川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后土壤水热运移模拟研究

川西北高寒区在黄河和长江上游的水源涵养与补给、生态平衡中发挥着重要作用,该区土壤长期受到昼夜及季节性冻融作用影响,但土壤水分和热量在受到冻融交替作用后的变化规律,及其在草地退化及沙化过程中的作用还不明确。通过野外采集土样进行室内土柱模拟水热运移实验,利用有限元软件HYDRUS建立了一维土柱模型,开展基于冻融循环作用后的非饱和沙化草地和天然草地土壤水热迁移过程的数值计算研究,揭示不同冻融界面条件下沙化草地和天然草地土壤的水热分布特征、空间运移特性。结果表明：HYDRUS软件模拟沙化草地和天然草地土壤体积含水率的模拟结果R²>0.98,其平均值分别为0.997,0.996,模拟效果较理想;在土壤温度特性方面,模拟结果R²>0.98,平均值0.999,HYDRUS软件较好地模拟了川西北高寒区冻融交替作用后天然草地和沙化草地土壤温度和体积含水量的变化特征。通过模拟预测发现,反复冻融作用后,天然草地和沙化草地土壤体积含水率随时间变化均呈现上下波动的趋势,天然草地各土层体积含水率总体均高于沙化草地含水率;土壤温度模拟值呈现先波动上升后波动下降...     

基于GLUE的土壤溶质运移参数反演及不确定性

溶质运移模型参数的识别结果常存在较高的不确定性,制约了模型的实际应用。以土壤中Cu2+运移过程为例,采用广义似然不确定性估计(Generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation,GLUE)并引入最大似然值(MaximumNash-Sutcliffe,MNS)等三种定量指标,探讨了数值反演估计弥散系数等参数的不确定性。结果表明,非线性最小二乘法(Nonlinear least squares,NLLS)得到的唯一"最优"参数组合对Cu2+出流曲线拟合效果很好(R20.937),但因"异参同效",无法刻画预测结果的不确定性。GLUE则可明确溶质运移参数及其响应界面的不确定性,MNS对应的参数组合对Cu2+出流曲线拟合R20.937,效果与NLLS的拟合结果高度一致。GLUE计算的95%置信区间覆盖了80%以上的观测点(NLLS为46.3%),其反演参数的取值范围也远大于NLLS的结果。在模型参数及响应界面不确定性分析两方面GLUE方法均优于NLLS方法。     

用气象数据估算固定和半固定沙地的起沙速率

Taibus County, Inner Mongolia, China, lies in a farming-pastoral ecotone, where severe wind erosion and various aeolian sand hazards are prevalent and fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes occur frequently. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between sand transportation rate and wind speed for the fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes based on field measurements. The annual quantity of soil erosion by wind was estimated using meteorological wind data. The results indicated that the sand transportation rate in Taibus County in 2000 was 57.38 kg cm-1 year-1 for the semi-fixed dunes and 4.56 kg cm-1 year-1 for the fixed dunes. The total duration of erosive winds covered 12.5% of the time of the year, and spring posed the highest potential of sand transportation. Wind with low speed (≤17 m s-1) and high frequency plays a dominant role in sand transportation, while strong wind (≥17 m s-1) with low frequency significantly enhanced the sand transportation. Erosive wind speed, directions, and frequency were three crucial dynamic factors influencing sand hazards in the farming-pastoral ecotone. The dominant factors intensifying sand and dust storms in Taibus County might be related to the favorable wind condition in combination with the durable drought, which led to land desertification and vegetation degradation.     

沟灌条件下土壤水热传输与转换研究进展

沟灌地表的不均匀结构使土壤水热运动具有空间性,地表水汽交换与光温条件随之改变。该文概述了近年来国内外沟灌土壤的水热传输与转换的研究进展,主要包括地-气界面的水汽交换、沟垄表面的光温分布和沟灌土壤的水热传输。深入阐明沟灌土壤的水热传输机制,是沟灌条件下土壤水热资源高效利用的基础。     

