Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation

Sleep facilitates memory consolidation. A widely held model assumes that this is because newly encoded memories undergo covert reactivation during sleep. We cued new memories in humans during sleep by presenting an odor that had been presented as context during prior learning, and so showed that reactivation indeed causes memory consolidation during sleep. Re-exposure to the odor during slow-wave sleep (SWS) improved the retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories but not of hippocampus-independent procedural memories. Odor re-exposure was ineffective during rapid eye movement sleep or wakefulness or when the odor had been omitted during prior learning. Concurring with these findings, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant hippocampal activation in response to odor re-exposure during SWS.     

Sites of neocortical reorganization critical for remote spatial memory

The hippocampus is crucial for spatial memory formation, yet it does not store long-lasting memories. By combining functional brain imaging and region-specific neuronal inactivation in mice, we identified prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices as critical for storage and retrieval of remote spatial memories [correction]. Imaging of activity-dependent genes also revealed an involvement of parietal and retrosplenial cortices during consolidation of remote memory. Long-term memory storage within some of these neocortical regions was accompanied by structural changes including synaptogenesis and laminar reorganization, concomitant with a functional disengagement of the hippocampus and posterior cingulate cortex [correction]. Thus, consolidation of spatial memory requires a time-dependent hippocampal-cortical dialogue, ultimately enabling widespread cortical networks to mediate effortful recall and use of cortically stored remote memories independently.     

Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative memory recall

Pattern completion, the ability to retrieve complete memories on the basis of incomplete sets of cues, is a crucial function of biological memory systems. The extensive recurrent connectivity of the CA3 area of hippocampus has led to suggestions that it might provide this function. We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a genetically engineered mouse strain in which the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor gene is ablated specifically in the CA3 pyramidal cells of adult mice. The mutant mice normally acquired and retrieved spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze, but they were impaired in retrieving this memory when presented with a fraction of the original cues. Similarly, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in mutant mice displayed normal place-related activity in a full-cue environment but showed a reduction in activity upon partial cue removal. These results provide direct evidence for CA3 NMDA receptor involvement in associative memory recall.     

Localization of a stable neural correlate of associative memory

Do learning and retrieval of a memory activate the same neurons? Does the number of reactivated neurons correlate with memory strength? We developed a transgenic mouse that enables the long-lasting genetic tagging of c-fos-active neurons. We found neurons in the basolateral amygdala that are activated during Pavlovian fear conditioning and are reactivated during memory retrieval. The number of reactivated neurons correlated positively with the behavioral expression of the fear memory, indicating a stable neural correlate of associative memory. The ability to manipulate these neurons genetically should allow a more precise dissection of the molecular mechanisms of memory encoding within a distributed neuronal network.     

NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation

The hippocampal CA1 region is crucial for converting new memories into long-term memories, a process believed to continue for week(s) after initial learning. By developing an inducible, reversible, and CA1-specific knockout technique, we could switch N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function off or on in CA1 during the consolidation period. Our data indicate that memory consolidation depends on the reactivation of the NMDA receptor, possibly to reinforce site-specific synaptic modifications to consolidate memory traces. Such a synaptic reinforcement process may also serve as a cellular means by which the new memory is transferred from the hippocampus to the cortex for permanent storage.     

Spontaneous whole brain slow potential changes during recovery from experimental neurosurgery

Prolonged, nonlocalized brain slow potential changes, frequently associated with cortical spreading depression, occur spontaneously during 5 days following brain implant surgery in rats. These potentials are accompanied by reductions in multiple nerve cell activity and reductions in behavioral motility. The method used in this study provides a tool for evaluating recovery from neurosurgical trauma or other brain injuries, and for testing procedures that facilitate or impede this process.     

Early tagging of cortical networks is required for the formation of enduring associative memory

Although formation and stabilization of long-lasting associative memories are thought to require time-dependent coordinated hippocampal-cortical interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that neurons in the rat cortex must undergo a "tagging process" upon encoding to ensure the progressive hippocampal-driven rewiring of cortical networks that support remote memory storage. This process was AMPA- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent, information-specific, and capable of modulating remote memory persistence by affecting the temporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Post-learning reinforcement of the tagging process via time-limited epigenetic modifications resulted in improved remote memory retrieval. Thus, early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation whose functional properties fit the requirements imposed by the extended time scale of systems-level memory consolidation.     

