白斑狗鱼家系亲本遗传结构的微卫星分析

近年来,新疆土著鱼类白斑狗鱼（Esox lucius）已成为重要的养殖对象。本研究用8对微卫星标记扩增了190-360bp的2-7条带,分析构建了白斑狗鱼家系亲本的遗传结构。白斑狗鱼雌、雄亲鱼的观测杂合度和预期杂合度分别为0.6438、0.7066和0.6500、0.7076,表明白斑狗鱼亲本杂合度较高。雌、雄亲鱼平均多态信息含量分别为0.6464和0.6486。总体上8个微卫星位点具有较高的多态性,雌雄亲本间遗传距离为0.0426,适于分析白斑狗鱼亲本的遗传结构。F统计显示,白斑狗鱼近亲交配不严重,适合作为家系选育亲本。     

草鱼选育群体不同世代遗传变异的微卫星分析

为了分析草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)选育群体不同世代的遗传变异和遗传结构, 本研究利用了已建立的一套标准微卫星标记对草鱼长江选育群体 F0、F3、F4 进行了遗传变异的评估, 并与黑龙江选育群体和珠江选育群体进行了遗传变异的比较分析。实验结果表明长江选育群体的各世代均具有高度的遗传多样性(PIC＞0.05), 且长江选育群体的遗传多样性相对于黑龙江和珠江选育群体的遗传多样性水平更高(P＜0.05)。遗传分化指数(Fst)分析结果表明, 长江选育群体 F0、F3、F4 之间遗传分化的水平较低(0     

基于微卫星标记和线粒体D-loop序列的5个大口黑鲈群体遗传变异分析

为探讨当前国内大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)群体遗传多样性和变异情况, 采用14个微卫星(简单重复序列, SSR)标记和线粒体D-loop序列, 对国内3个养殖群体(“优鲈1号”YL1、“优鲈3号”YL3和中国台湾群体CTW)、1个引进群体(北方亚种US)和1个杂交群体(“优鲈3号”♀×北方亚种♂, HYB)共计5个群体175尾个体进行群体遗传变异分析。结果显示, 14个SSR位点中有5个位点(LMB24、LMB28、LMB38、LMB39和LMB42)表现出高度多态性[(多态信息含量(PIC)＞0.5)]。其中, 北方亚种群体多态性水平最高(PIC=0.514), 其他4个群体多态性普遍较低(0.278＜PIC＜ 0.359)。在D-loop序列中共检测到23个变异位点, 27个单倍型。其中北方亚种群体单倍型数量较多(12个), 而在其他4个群体中存在明显的优势单倍型, 单倍型H01在群体内占比为76.7%~85.7%, 5个群体的单倍型多样性介于0.218~0.882。基于微卫星标记和D-loop部分序列的遗传变异分析显示, 北方亚种群体和“优鲈3号”群体间的Nei’s遗传距离和K2P遗传距离最远(0.300和0.012), 明显大于与其他群体间的遗传距离(0.016~0.297和0.000~ 0.012); 分子方差分析显示, 5个大口黑鲈群体的遗传分化极显著(P＜0.01)。群体间遗传结构和单倍型网络分析显示, 北方亚种群体的遗传结构相对独立, 其他4个群体存在一定程度的遗传结构混杂。研究结果表明, 引进的北方亚种群体保持了较高的遗传多样性, 并与国内养殖群体间存在极显著遗传分化, 基于北方亚种群体开展群体选育或与其他群体开展杂交育种具有较好的应用前景。     

牙鲆养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星标记研究

应用10对微卫星引物对中国牙鲆一个养殖群体的30个个体进行了群体遗传结构分析。结果显示，微卫星标记比其他标记具有更高的多态性，10个微卫星座位的等位基因数在4～10之间，有效等位基因数在2．23～5．82之间，平均等位基因数为7．6，群体平均杂合度为0．6960，Hardy-weinberg遗传偏离指数的平均值为0．1774。     

