the total amount of organic matter produced in the ocean over geological time scales, at any instant in geological time, oceanic primary production may fall below this limit because of a persistent insufficient iron supply. By controlling N2 fixation, iron may control not only nitrogen versus phosphorus limitation but also carbon fixation and export stoichiometry and hence biological sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide.     

杭州临安4种绿地内PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的浓度变化及来源分析

总结城市绿地内PM_2.5中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）质量浓度的时空变化规律,探究影响OC和EC质量浓度变化的因素,为改善人居环境质量提供依据。选取4种绿地（居住绿地、商业绿地、广场绿地和公共绿地）为研究对象,采用智能中流量TSP采样器采集绿地空气中的PM_2.5,通过热光反射法（TOR）检测样品上OC和EC的质量浓度,分析其来源。结果表明,4种绿地内OC和EC质量浓度季节变化一致,均为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;春、夏、秋3个季节OC和EC质量浓度日变化均呈“一日双峰”型,8:00-12:00和16:00-20:00为早、晚高峰,12:00-16:00和20:00-次日8:00出现低谷值。二次有机碳（SOC）质量浓度为春季（2.84±0.27 μg·m^-3）、夏季（2.82±0.32 μg·m^-3）、秋季（2.99±0.34 μg·m^-3）和冬季（3.15±0.25 μg·m^-3）,分别占OC质量浓度的29.50%、11.96%、25.47%和32.12%,表明二次污染在各季节均存在。冬季机动车尾气和燃煤排放是PM_2.5中OC和EC的主要来源。     

长期耕作对新疆绿洲农田土壤颗粒中有机碳和全氮含量的影响

【目的】土壤颗粒中有机碳和全氮是土壤有机碳和全氮的重要组成部分,研究长期耕作对农田土壤颗粒组分中有机碳和全氮组分含量和比例变化的影响,有助于揭示不同耕作年限下土壤有机碳和全氮的固存与周转规律,可为区域农田土壤培肥和固碳减排提供科学依据。【方法】以天山南北3个典型绿洲（兰州湾镇、31团、普惠农场）长期耕作农田土壤为研究对象,采用土壤颗粒分级法,研究不同耕作年限（0、5、10、15、20年）下3个典型绿洲农田土壤有机碳和全氮的变化规律,分析长期耕作对不同颗粒组分中有机碳和全氮含量的影响。【结果】（1）长期耕作增加了土壤有机碳和全氮的积累,并随耕作时间的延长而趋于平稳。与未耕作土壤相比,耕作0—5 a间,土壤有机碳、全氮含量增加迅速,兰州湾镇、普惠农场和31团土壤有机碳含量分别提高了76.4%、286.2%和145.6%,土壤全氮含量提高了14.7%、58.9%和75.0%,耕作5 a后,增速趋于平缓。（2）耕作提高了不同颗粒组分中有机碳和全氮含量,砂粒中有机碳含量表现为先增加后下降的趋势,与未耕作土壤相比,兰州湾、31团和普惠农场在耕作10—15 a间达到峰值,随后下降;耕作20 a后土壤砂粒中有机碳含量分别增加了0.63、0.89和1.56 g·kg^-1。而粉粒和黏粒中有机碳含量随耕作时间延长表现为持续增加,耕作20 a后,兰州湾、31团和普惠农场粉粒和黏粒中有机碳含量分别增加了0.42-2.39、2.64-3.39、1.36-2.72 g·kg^-1。耕作年限对不同颗粒组分中全氮含量的影响比较复杂,砂粒中全氮含量表现为随耕作时间呈现逐渐增加的趋势,耕作20 a后,兰州湾、31团和普惠农场砂粒中全氮含量分别增加了0.24、0.40和0.29 g·kg^-1;粉粒中全氮含量随耕作时间呈现先下降（0—10 a）,而后（10—20 a）上升的趋势,而黏粒中全氮含量则表现为相反的趋势,耕作0—10 a间快速增加,耕作10 a后开始下降。（3）不同颗粒组分中,粉粒中有机碳和全氮含量占比最大,分别在43.3%—56.1%和30.2%—72.2%之间。耕作改变了不同颗粒组分中有机碳和全氮含量在土壤有机碳和全氮中的分配比例,耕作0—10 a 间,砂粒中有机碳分配比例逐渐增加,10—20 a间呈降低趋势,砂粒中全氮比例分配则随耕作时间表现出递增趋势,耕作20 a间,兰州湾、31团和普惠农场,砂粒中全氮分配比例分别增加了14.8%、19.8%和29.0%。（4）耕作提高了土壤碳氮比,耕作0—5 a间,土壤中碳氮比迅速提高40.3%—142.9%,5 a后,碳氮比变化不明显,同时,改变了不同颗粒组分中碳氮比,耕作0—10 a,砂粒中的碳氮比最高,10 a后,粉粒中碳氮比最高。【结论】耕作增加了新疆绿洲农田土壤有机碳和全氮含量,改变了不同颗粒组分中土壤有机碳和全氮含量和占比,有助于土壤有机碳和全氮的累积,其中粉粒中的有机碳和全氮是该地区土壤固持有机碳和全氮的主体。     

