常规PCR与巢式PCR法快速检测克氏原螯虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)

对传统对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的PCR检测方法中的病毒模板DNA的提取方法加以改进,建立了一种快速检测克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)WSSV的PCR方法。本方法将克氏原螯虾肝胰腺组织匀浆液冻融3次进行差速离心后,在病毒沉淀中加入50μL蛋白酶K溶液,室温消化5 min,沸水中煮10 min后,10000 r/min高速离心5 min即可取上清液用于PCR扩增,结果显示:与传统的病毒模板DNA提取方法相比,本方法的PCR结果特异性强,扩增效率高,准确率高,可应用于快速大规模检测克氏原鳌虾中的WSSV。     

中国对虾和日本对虾对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)敏感性的比较

用10⁵拷贝、10⁴拷贝和10³拷贝3个剂量的白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)粗提液分别对中国对虾和日本对虾进行人工注射感染,比较两种对虾对WSSV敏感性的差异,以探讨日本对虾白斑综合征(WSS)低发病率的原因,为对虾的病害防治提供参考。结果显示:用10⁵拷贝、10⁴拷贝和10³拷贝的WSSV粗提液注射后,中国对虾的平均存活时间分别为54.21±0.60 h、71.26±4.26 h和75.04±5.73 h;日本对虾平均存活时间分别为77.61±4.45 h、105.84±6.36 h和168.82±13.15 h。中国对虾和日本对虾的存活时间均随着病毒剂量的降低而延长。同剂量病毒注射下,日本对虾组的存活时间均长于中国对虾组,差异显著(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,日本对虾对WSSV的抵抗力较中国对虾强。     

PCR检测对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)中使用UNG防遗留污染

设计了一对引物用于PCR检测对虾白斑综合征病毒，PCR扩增过程中用尿嘧啶-DNA糖基酶(UNG)防遗留污染。使用UNG时，该对引物的适宜dUTP和Mg^2 浓度分别为0．4mmol／L和2．0mmol／L；UNG存在时，PCR检测WSSV DNA的最低量为1pg，UNG的使用使PCR的检测灵敏度降低了1个数量级；进行正常PCR扩增前，0．5U UNG可消除至少10ng含dU的WSSV DNA的PCR扩增产物。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在拟穴青蟹体内增殖的研究

拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)因肉质鲜美、生长快速而成为我国主要的海水养殖经济蟹类,但是随着养殖规模的不断扩大,病害问题也越发严重。本研究通过流行病学调查和定量PCR跟踪检测的方法,研究了拟穴青蟹对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的易感性和WSSV在拟穴青蟹体内的增殖情况。结果表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的自然宿主,自然携带率为8.47%。WSSV可通过口服途径感染拟穴青蟹,并在拟穴青蟹体内快速增殖,注射感染5 d后,病毒量达到感染1d时的1.1×109倍,当病毒累积到一定量后即可致死拟穴青蟹。研究表明,拟穴青蟹是WSSV的天然宿主,在虾蟹混养过程中可以通过摄食WSSV感染虾而带毒或发病,并因此成为WSSV传播媒介,从而对虾蟹混养条件下WSSV的防治效果产生重要影响。     

双重PCR同时检测对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)和传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)

根据Genbank中对虾白斑病由白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）和传染性皮下及造血器官坏死病毒（IHHNV）的基因序列,设计了两对能分别检测WSSV和IHHNV保守片段基因的特异性引物,而且这两对引物在同一反应体系中可以同时对WSSV和IHHNV的DNA模板进行多重PCR扩增,得到大小分别为110bp（WSSV）和356bp（IHHNV）的扩增条带。对影响PCR反应的主要因素Mg“浓度和退火温度进行了优化,证明当Mg^2＋浓度为2．0～4．0mmd,退火温度为57～59℃时可获得最佳的扩增和检测效果。特异性试验结果表明,这两对引物检测WSSV和IHHNV具有很好的特异性,对其它对虾常见病原的PCR扩增结果均为阴性。敏感性测定结果表明,该反应体系最低能检测100pg的WSSV和IHHNV的DNA模板。临床检测表明,所建立的双重PCR方法可以适用于WSSV和IHHNV的同时检测和鉴别。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在市售克氏原螯虾中携带情况调查

近年来白斑综合征成为制约克氏原螯虾养殖的重要病害。对市场销售的克氏原螯虾抽样调查,采用PCR仪检测白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的携带情况,结果为:湖泊养殖的克氏原螯虾不携带WSSV,池塘单养的克氏原螯虾及江河野生克氏原螯虾携带WSSV。     