仿刺参微卫星标记的筛选及群体遗传结构分析

采用FIASCO(Fast Isolation by AFLP Sequences Containing Repeats)方法构建了仿刺参基因组富集CA微卫星序列的基因组短片段文库,筛选得到118条微卫星DNA序列。根据重复单元的排列特点,完美型共83个,占70.4%;非完美型共30个;占25.4%;复合型标记5个,占4.2%。选取其中20条微卫星序列设计引物进行多态性检测,并利用这20对引物对采自中国、韩国(西海岸及东海岸)、俄罗斯和日本沿海的野生仿刺参以及美国沿海的具疣拟刺参进行遗传多样性水平和遗传结构分析。结果表明,所设计的20对引物的扩增产物均具有多态性,其中16个位点为高度多态(PIC>0.5)。遗传多样性分析结果显示,20个微卫星座位的平均观察杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.39和0.69,共检测到231个等位基因(102个有效等位基因),在每个座位上获得3～20个等位基因,平均等位基因数为11.6个,20个位点在6个群体中不同程度偏离遗传平衡(P<0.05),所有群体在整体上均表现为杂合子缺失(Fis>0);5个仿刺参群体间的遗传相似系数在0.71以上,相似性较高,而仿刺参群体与具疣拟刺参的相似性则较低。聚类分析结果表明,中国群体与韩国西海岸群体聚类成一支,而俄罗斯群体、韩国东海岸群体和日本群体聚类成另外一支,聚类的先后与它们在地理分布上的海域位置有一定的相关性。     

皱纹盘鲍和盘鲍南方养殖群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用4对微卫星引物分析了皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai和盘鲍H.discus discus在福建和广东养殖群体的遗传多样性。结果表明,4个养殖群体平均等位基因数为3.750~5.500,平均有效等位基因数为2.941~3.885,平均期望杂合度为0.641~0.698,平均观察杂合度为0.456~0.620,平均多态信息含量PIC值为0.558~0.645,其中惠来盘鲍群体遗传多样性最高,东山盘鲍遗传多样性最低。AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异仅为总遗传变异的4.78%,但群体间遗传分化显著(FSC=0.048,P<0.001)。群体间NEI氏遗传距离为0.084~0.186,UPGMA聚类分析表明,东山盘鲍与惠来盘鲍群体间亲缘关系最近,并与惠来皱纹盘鲍聚为一类,东山皱纹盘鲍与其它群体间亲缘关系较远。皱纹盘鲍和盘鲍南方养殖群体遗传多样性较高,有利于遗传选育,但与野生群体相比等位基因有所丧失。     

仿刺参中国群体与韩国群体杂交子代微卫星标记分析

应用微卫星DNA技术对仿刺参中国群体、韩国群体及其杂交后代的遗传多样性进行了研究。15对微卫星引物共扩增获得60个等位基因,平均等位基因数为4,平均有效等位基因数为2.5855。3个群体的平均观测杂合度分别为0.2965、0.3548、0.2755,平均期望杂合度为0.5296、0.5574、0.5364,多态性信息含量为0.0000~0.8480,平均值为0.4653、0.4860和0.4630。Hardy-Weinberg平衡的P值检验,发现3个群体普遍存在偏离平衡的现象。试验结果表明,15个位点中,14个位点为中度或高度多态,3个群体多样性处于中等偏上水平;韩国群体的遗传多样性水平在3个群体中最高,杂交后代并未表现出明显的杂种优势,但在某些微卫星位点观测到的等位基因频率和基因型频率表现出与亲本的差异,说明杂交过程使后代获得了一定程度的遗传分化,中国群体与韩国群体的杂交后代具一定的选育潜力。     