空气与水顺流直接接触热质交换过程模型计算及分析

为了获得方便计算空气与水顺流直接接触热质交换过程的公式和方法,为蒸发冷却设备的设计和实验分析提供了理论指导和新方法,该文基于模型假设和对空气与水顺流直接接触热质交换过程的能量分析,推导出了揭示空气与水顺流进行热质交换时,空气与水的状态参数与过程的无因次量-传质单元数NTU_m、传热单数元数NTU_h和水气比β之间内在规律的通用方程组,并给出了利用MATLAB软件求解方程组的计算方法。应用到绝热等焓过程,理论结果与前人的理论推导结论相同。对一冷却减湿过程进行计算和分析表明,在空气与水进口状态参数一定的情况下,过程的NTU_m、NTU_h、β之间存在相互联系的内在关系;顺流时,进口条件一定,β有一最小值;当β一定时,NTU_m增加到一定值后,对热质交换过程已基本没有影响;当NTU_m一定时,有一最佳β值,此时空气温降最大。     

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的荒漠绿洲水盐运移模拟与评估

针对河套灌区引水量逐年减少、荒漠绿洲农业生态环境恶化等问题,该研究以沙丘-荒地-海子系统为研究对象,通过2a定点观测,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对沙丘、沙丘-荒地交界和荒地进行了不同时期水盐动态模拟,揭示了荒漠绿洲水盐运移特征,评价了荒漠绿洲农业生态状况.结果表明:1)沙丘、沙丘-荒地交界和荒地土壤水分和盐分率定与验证...     

基于表观电导率和Hydrus模型同化的土壤盐分估算

精细刻画农田土壤盐分运移过程对盐渍化精准治理具有重要意义。该文以磁感式大地电导率仪EM38测定的土壤表观电导率作为数据源,利用表观电导率与剖面土壤盐分之间的反演模型作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalmanfilter,En KF)同化方法应用于土壤水盐运移过程模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行滨海盐渍农田周年土壤盐分动态的模拟,并分析了同化过程的敏感性。结果表明:与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,En KF同化方法对模型观测算子的更新,有效提高剖面土壤盐分模拟精度,且En KF同化值的精度优于En KF同化模拟值,在同化过程中的调整量亦最大;敏感性分析结果显示土壤盐分同化过程对状态变量集合数大小不敏感,对观测数据误差和引入观测数据的深度较为敏感,观测数据误差水平越高、引入观测数据的深度越浅其误差越大。研究表明基于水盐运移模型和土壤表观电导率数据的EnKF同化方法能提高土壤盐分的模拟精度,为利用多源数据和机理模型进行较大尺度生态过程模拟预测提供了有效手段。     

打孔灌沙促进漫灌下盐碱土水分下渗提高脱盐效果

针对现有盐碱土改良措施工程量大,农业生产成本高等问题,提出打孔灌沙的盐碱土防治措施。该文以天津滨海盐碱土为研究对象,通过野外小区灌溉试验,研究在灌溉条件下打孔灌沙对盐碱土水盐运移规律的影响,旨在探索打孔灌沙减少盐碱地表层积盐的可行性。试验设计3种灌溉量(600、900和1 200 m~3/hm~2),3种打孔深度(5、10和15 cm)和3种打孔密度(30、60和90孔/m2),并以无打孔灌沙处理为对照组(CK)。结果表明:灌溉量影响盐碱土洗盐效果,在600~1 200 m~3/hm~2灌溉量处理下,灌溉量越大,表层土壤脱盐效果越好。同时,打孔灌沙能够促进水分下渗,提高脱盐效果,在1 200 m~3/hm~2灌溉量下,灌后25 d,打孔深度≥10 cm时较CK降低表层0~30 cm土壤水分8.7%~16.1%,提高脱盐总量50.7%~98.8%。打孔密度增加能够促进脱盐效果,但随打孔深度而不同。打孔深度≤10 cm时,30和60孔/m~2打孔密度处理间脱盐总量差异不显著(P0.05)。打孔深度为15 cm时,60和90孔/m~2打孔密度处理间脱盐总量差异不显著(P0.05)。考虑到过深的打孔深度处理会降低打孔灌沙效率、提高配套打孔灌沙机具的研发难度,结合试验区农艺规范,推荐10 cm打孔深度、30孔/m~2打孔密度作为合适的打孔灌沙处理方案,该研究可为滨海区盐碱土的开发利用提供新的思路和方法。     

红壤中水热耦合转化的实验和数值模拟研究

Coupled transfer of soil water and heat in closed columns of homogeneous red soil was studied under laboratory conditions.A coupled model was constructed using soil physical theory,empirical equations and experimental data to predict the coupled transfer.The results show that transport of soil water was affected by temperaature gradient,and the largest net water transport was found in the soil column with initial water content of 0.148m^3m^-3,At the same time,temperature changes with the transport of soil water was in a nonlinear shape as heat parameters wre function of water content,and the changes of temperature were positively correlated with the net amount of water transported.Numerical modelling results show that the predicted values of temperature distribution were close to the observed values,while the predicted values of water content exhibited limited deviation at both ends of the soil column due to the slight temperature changes at both ends .It WAS indicated that the model proposed here was applicable.     