Toward protein tertiary structure recognition by means of associative memory hamiltonians

The statistical mechanics of associative memories and spin glasses suggests ways to design Hamiltonians for protein folding. An associative memory Hamiltonian based on hydrophobicity patterns is shown to have a large capacity for recall and to be capable of recognizing tertiary structure for moderately variant sequences.     

神索葡萄自然发酵酵母菌群研究

利用WL营养琼脂培养基,对宁夏御马葡萄酒厂的神索葡萄自然发酵过程中不同阶段分离得到的105株葡萄酒相关酵母进行初步鉴定和聚类,进而对代表性菌株进行26S rDNA D1/D2区的序列分析。结果表明:供试酵母菌株经分类鉴定应归入4属5种,分别是葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora uvarum、毕赤克鲁维酵母Pichia kluyveri、假丝酵母Candida zemplinin、酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和巴氏酵母Saccharo-myces pastorianus,分别占分离菌株总数的3%、8%、1%、1%和87%;非酿酒酵母non-Saccharomyces在前期、中期和后期的数量分别占各发酵阶段菌株总数的24.7%、3.9%和0%,呈动态减少趋势。     

土地整理的经济效益评价方法初探

通过对现行土地整理经济效益评价方法的研究,指出静态投资评估法反映货币的时间价值。采用实证分析对比动态和静态投资评估法,从而得出运用投资评估法评价土地整理经济效益的合理性和精确性。     

3个橄榄品种果实采后贮藏期间的生理变化

【目的】分析3个橄榄品种果实采后贮藏期间的生理变化,筛选出耐藏性较好的品种为选育优良橄榄品种提供参考依据。【方法】以潮汕地区3个橄榄品种(丰玉1号、深洋甜种和一点红)果实为试验材料,置于室温(15~25℃)、湿度60%~80%条件下贮藏,贮藏期间每2 d测定1次果实的呼吸强度、质膜相对透性、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标,并统计果实的失重率和好果率。【结果】室温贮藏至第8 d,一点红橄榄的好果率仍保持在98%,丰玉1号橄榄仅50%;贮藏至第6 d,丰玉1号橄榄出现呼吸高峰,深洋甜种和一点红橄榄的呼吸强度呈上升趋势,但尚未出现呼吸高峰;整个贮藏期间,3个橄榄品种果实的失重率、质膜相对透性和MDA含量均呈逐渐上升趋势,POD活性则呈先上升后下降再上升的变化趋势,贮藏至第8 d,深洋甜种橄榄的失重率和POD活性最低,一点红橄榄的质膜相对透性和MDA含量最低;PPO活性由高到低为:丰玉1号>深洋甜种>一点红。【结论】3个橄榄品种中,以一点红橄榄的耐藏性最佳,深洋甜种橄榄次之,可将一点红和深洋甜种橄榄远销非产地市场,而丰玉1号橄榄适合产地自销。     

埋地钢质管道交流腐蚀的评价准则

强电线路对埋地钢质管道产生交流干扰进而诱发交流腐蚀的问题日益凸显。预测交流腐蚀发生的可能性时,国内以交流电位为评判指标,欧洲以交流电流密度为主要评判指标,两者均有标准可依。以某交流腐蚀管道为例,依据国内外相关标准对其交流电位、交流电流密度、保护电位和保护电流密度等参数进行测试和计算,比较了两种交流腐蚀评判指标的适用性,证明了以交流电流密度为主要评判指标的交流腐蚀评价准则具有更高的精确性,以及在交流干扰条件下传统的-850mV(CSE)保护电位评价准则的局限性。     

Fast-forward playback of recent memory sequences in prefrontal cortex during sleep

As previously shown in the hippocampus and other brain areas, patterns of firing-rate correlations between neurons in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during a repetitive sequence task were preserved during subsequent sleep, suggesting that waking patterns are reactivated. We found that, during sleep, reactivation of spatiotemporal patterns was coherent across the network and compressed in time by a factor of 6 to 7. Thus, when behavioral constraints are removed, the brain's intrinsic processing speed may be much faster than it is in real time. Given recent evidence implicating the medial prefrontal cortex in retrieval of long-term memories, the observed replay may play a role in the process of memory consolidation.     

