Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence

Our human intellect has resulted from an enormous leap in capacity above the level of monkeys and apes. Earlier, though, Old and New World monkeys' intelligence outdistanced that of other mammals, including the prosimian primates. This first great advance in intelligence probably was selected through interspecific competition on the large continents. However, even at this early stage, primate social life provided the evolutionary context of primate intelligence. Two arguments support this conclusion. One is ontogenetic: modern monkeys learn so much of their social behavior, and learn their behavior toward food and toward other species through social example. The second is phylogenetic: some prosimians, the social lemurs, have evolved the usual primate type of society and social learning without the capacity to manipulate objects as monkeys do. It thus seems likely that the rudiments of primate society preceded the growth of primate intelligence, made it possible, and determined its nature.     

Finite social space, evolutionary pathways, and reconstructing hominid behavior

Changes in social behavior were a key aspect of human evolution, and yet it is notoriously difficult for paleobiologists to determine patterns of social evolution. By defining the limited number of distributional strategies available to members of each sex of any species and investigating the conditions under which they may occur and change, the social behavior of different hominid taxa may be reconstructed.     

Reproductive social behavior: cooperative games to replace sexual selection

Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments.     

Uncus and amiygdala lesions: effects on social behavior in the free-ranging rhesus monkey

The eflect of uncinectomny on the social behavior of free-ranging rhesus monkeys was observed on Cayo Santiago Island. Operated subjects showed social indifjerence, failed to display appropriate aggressive and submissive gestures. were expelled from their social group, and evenitlually died. Two juvenile subjects with the lesion restricted to amygdala survived and have rejoinied their social group. Size of lesion and age at operation were major factors in determniting the degree of behavioral change.     

Foundress associations in polistine wasps: dominance hierarchies and the evolution of social behavior

Interactions among female paper wasps of newly founded colonies suggest that dominance relations assign social (reproductive) roles to siblings in a way advantageous to both dominants and subordinates. In various social animals dominance relations may have been an important prerequisite for the evolution of a division of labor between reproductive and nonreproductive (or less reproductive) adults.     

小麦微效基因和修饰基因的选择理论与实践

本文作者在实践中发现小麦多基因性状后期选择的重要性，并从遗传学理论上论述了微效基因、修饰基因后期选择的有效性、可遗传性。在实践与理论相印证的基础上，提出了小麦育种在新品种参加生产试验时或审定时（一般世代为F11～F13代）进行三圃提纯选择是十分必要的，不仅可改善新品种品质，而且还可以起到传统的提纯复壮作用，提高产量，增强抗逆性，发挥新品种的利用价值，延长品种的使用寿命，对当今生产实践具有重要指导意义。     

社会资本需求视角下的高素质农民培训行为研究——基于计划行为理论分析框架

人才是支撑乡村振兴战略的关键因素,高素质农民的培育在新时代被提升至新的高度。基于计划行为理论分析框架,利用浙江省的高素质农民调查数据,采用结构方程模型对760个有效样本进行实证分析,探究社会资本需求视角下高素质农民培训行为的影响因素。研究发现:高素质农民基于社会资本需求的行为态度对其行为意向具有显著(P<0.01)正向影响,行为意向对其实际行为具有显著(P<0.01)正向作用。由此提出高素质农民培训要聚焦实际需求、搭建交流平台,强化跟踪服务、打造培育品牌,找准培育对象、优化培训项目,突破时空限制、活化培训形式等启示。     

Chemical communication in social behavior of a fish, the yellow bullhead (Ictalurus natalis)

Studies of behavior in yellow bullheads showed that they recognized individuals of their own species by means of pheromones. After training by reward and punishment, blinded bullheads were able to discriminate between the odors of two donor fish, but they lost this ability when deprived of their sense of smell. The main source of the intraspecific chemical stimuli involved in recognition is the mucus. A change in status after fighting was chemically communicated to other bullheads.