我国北方农牧交错带的草地植被类型、特征及其生态问题

我国北方农牧交错带地处湿润气候与干旱气候、农业区与牧业区的过渡地带，草地植被类型和生态景观极具特殊性。其总面积65．46万km^2，其中天然草地面积3165．1万hm^2，占土地总面积的48．35％。其天然草地植被主要包括疏林草地、灌丛草地和草本植被草地三大类，面积分别为100．29万hm^2、72l.11万hm^2和2343．7万hm^2，各占该区天然草地植被总面积的3．17％、22．78％和74．05％。由于长期受到人为强烈干扰，植被退化、沙化严重，生产力急剧下降，成为我国北方生态问题最严重的地区之一。其草地植被的恢复重建应重点注意植被类型的选择、合理的种植密度与适宜的封育期限和放牧利用强度，同时加强对传统畜牧业的改造，大力发展季节畜牧业和减轻草地放牧压力，消除草地退化沙化的根源。     

陕西省2003年治理水土流失面积7895平方公里

据陕西省水保局消息，2003年陕西省超额完成治理水土流失面积7000km^2任务，实际完成7895km^2，占年计划任务的112．8％。     

海河流域累计治理水土流失面积8．5万km^2

据近日召开的海河流域水土保持工作会议消息，新中国成立以来，海河流域已累计治理水土流失面积8．5万km^2，特别是近年来，随着一批国家重点水土保持工程的实施，中央投资大幅度增加，海河流域水土流失治理速度明显加快，治理效益显著提高。近5年，海河流域年均完成水土流失治理任务5000km^2，是“九五”期间的2～3倍。水土流失重点治理发挥了很好的规模效益，为改善区     

山区肉牛快速育肥配套技术措施

玉溪土地总面积15285km^2，山地占90．6％，坝子占7．2％，湖泊水面占2．2％。自然草场资源面积103．8万hm^2，年可产农作物秸秆达100万t。本地黄牛适应性好，抗病力强，是优良地方品种之一。因此，在玉溪山区发展肉牛生产具有得天独厚的自然条件。     

黄河源区生态价值的政治经济学分析

1 黄河源区及流域生态现状 1．1 黄河源区生态现状。黄河干流长5464km,青海省境内长1959km,占黄河总长度的35．6％;青海省境内流域面积16．72万km^2,占黄河流域总面积（79．5万km^2）的21％。黄河源区的生态价值集中体现在其水利资源上。     

农区退耕还林地林草间作与效益分析

我国农区，通常指以农作物栽培为主的地区，面积458．82万km^2，占全国土地总面积的47．79％，其中实用耕地8732．52万hm^2(1989年)，占全国耕地总面积的87．94％。     

发挥独特地域优势饲养特色生态草鹅

金湖紧邻我国五大淡水湖之一的洪泽湖，境内有白马湖、宝应湖、高邮湖，县域总面积共1343．78km^2，其中水面面积420．08km^2．占县域总面积近1／3，滩地面积44km^2。全国知名的淮河入江水道自西而东横穿腹地，总面积125km^2，其中生长着芦苇等杂草的滩地有4万多亩，入江水道内地势平坦，水面广阔，河道纵横，往年在完成夏季行洪任务后多为闲置．造成了不小的资源浪费，近几年由于人为地不断开荒．已开荒近2万余亩，每年在行洪前播种一季小麦。     

河北省石家庄市完成水土流失治理面积3410km^2

据统计，河北省石家庄市山丘区总面积7322km^2，而其中水土流失面积就达4730km^2，占山丘区总面积的65％。自20世纪80年代以来，石家庄市坚持以小流域为单元，进行山、水、林、田、路的综合治理，在8个山区县（市）区实施了中央财政专项资金水土保持重点工程、国家太行山水土保持重点工程、河北省水土保持小流域综合治理工程等生态建设重点项目。     

青海省草场“三化”问题严重

据青海省农牧厅消息，青海省草场荒漠化面积已达33．4万km^2，占草场总面积的46％；中度以上退化面积达733万hm^2，占草地总面积的18．15％，严重退化面积达440万hm^2，占草场总面积的10．9％，另有一定数量的沙化草场存在。对此，省农牧厅有关人士分析认为，青海省遏制环境恶化，保护自然生态链完整的任务相当艰巨。     

江西水土流失治理面积突破1．2万km^2

经过十多年的治理，我国江南水土流失最严重的江西省已经累计治理水土流失面积1．2万km^2。水土保持不仅成为保障生态安全、防洪安全的重要措施，也成为当地社会经济可持续发展的重要保证。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。