OCEANOGRAPHY: Tracer from the Sky

The rate of marine photosynthesis is of great importance for the global carbon cycle but is difficult to measure from environmental properties or in vitro. In this Perspective, Bender highlights a study by Luz and Barkan, who exploit the anomalous isotopic composition of molecular oxygen to determine the gross rate of photosynthesis in seawater. The method allows much longer time scales and larger spatial scales to be covered than with traditional oceanographic techniques.     

14C-dead living biomass: evidence for microbial assimilation of ancient organic carbon during shale weathering

Prokaryotes have been cultured from a modern weathering profile developed on a approximately 365-million-year-old black shale that use macromolecular shale organic matter as their sole organic carbon source. Using natural-abundance carbon-14 analysis of membrane lipids, we show that 74 to 94% of lipid carbon in these cultures derives from assimilation of carbon-14-free organic carbon from the shale. These results reveal that microorganisms enriched from shale weathering profiles are able to use a macromolecular and putatively refractory pool of ancient organic matter. This activity may facilitate the oxidation of sedimentary organic matter to inorganic carbon when sedimentary rocks are exposed by erosion. Thus, microorganisms may play a more active role in the geochemical carbon cycle than previously recognized, with profound implications for controls on the abundance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere over geologic time.     

中亚热带人工针叶林生态系统碳通量拆分差异分析

涡度通量观测可直接获取陆地生态系统与大气之间CO₂净交换量(NEE),但深入认识碳循环过程和校验生态系统模型需要不同时间尺度总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(Re)等碳通量数据。利用中国陆地生态系统通量观测与研究网络(ChinaFLUX)中亚热带人工针叶林生态系统2003-2009年的涡度通量和气象观测数据,分析了两种NEE拆分方法对不同时间尺度GPP和Re评估的影响,结果表明:(1)两种拆分方法得到的生态系统碳通量组分(GPP和Re)的季节动态变化一致,都在生长季7、8月份达到峰值;(2)非线性回归模型拆分得到的全年Re和GPP相较于光响应曲线模型分别高出2%-28.6%和1.6%-23%,最大高出317.6 gC·m^-2·a^-1(2006年),逐月最大差值主要发生在8、9月份;(3)不同时间尺度上,两种方法拆分得到的GPP 和Re之间差值的环境响应因子不同。在广泛采用非线性回归模型进行拆分时,如果当月光合有效辐射接近到905 mol·m^-2·月^-1,月平均空气饱和水汽压差接近1.18 kPa时,需要考虑使用光响应曲线模型拆分该月通量,结合两种拆分方法以减小全年的误差。     

Vertical Flux of Biogenic Carbon in the Ocean: Is There Food Web Control?

Models of biogenic carbon (BC) flux assume that short herbivorous food chains lead to high export, whereas complex microbial or omnivorous food webs lead to recycling and low export, and that export of BC from the euphotic zone equals new production (NP). In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, particulate organic carbon fluxes were similar during the spring phytoplankton bloom, when herbivory dominated, and during nonbloom conditions, when microbial and omnivorous food webs dominated. In contrast, NP was 1.2 to 161 times greater during the bloom than after it. Thus, neither food web structure nor NP can predict the magnitude or patterns of BC export, particularly on time scales over which the ocean is in nonequilibrium conditions.     