微卫星标记分析乌龟养殖群体的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记对7个乌龟养殖群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的检测。结果显示,7个养殖群体都表现出较高的多态性,8个位点共检测出130个等位基因,范围在9～26,平均16.25;其多态信息含量(PIC)范围为0.57～0.92,平均值为0.71;观测杂合度(HO)和期望杂合度(HE)分别为0.30～0.87和0.60～0.93。分子变异方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明,遗传变异5.91%来自群体间,84.29%来自群体内部,两两群体间FST值在0.0143～0.1127,其中57.14%的两两群体间无分化,42.86%的两两群体间出现了中等程度的分化。哈迪-温伯格平衡检测表明,8个位点中有5个位点显著或极显著的偏离了哈迪-温伯格平衡,推测各群体中出现了近交繁殖的现象。7群体间遗传距离为0.1066～0.6468,UPGMA聚类分析表明,湖北荆州群体单独聚为一支,其余6个群体聚为另一支。另外,7个群体都存在特有等位基因,提示群体间等位基因扩散受到一定程度的限制,同时在育种上,可以作为亲本选育的一个重要参考指标。     

白斑狗鱼F1代微卫星标记及其与生长性状的相关性

用8对微卫星标记分析白斑狗鱼Esox lucius人工繁育的PIT标记F1代群体的遗传结构,并分析其与5个形态性状的相关性。结果表明:8对微卫星位点平均有效等位基因数为2.8943,平均观测杂合度为0.5473,平均预期杂合度为0.6084,多态信息含量平均为0.5572,遗传偏离指数平均为-0.1634。白斑狗鱼F1代的遗传多样性略低于亲本,但仍具有较高的遗传多样性。对形态性状与基因型的相关分析,找到一个与全长、体高、体厚相关的位点P2。多重比较结果显示:P2位点基因型AA、BC、BB对生长起正面作用,而基因型AB、AC起负面作用。     

大鳞副泥鳅７个群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用泥鳅的微卫星引物跨种扩增大鳞副泥鳅,通过家系扩增、PCR产物测序筛选出6个座位,用于大鳞副泥鳅7个野生群体的遗传结构分析。结果显示,群体的平均等位基因数在3.167与4.833之间,平均观测杂合度（Ho）在0.248与0.417之间,平均期望杂合度（He）在0.379与0.505之间,多个座位存在零等位基因、杂合子缺失现象,显示大鳞副泥鳅种群遗传多样性较低。采用 UPGMA 法对7个群体基于 DA 遗传距离进行聚类,可分为4类,位于长江中下游的沙市、澧县、武汉、鄱阳湖群体先聚为一类,后与石首群体聚类,最后与珠江水系的广州群体聚类,而位于长江上游的泸州群体则单独聚为一类。群体的 F-统计量（Fst）为0.2987,表明群体间存在显著的遗传分化,主要由泸州群体与其它地区群体间的遗传分化引起。     

Food consumption of northern pike (Esox lucius L.), estimated with a bioenergetics model

Abstract– A bioenergetics model was used to estimate the food consumption of northern pike ( Esox lucius L.) in two lakes in northeastern Finland, and the results compared with those obtained by a method based on stomach contents and gastric evacuation rates. The annual specific food consumption was 7–5 g per one gram pike for one- and two-year-old pike, and 4–3 g g⁻¹ in age groups 3–6 years old, according to the bioenergetics model. The proportion of ingested food used for growth was 10–30%, and was highest in the youngest age groups. The food consumption rates estimated by the stomach contents method were considerably lower, only about half those produced by the bioenergetics model. The method based on stomach contents tends to underestimate the food consumption. The bioenergetics model was considered more valid for estimating food consumption, but some of the parameter values for northern pike may differ in populations from different latitudes. According to a sensitivity analysis, the food consumption estimate of the bioenergetics model was most sensitive to parameters in the allometric function for respiration.     

Annual movement of adult pike (Esox lucius L.) in a lowland river

Abstract –  The movement of ten radio-tagged adult pikes (57–113 cm) in the River Gudenå, Denmark, was investigated from September 1998 to September 1999. The movements of pike were characterised by long resident periods in the submergent vegetation, interrupted by short excursions to nearby areas. Two periods with more intense movement were observed; one period during early winter; and one period during spring from mid-March to mid-May. The increased movement during early winter may have been initiated by a slight temperature increase at this time, whereas the increased movement during spring coincided with the spawning of pike. Despite suitable spawning areas nearby the areas where pike resided most of the year, several pike, mainly females, migrated to distant localities during spring.     

