商品人工林的环境管理策略

对于森林资源总量不足、质量不高的我国林业而言,大力发展人工林尤其是大力发展商品人工林,是保护稀缺的天然林资源和满足社会日益增大的林产品及服务需求的有效途径。商品人工林作为典型的人工生态系统,由于其系统多样性、物种多样性和遗传多样性的不完整,使商品人工林的经营具有病虫害多发、地力维持困难、生物多样性欠缺、生态系统不稳定的诸多生态环境问题,并对其预期经济目标的实现产生负面影响。树立商品人工林环境管理的思想,制定符合我国国情、林情的商品人工林环境管理策略,是实现商品人工林可持续经营的重要途径,亦是实现新世纪我国生态良好文明发展目标的重要保障。     

毛竹林下植被管理与利用研究综述

林下植被作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对森林生态系统的物种多样性和稳定性维持、立地生产力维护及养分循环等具有重要影响。针对集约经营毛竹林生物多样性锐减、立地生产力衰退、生态环境恶化、竹林产品产量和质量下降等问题,为促进毛竹林下植被科学管理,提高毛竹林可持续经营能力,总结了毛竹林下植被物种多样性-稳定性维持机制、人工干扰对毛竹林下植被的影响、毛竹林下植被生态功能、基于经济价值的毛竹林下植被开发利用等研究现状,提出了林下植被群落结构与功能、林下植被演替与多样性维护、林下植物型复合经营模式构建与应用等毛竹林下植被管理策略及今后的重点研究方向。     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。     

森林生态系统的生物多样性保护问题

生物多样性的保护和可持续的利用对森林的保护与可持续经营具有特别重要的意义，生物多样性保护在森林生态系统管理中也越来越显示其重要性。讨论全球森林生态系统生物多样性保护的发展趋势及森林生态系统生物多样性保护的理论和对策，以及生物多样性指数在评价生物多样性管理的应用，提出我国生物多样性保护研究应该加强的方向。     

森林粗木质物残体贮量及功能研究综述

粗木质物残体(CWD)在森林生态系统能量流动、物质循环以及维护森林生态系统的完整性和稳定性方面发挥着重要作用, 科学有效地对其贮量进行定量化研究, 对进一步了解CWD在生物地球化学循环过程中和全球碳循环与碳平衡中的地位与作用具有重要意义。文中论述了CWD的贮量、CWD的分解、CWD在碳贮量与碳循环中的重要作用以及影响CWD贮量和分解的原因, 系统阐明了CWD在促进森林生产力、维持生物多样性以及促成森林更新等方面的功能, 展望了CWD贮量定量化研究以及结构与功能研究的发展方向。     

杉木人工林土壤碳库动态研究现状及展望

土壤有机碳(SOC)是陆地生态系统中最大的有机碳库,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要的作用。因此,土壤有机碳动态是生态系统碳循环研究中的关键。杉木人工林是我国亚热带主要的人工林,综述了杉木经营过程中土壤有机质动态变化研究现状,以及采伐、整地、炼山等人类活动对土壤有机碳库影响等相关研究。     

桉树人工林与天然林土壤养分的对比研究

在野外调查取样和室内实验分析的基础上,对人工林与天然林的土壤养分进行比较分析,结果表明人工林土壤表层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都明显低于天然林,反映了人工林对养分的旺盛需求和消耗,并且人工林还会造成土壤阳离子交换量的降低和土壤容重的增大。提出变炼山全垦为块状整地、轮栽并适当休闲养地、提高人工林生物多样性、建立复杂的人工林群落等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环。     

森林细根生产和周转的影响因素

细根在森林生态系统碳平衡和养分循环中具有重要作用。随着全球碳循环研究的开展, 作为森林生态系统中土壤碳的主要来源, 对细根的研究受到了广泛关注。在系统分析国内外大量研究报道的基础上, 文中对影响细根生产和周转的非生物因素(土壤养分、温度、土壤水分及CO₂浓度)和生物因素(土壤生物、细根形态及林分特征)进行总结和评述, 分析根系研究中存在的问题, 对今后的研究方向提出展望。     

人工林工程生物质量与环境影响评价

在我国人工林工程项目实施中,对于诸如地力衰退、病虫害防治、土壤水文、生境和生物多样性保护等方面缺乏必要的环境影响预测和管理的规程准备.通过对人工林工程生物质量评价因子与环境影响评价因子的判别,提出了人工林工程生物质量评价的内容、指标和方法;针对人工林工程的环境影响,论述了地力维持、水源涵养、生物多样性保护以及社会环境影响等评价内容.从长远的观点来说,人工林经营应当从生境途径、生物途径、景观途径、生态过程途径和社会经济途径等方面提供的信息中进行生物质量评价和环境影响评价,探讨不同尺度水平下人工林工程建设的多样性格局,力求模拟自然森林生态系统.     