北方土石山区水蚀及水保措施对土壤有机碳的影响

土壤侵蚀是土壤有机碳退化的主要因素。为探究水蚀对土壤有机碳的影响及寻求有效的水土保持措施对土壤有机碳进行保护,在北京周边选取4处典型样地,进行土壤有机碳调查及野外人工模拟降雨实验,分析了水蚀及水土保持措施对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明:①不同样地土壤有机碳质量分数大小顺序为:土壤堆积区、轻微溅蚀区、细沟侵蚀区、强烈冲刷侵蚀区。水蚀对浅层土壤有机碳质量分数影响较大,程度剧烈的侵蚀,会造成深层土壤有机碳流失;②土壤平均有机碳质量分数随降雨历时的增加（土壤侵蚀量增长）呈减少趋势,并且减少趋势随降雨历时增加（土壤侵蚀量增长）逐渐变缓而趋于稳定;③不同鱼鳞坑配置对土壤有机碳的累积规律为:乔木枯枝落叶覆盖（32.7 g·kg-1）>乔木低矮植被覆盖（27.9 g·kg-1）>乔木种植（23.5 g·kg-1）>无措施（21.9 g·kg-1）>灌木（21.5 g·kg-1）。其中地表覆盖（枯枝落叶及低矮植被）能有效增加土壤有机碳;④不同植被措施对土壤有机碳恢复作用从大到小依次为人工林、苗圃、果园和农田,因此要选取适合的水土保持措施进行土壤有机碳的保护。     

Response of Soil Organic Carbon and Its Aggregate Fractions to Long- Term Fertilization in Irrigated Desert Soil of China

Irrigated desert soil samples in the Hexi Corridor of China were collected over a period of 23 years from a site where different fertilization methods had been used. Changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its water stable aggregate (WSA) size fractions were studied. The effects of various fertilization methods on the distribution of added organic carbon (OC) in different WSA size fractions were also analyzed. The results showed that the applied fertilizations for 23 years improved SOC concentrations and OC concentrations in all WSA size fractions compared to the non-fertilized treatment (CK). In addition, fertilization obviously increased the OC stocks of <2 mm WSA size fractions compared to the CK. The average OC stock of <0.053 mm WSA fraction was 1.7, 1.6 and 3.2 times higher than those of >2 mm, 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between soil C gains and OC inputs (r=0.92, P<0.05), indicating that SOC may have not reached the saturation point yet at the site. The C sequestration rate was estimated by 14.02% at the site. The OC stocks in all of the <2 mm WSA fractions increased with the increase of OC input amounts; and the conversion rate of the input fresh OC to the OC stock of <0.053 mm WSA fraction was 1.2 and 2.6 times higher than those of the 0.25-2 mm and 0.053-0.25 mm WSA fractions, respectively. Therefore, the <0.053 mm WSA fraction was the most important component for soil C sequestration in the irrigated desert soil.     

长期施肥对红壤水稻土水稳性团聚体有机碳、氮分布与储量的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用化肥以及化肥与稻草配合施用对红壤水稻土水稳性团聚体有机碳、氮分布与储量的影响。【方法】试验土壤采自湖南省望城无机有机肥长期定位试验田小区,各施肥处理为：CK（不施肥）、NP（施氮磷肥）、NPK（施氮磷钾肥）、NP+RS（施氮磷肥和稻草）和NPK+RS（施氮磷钾肥和稻草）。【结果】氮磷钾长期平衡施用和化肥与稻草长期配合施用有利于2～5 mm和0.5～2 mm水稳性团聚体含量增加。与CK处理相比,化肥与稻草长期配合施用处理能提高2～5 mm和0.5～2 mm水稳性团聚体内的有机碳含量和全氮、可矿化氮含量,同时也显著提高了二者在较大粒径（2～5 mm,0.5～2 mm）水稳性团聚体内有机碳、全氮和可矿化氮储量。与CK处理相比,NPK长期平衡施用的处理,也能提高大粒径水稳性团聚体（2～5 mm,0.5～2 mm）内的有机碳、全氮、可矿化氮的含量和储量,但提高的幅度小于化肥与稻草长期配合施用的处理。【结论】水稳性大团聚体对土壤有机碳、氮具有强富集和物理保护作用;化肥和稻草长期配合施用能显著提高大团聚体内有机碳、氮的含量和储量,是改善土壤团粒结构,提升红壤水稻土肥力的有效措施。2～5 mm和0.5～2 mm粒径团聚体是红壤水稻土有机碳、全氮和可矿化氮的主要载体。