Movement patterns of adult pike (Esox lucius L.) in a Belgian lowland river

Northern pike, Esox lucius, needs different habitats to survive and reproduce and thus depends on the availability and accessibility of these habitats. To efficiently manage pike, information is needed on its spatial and temporal patterns of migration. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of adult pike migration and which environmental variables influenced migration. From December 2010, we followed 15 pike for 1 year by use of radio telemetry in the River Yser, a typical lowland river characterised by anthropogenic impacts such as artificial embankments. Pike migrated most in February and March, which could indicate they frequented spawning habitat in this period. Four environmental variables significantly affected pike migration, ranging from the location where pike were observed (strongest effect), over water temperature and flow to diel water temperature change (weakest effect). The relation between migration and the location where pike were observed could demonstrate that pike preferred specific regions in the river. Increasing water temperature triggered migration for both sexes, and males started migrating at lower temperatures than females, which suggests that males start migrating earlier. This was the only substantial difference observed between male and female pike migration. The results suggest that migration was inhibited by high flow, as no migration was observed at high flow. River managers can use this information to efficiently manage their pike populations, for example, by removing or temporarily opening hydraulic structures like valves, weirs and sluices. This may facilitate access to suitable habitats at moments pike needs these habitats to fulfil its life cycle.     

Ovulation induction in northern pike Esox lucius L. using different GnRH analogues, Ovaprim, Dagin and carp pituitary

The traditional GnRH analogue treatments applying the chemicals in pure form proved to be ineffective in inducing ovulation in northern pike (Esox lucius L). Neither mGnRHa ([D‐Ala⁶, Pro⁹NEt]‐mGnRH) nor sGnRHa ([D‐Arg⁶, Pro⁹‐Net]‐sGnRH) administered alone or together with pimozide (mGnRHa), metoclopramide (mGnRHa) or domperidone (sGnRHa) induced ovulation in females, whereas in groups receiving a carp pituitary injection most females ovulated. Spawning‐inducing agent Dagin did not induce ovulation, whereas all but one female ovulated in the carp pituitary‐treated group. Treatment with another preparation, Ovaprim, resulted in similar or lower ovulation ratio than treatment with carp pituitary. After the Ovaprim treatment, time to ovulation was not as predictable as after the carp pituitary injection. The mean fertilization rate was relatively low and similar in the groups treated with Ovaprim (54.7 ± 12.3% and 58.7 ± 19.1% for the first and second experiment respectively) and with carp pituitary (53.7 ± 10.5% and 58.9 ± 14.9%). The mean pseudogonadosomatic index (PGSI) was also similar between the Ovaprim‐treated group (14.5 ± 6.1%) and the carp pituitary‐treated one (17.9 ± 4.1%). In the present experiments, treatment with Ovaprim was less effective than that with carp pituitary.     

First observation of herpes-like virus particles in northern pike, Esox lucius L., associated with bluespot-like disease in Ireland

Circular whitish granular lesions, 5-12 mm in diameter, were observed on the skin and fins of a wild northern pike, Esox lucius, caught in a lake in the Republic of Ireland. Histological examination of the lesions revealed hypertrophied cells in the epidermis with deeply basophilic enlarged nuclei and dark-staining granular material in the cytoplasm. Transmission electron microscopy of these cells revealed naked hexagonal herpes-like virus nucleocapsids (97 +/- 7 nm) in their nuclei while the cytoplasm contained multiple aggregates of enveloped viral particles. This is the first report of herpes-like virus particles in northern pike originating outside North America, where esocid herpesvirus-1 (EsHV-1) has previously been reported. Shared clinical, histological, morphological and epidemiological findings suggest that the observed particles in this report may also be EsHV-1.     