我国桉树人工林现状及可持续经营对策研究

本文阐述了目前桉树人工林的发展现状及人工林存在的稳定性差、生物多样性小、养分水分消耗过度、地力衰退、病虫害以及化感等生态问题,以及人工林经营中存在的若干问题,提出通过改良桉树人工林栽培、育种、森林经理等措施,建立可持续的遗传育种策略和桉树人工林可持续经营的技术体系,为我国桉树速生丰产林的可持续经营提供科学依据。     

Multiple-use forest management in consideration of climate change and the interests of stakeholder groups

In this study, the overall utility of forest management alternatives at the forest management unit level is evaluated with regard to multi-purpose and multi-user settings by a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. The MCA is based on an additive utility model. The relative importance of partial objectives of forest management (carbon sequestration, ground water recharge, biodiversity, and timber production) is defined in cooperation with stakeholders. The forest growth model 4C (Forest Ecosystems in a Changing Environment) is used to simulate the impact of six forest management strategies and climate on forest functions. Two climate change scenarios represent uncertainties with regard to future climatic conditions. The study is based on actual forest conditions in the Kleinsee management unit in east Germany, which is dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl.) stands. First, there is an analysis of the impact of climate and forest management on forest functions. Climate change increases carbon sequestration and income from timber production due to increased stand productivity. Secondly, the overall utility of the management strategies is compared under the priority settings of different stakeholder groups. From an ecological perspective, a conservation strategy would be preferable under all climate scenarios, but the business as usual management would also fit the expectations under the current climate due to high biodiversity and carbon sequestration in the forest ecosystem. In contrast, a forest manager in public-owned forests or a private forest owner would prefer a management strategy with an intermediate thinning intensity and a high share of pine stands to enhance income from timber production while maintaining the other forest functions.     

全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。森林作为全球陆地生态系统的一个重要组分, 对全球气候变化的响应较为敏感。文中系统总结了全球气候变化对物种和森林类型分布、森林生态系统结构和物种组成、森林生产力、森林土壤碳氮循环和森林灾害等几个方面的影响, 以及森林生态系统管理面临的挑战, 在此基础上提出了适应未来气候变化的森林生态系统管理策略。     

全球森林管理的趋势及对碳储量的影响

全球森林日益受到土地利用变化、分散化、管理目标变化和退化的影响。运用管理强度描述全球森林动态变化趋势,并概述了与森林管理相关的全球碳库变化。讨论了对“管理”的不同解释,并强调了一些重要的核算和分析问题。全球森林面积自1990 年以来下降了3％,但全球各地人工林面积都有所增加,截止2010 年已占全球森林面积的近7％。由于人为因素造成的栖息地破碎和退化,使得占所有林地34％的原始森林面积正在下降,尤其是南美洲和非洲。同时,自然再生林面积也有所下降。由于管理强度的增加,1990 年以来,非施业林面积（通常被定义为缺乏人类管理计划或保护状态的土地）大幅度下降,截止2010 年仅占全球森林的21％,而用于水土保持、生物多样性保护和提供生态系统服务等非木质林产品用地面积大幅增加。从全球来看,木材生产自1990 年以来一直相对稳定,但非木质林产品用地面积越来越多,表明林业采伐面积占森林总面积的比例较小。根据管理森林和区域研究领域的发展趋势可知,历史上和现在的森林管理是当前碳储量的一个非常重要的决定因素。目前,已建成的森林抵消了来自使用化石燃料释放二氧化碳的约30％,而减少森林的砍伐可能会将陆地碳地面总吸收量从大约4.0 t 升至每年6.2 t。然而,研究结果表明,多样化使用森林土地可能对维持或提高目前的陆地碳汇有重大影响。未来,诸如大气二氧化碳的增加和气候变化等间接的人类影响,以及土地管理的直接影响和木材生物燃料的日益增长的需求,都将成为影响土地管理战略规划和森林生态系统全球碳循环的重要因素。     