Cholinergic enhancement and increased selectivity of perceptual processing during working memory

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the mechanism by which cholinergic enhancement improves working memory. We studied the effect of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine on subcomponents of this complex function. Cholinergic enhancement increased the selectivity of neural responses in extrastriate cortices during visual working memory, particularly during encoding. It also increased the participation of ventral extrastriate cortex during memory maintenance and decreased the participation of anterior prefrontal cortex. These results indicate that cholinergic enhancement improves memory performance by augmenting the selectivity of perceptual processing during encoding, thereby simplifying processing demands during memory maintenance and reducing the need for prefrontal participation.     

中华蟾蜍胚后嗅球神经元自发电活动的发育变化

[目的]探讨中华蟾蜍(Bufo bufo gargarizans)胚后嗅球神经元自发电活的电生理学特性的发育变化。[方法]应用微电极电生理技术,对中华蟾蜍胚后嗅球神经元的自发放电活动进行在体胞外记录。[结果]随着嗅球的发育,其神经元的放电形式逐渐增多,单个放电振幅逐渐增大,且在变态期达最大;连续放电振幅在胚后发育的中期变化不大,但高于发育的早期和成体期;连续簇状放电频率随着发育时期而降低,但在成体期再次升高,而连续单个放电频率只在成体期增大。[结论]随着嗅球的发育,神经元的兴奋性逐步提高,神经元电活动形式逐渐呈现多样化。     

基于GIS的土地整理潜力测算模型的构建

在总结土地整理规划编制工作的基础上，研究如何结合GIS和相关软件，构建土地整理潜力测算模型，实现规划编制、成果输出和数据更新的自动化。     

城镇化发展中的村镇建设用地整理--以河南省沁阳市为例

采用实地调查法对沁阳市村镇建设用地的现状进行了现场踏勘，并结合GB50188-93村《镇规划标准》，利用定性判定与定量分析相结合的方法，对沁阳市村镇建设用地的潜力进行了预测。结果显示，沁阳市村镇建设用地的内部潜力为861．6hm^2，城区建设用地潜力为166．0hm^2，闲散地的潜力为225．7hm^2，建设用地潜力合计为1253．3hm^2。提出了村镇建设用地整理的途径：可以通过撤乡并镇、迁村并点，调整村镇等级结构，提高土地的集约利用率，为村镇建设提供大量用地；可以通过改造村镇内部的闲置土地，盘活建设用地存量；通过乡镇企业进入工业园区，非农人员进住城镇居民区，农民留在现代农业园区实现土地集中利用，避免占用耕地；制定多渠道筹集资金的政策，保证村镇建设用地整理顺利进行。     

鲢肌肉在保藏中的生化变化

以淡水鱼鲢为对象,研究其在５℃、１０℃、和２０℃保藏时鱼肉的ｐＨ值、ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性、糖原、乳酸含量变化,肌原纤维蛋白的变性和降解情况及鱼体的感官变化。实验结果表明：（１）鲢肌肉糖原含量低（８．２μｍｏｌ／ｇ）,并在３～６ｈ内迅速降解。（２）鲢肌肉乳酸含量也低,在低温保藏下乳酸易于积累。（３）新鲜鱼肉的ｐＨ值为６．９７左右,接近中性;保藏过程中ｐＨ值下降的幅度小,最低可下降到６．６左右。（４）５℃     

软枣猕猴桃果实贮藏中生理生化变化

为掌握软枣猕猴桃果实贮藏中软化特性,以长白山野生软枣猕猴桃果实为试材,研究果实贮藏中的生理生化变化。结果表明:软枣猕猴桃果实在贮藏初期硬度下降明显,贮藏中可溶性固形物含量逐渐增加,贮藏3～4d达峰值,有机酸含量逐渐减少,Vc含量在贮藏中下降不明显,且在贮藏第5天有回升的趋势。软枣猕猴桃果实在贮藏2d内淀粉几乎全部降解,总糖在淀粉减少的始点开始急剧增加,贮藏4d后保持稳定,而还原糖在贮藏中徐徐增加。软枣猕猴桃果实贮藏中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化很相似,在贮藏初期逐渐增加,且都在贮藏4d出现明显的活性高峰。