基于改进水云模型和Radarsat-2数据的农田土壤含水量估算

为了直接将雷达遥感中"水云模型"进行反演应用,该研究将"水云模型"中植被参数改为雷达植被指数,利用全极化数据直接支持遥感反演土壤含水量,无需遥感反演植被参数输入。改进模型为利用雷达遥感结合"水云模型"进行土壤含水量监测提供了一种高效便捷方法。基于Radarsat-2全极化数据对冬小麦覆盖的农田土壤含水量进行估算,利用2014年在陕西杨凌区获取的4个生育期内Radarsat-2卫星数据及同步田间测量108组冬小麦农田土壤含水量地面测量数据进行模型参数校正和精度验证。验证结果精度为:改进的雷达植被指数模型原叶面积指数模型(实测叶面积指数验证)原叶面积指数模型(光学遥感反演叶面积指数验证),且改进的雷达植被指数模型可以在多个生育期内对农田土壤含水量进行监测。     

Improvement in estimation of soil water retention using fractal parameters and multiobjective group method of data handling

Soil water retention characteristic is required for modeling of water and substance movement in unsaturated soils and need to be estimated using indirect methods. Point pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for prediction of soil water content at matric suctions of 1, 5, 25, 50, and 1500 kPa were developed and validated using a data-set of 148 soil samples from Hamedan and Guilan provinces, Iran, by multiobjective group method of data handling (mGMDH). In addition to textural and structural properties, fractal parameters of the power-law fractal models for both particles and aggregates distributions were also included as predictors. Their inclusion significantly improved the PTFs’ accuracy and reliability. The aggregate size distribution fractal parameters ranked next to the particle size distribution (PSD) in terms of prediction accuracy. The mGMDH-derived PTFs were significantly more reliable than those by artificial neural networks but their accuracies were practically the same. Similarity between the fractal behavior of particle and void size distributions may contribute to the improvement of the derived PTFs using PSD fractal parameters. It means that both distributions of the pore and particle size represent the fractal behavior and can be described by fractal models.     

荒漠草原生长季不同时间尺度水热通量变化特征及其影响因子

荒漠草原水热通量变化特征及其影响因素分析对提高区域水热交换规律认识和了解其在气候变化中的作用具有重要意义。该研究基于内蒙古荒漠草原2018和2019年4—10月涡度相关系统与相应的环境因子观测资料,分析了荒漠草原不同时间尺度水热通量（感热通量（sensible heat flux,H）和潜热通量（latent heat flux,LE））及能量占比（H/LE）的变化特征及其环境因子调控机制。结果表明：1）H为该生态系统的主要能量消耗形式,且同一环境因子在不同生育期对H、LE、H/LE的影响存在差异;2）小时尺度上,H、LE呈单峰型变化,峰值均主要出现在12：00—14：00之间,且LE峰值出现时间较H滞后1～2 h。H的主要影响因素为平均风速（wind speed,Ws）,相对湿度（relative humidity,RH）、饱和水汽压差（vapor pressure deficit,VPD）和空气温度（air temperature,Ta）,相关系数（correlation coefficient,r）绝对值大小分别为Ws（0.72）> RH（0.66）> VPD（0.61）>Ta（0.38）。LE的主要影响因素为Ta、VPD、地面温度（soil temperature,Ts）和降雨（precipitation,P）;3）日尺度上,H、LE呈明显的季节变化,H的主要影响因素是RH、Ws、Ts、Ta、P和VPD,H/LE主要影响因素为RH、Ws、Ts和Ta;4）月尺度上,H、LE近似呈单峰型变化,夏季能量消散方式以LE为主,H的主要影响因素为RH、Ws和VPD,其中VPD正效应最强（r=0.75）,P对LE的正效应最强（r=0.75）,而RH对H/LE的负效应最强（r=-0.76）。研究结果有利于准确理解多时间尺度下荒漠草原H和LE对环境因子的响应,同时可为草原生态功能区的植被恢复、生态环境保护提供理论依据和技术支撑。