Northern pike (Esox lucius) growth and mortality in a northern Ontario river compared with that in lakes: influence of flow

Abstract –  We measured the growth and mortality characteristics of northern pike ( Esox lucius ) in a northern Ontario river and examined the influence of flow on these characteristics by comparing our measurements with those estimated for a lake at the same latitude based on published studies. Pike ranged in total length from 229 to 784 mm, in mass from 70 to 4250 g, and in age from 1 to 10 years. The population showed a preponderance of 2–5-year olds, with few fish surviving beyond 7 years of age. Growth, in terms of length increase, was similar to that reported for circumpolar populations. Mean total length at 5 years of age was 577 mm, growth rate of young adults was 62.5 mm year⁻¹, growth was isometric, longevity was 10 years of age, and the adult annual mortality rate was 49%. Growth and mortality characteristics of this riverine population were similar to those estimated for a lacustrine population at the same latitude. Flow thus had little measurable effect on the growth or mortality of pike possibly because of the overwhelming effect of other abiotic variables such as temperature, length of growing season and productivity. Consequently, growth characteristics of lacustrine populations can be used to assess the health and condition of riverine populations.     

Movements of pike, Esox lucius, in Lower Lough Erne, determined by mark–recapture between 1994 and 2000

Abstract Between 1994 and 1997, 508 pike, Esox lucius L., were tagged in Lower Lough Erne (LLE), Northern Ireland. By August 2000, 79 of these fish were recaptured. Ten of 27 pike recaptured and released a second time were then captured a third time. Distance from tagging to recapture site ranged from 0 to 16 km, with most recaptures within 10 km. Pike dispersed widely after spawning, an observation supported by netting survey data, and tended to return to the same spawning sites year after year. The usefulness of designated sanctuary areas free of commercial fishing, intended to maintain a stock of pike reserved for angling was evaluated. To protect angling stocks of pike from commercial fishing, sanctuary areas should be somewhat larger than at present.     

白斑狗鱼雌、雄基因组混池重测序研究

为研究白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)雌、雄基因组差异,实验对20尾雌鱼和20尾雄鱼分别进行混池重测序。测序结果显示:雌、雄池待分析测序数(clean reads)分别为282 400 688条和277 391 000条,碱基测序错误率(Q30)为94.44%和93.98%。经过与参考基因组比对分析,得到2 076 647个雌性SNP和2 076 942个雄性SNP;105 810个雌性Indel和647 466个雄性Indel;具有显著性别特异的SNP位点10个;使用SNP-Index算法筛选出性别特异区域26个。对雌、雄基因组进行比对和组装分析,分别获得雌、雄特异序列524条和500条。选择116条雌性和160条雄性特异序列进行PCR验证,得到一条长度为773 bp具有雄性偏向性的序列。     

β-1,3-葡聚糖及其羧甲基衍生物对海湾扇贝免疫功能的影响

2003年3月和2004年4月，新疆某养殖场和西安灞桥区某养殖场的白斑狗鱼（Esox lucius Linnaeus）相继爆发“败血症”。从具有明显症状的濒死病鱼体表病灶和内脏组织分离得到12株优势菌株，经人工感染试验表明：其中10株分离菌为致病菌。对分离菌株进行形态、培养特征、生理生化试验鉴定，认为该病原菌为杀鲑气单胞菌史氏亚种（Aeromonas salmonida subsp．smith）。血清学试验表明各分离菌株具有相同的保护性抗原。组织病理学研究表明：患病狗鱼病灶肌纤维明显肿胀断裂，肌纤维束之间出现间隙；肝胰组织严重坏死，细胞核溶解消失，细胞浆崩解；肾小管绝大部分均已坏死，细胞破裂，胞浆呈红色团块状流失于管腔。脾脏细胞大量坏死，髓质内含铁血黄素沉积。代表菌株EL0304-1药敏试验结果为：对供试24种抗菌药物中的磺胺二甲嘧啶钠、磺胺二甲嚯唑钠等不敏感；庆大霉素、卡那霉素等中度敏感；对氧氟沙星、培氟沙星、新霉素等高度敏感。