Reconciliation of research on forest carbon sequestration and water conservation

Carbon sequestration and water conservation are two of the key ecosystem services that forests provide for societal need to address environmental issues.Optimization of the dual services is the ultimate goal in forest management for mitigating global climate change and safeguarding terrestrial water balance.However,there are some tradeoffs between gain in forest productivity and ecosystem water balance.We conducted literature review based on published articles for learned knowledge on forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations.Some knowledge gaps and research needs are identified by examining the inter-connections between forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.Past researches have helped gain basic understanding of the mechanisms and controls of forest carbon fixation and hydrological regulations as two separate issues.Tools and approaches are well established for quantifying and monitoring forest carbon and hydrological issues,operating at different spatial and temporal scales.There are knowledge gaps on how to design afforestation schemes facilitating enhanced ecosystem services in forest carbon sequestration and water conservation.For the top-down planning of afforestation in regions where water availability is anticipated to be problematic,the questions of how much and where to plant for given land availability,known environmental implications,and sustained regional development and livelihood need to be addressed.For local management considerations,the questions of what and how to plant prevail.Efforts are needed in joint studies of forest carbon sequestration and water conservation functionalities,specifically in relation to establishment and management of planted forests aiming for delivering regulatory ecosystem services in carbon sequestration,water conservation and other social values.We propose an integrated framework with dual consideration of carbon sequestration and water conservation in forest management for future research pursue.     

树种选择与配置对森林生态系统服务的影响

我国森林面积和蓄积量连续增长,但造林树种单一、林分幼龄化、径级持续偏小、单位面积蓄积量低。在气候变化挑战及全球经济一体化大背景下,如何发挥森林在木材生产、生物多样性保护、固碳、涵养水源及社会文化等方面的多重服务功能以满足经济社会发展对森林的多元化需求,是我国现代林业建设的当务之急。文中通过梳理国内外相关文献,分析不同树种与配置模式和不同森林经营选择对森林生态系统服务的影响,以及对森林生态系统服务影响的模拟预测方法与工具,进而总结当前研究与实践的总体趋势,以期为我国树种选择及其优化配置、增强森林生态系统服务功能提供决策参考。     

Adapting the Congo Basin forests management to climate change: Linkages among biodiversity,forest loss,and human well-being

Tropical forests are at the center of any global debate on climate change and sustainable forest management because of their twin roles in climate change adaptation and mitigation and for resilient development. However, in the countries of the Congo Basin forests receive very little attention in national planning and policies. Climate change is not currently considered in decisions and long-term forest management plans in these countries. This paper demonstrates that: (1) Congo Basin forests are needed for adaptation because they can help to decrease human vulnerability to climate change; and (2) Congo Basin forest management practices need to be adapted to accommodate climate change because these forests are vulnerable to climate change. A framework for facilitating adaptation in forestry is discussed and a review of adaptive actions presented. The paper recommends the adoption of sustainable forest management approach that includes a climate change focus. Such management should not only avoid any adverse effects on the forest resources and conservation of biodiversity, but also provides opportunities for greater, more sustainable rural development and poverty alleviation through income generation and employment opportunities.     

不同森林经营措施对木材产量和碳储量的影响

在应对全球气候变化中, 林业具有特殊地位和重要功能, 以社会、经济和环境可持续发展为目标的森林可持续经营是全球趋势。文中阐述了森林在减缓和适应气候变化中的独特作用; 重点分析了不同营林措施对木材产量和碳储量的影响, 并结合可持续林业的发展趋势评价了不同经营模式框架下木材产量与碳储量之间的平衡; 针对全球气候变化对森林生态系统带来的挑战, 探讨了今后森林经营措施的研究重点和难点, 旨在为制定合理的经营方案提供理论依据。     

营林措施及环境与森林凋落物分解的相互关系研究进展

森林凋落物分解是生态系统养分循环中的重要过程, 通过分解向土壤释放植物所需养分, 且产生大量CO₂, 对森林土壤肥力的维持及提高森林生产力有着重要的作用, 并影响着陆地碳循环。文中评述了栽培密度、农林复合、混交林等营林措施及环境污染、温室气体、化感作用等环境问题与凋落物分解的相互关系, 为深入研究凋落物分解规律及其在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用提供参考。     

龙岩市森林生态系统服务价值评价

采用龙岩市2011年森林资源与城乡绿化统计数据,从调节气候、净化大气环境、固碳释氧、涵养水源、保护生物多样性5方面对龙岩市森林生态系统进行价值评估。结果表明,龙岩市林业用地、城区人居林和乡村人居林3个不同地域的森林生态系统产生的生态服务价值分别为2 204.5亿元、1.92亿元和0.72亿元,各项生态服务价值由大到小依次为调节气候、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化大气环境、保护生物多样性。     

A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of forests.Ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and management.Most protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in China.The development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global change.We introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests.Ecological mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration strategies.In addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1) theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2) the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3) the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.