7种消毒剂对对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)DNA作用效果的比较

将中国对虾白斑综合症病毒 (WSSV)病毒液与万福金安含氯消毒剂、高锰酸钾、甲醛、过氧化氢、甲酚皂、酒精、氯仿作用。不同浓度消毒剂与病毒液作用不同时间后提取 DNA作病毒核酸斑点杂交检测。经分析比较表明 ,上述消毒剂中含氯消毒剂在有效氯含量高于 2 .975× 10 -3、高锰酸钾浓度高于 5 .0 0 0× 10 -3 ,5 min内 ;有效氯含量高于 1.190× 10 -3、高锰酸钾浓度在 5 .0 0 0× 10 -3 ,30 min即可破坏核酸     

不同温度下凡纳滨对虾和中国明对虾对白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)耐受性比较

本研究分别对凡纳滨对虾"壬海1号"(Litopenaeus vannamei"Renhai No.1")和中国明对虾"黄海2号"(Fenneropenaeus chinensis"Huanghai No.2")在3种温度条件下(24℃、28℃和32℃),采用单尾定量口饲感染白斑综合征病毒(White spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的方法进行感染实验,比较2种对虾在不同温度情况下对WSSV的耐受性差异(L代表凡纳滨对虾,F代表中国明对虾)。结果显示,L-24℃和F-24℃组的平均存活时间分为(184.05±69.56)h和(101.68±38.45)h;L-28℃和F-28℃组的平均存活时间分别为(100.25±26.79)h和(73.38±22.22)h,相同温度组内均存在显著性差异(P0.05);截至第15天,L-32℃和F-32℃组的存活率分别为45.74%和23.47%。3个温度组对虾在50%的死亡率时的存活时间分别为178 h和98 h、98 h和74 h、292 h和78 h;死亡高峰时间分别为第5天和第4天、第5天和第4天、第10天和第4天。另外,分别在感染后的12 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、4 d、5 d、6 d、7 d、15 d共9个时间点对每组对虾进行活体取样,利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术对其进行病毒载量检测,从对虾体内肌肉组织病毒载量的角度探寻不同对虾抗病性能的差异。6 d时,L-24℃和F-24℃组对虾肌肉内病毒载量分别达到(2.97×10~6±7.44×10~6)和(8.08×10~6±3.22×10~6)copies/ng DNA,差异极显著(P0.01),L-28℃和F-28℃组分别达到(6.73×10~6±1.49×10~6)和(1.20×10~7±6.15×10~5)copies/ng DNA,差异极显著(P0.01);15 d,L-32℃和F-32℃组分别达到(5.18×10~4±4.32×10~4)和(3.78×10~4±8.97×10~4)copies/ng DNA,差异显著(P0.05)。研究表明,2种对虾在3种温度环境下感染WSSV后,凡纳滨对虾耐受WSSV能力要高于中国明对虾;不同温度下同种对虾肌肉体内WSSV的增殖能力从强到弱依次为28℃组、24℃组和32℃组。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒免疫防治研究进展

对虾白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)是一种引起养殖对虾爆发性死亡的病毒,由于它宿主范围广、蔓延速度快以及致死率高,已经成为对虾养殖中的第一杀手,因此有效防治WSSV爆发在水产养殖中具有重要意义并极具挑战性。本文主要介绍WSSV基因组以及结构蛋白、对虾WSSV免疫机制、对虾WSSV疫苗研究进展,以及我国对虾养殖中WSSV防治措施,认为对虾WSSV疫苗将是今后对虾大规模养殖中病害防治的一种重要手段。     

抗白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)感染途径研究进展

白斑综合征病毒(White Spot Syndrome Virus,WSSV),是引起养殖对虾大规模死亡的病原。在过去的10年中,各国学者不断地寻找预防和控制WSSV感染的方法及途径。本文主要介绍了中和抗体与噬菌体展示单链抗体、免疫增强剂、重组蛋白疫苗和灭活疫苗、遗传育种、RNAi等几种方法的研究现状,为进一步开发抗WSSV药物和饵料,更有效地防治WSSV及相关科研提供参考。     

对虾白斑综合征病毒在螯虾动物模型的感染特性

应用克氏原螯虾作为动物模型研究对虾白斑综合征病毒（ＷＳＳＶ）的感染增殖特性，涉及感染温度，感染途径，继发感染，半数致死量（ＬＤ５０），免疫保护及保存期等，结果显示，２２－２５℃时，接种ＷＳＳＶ的螯虾一般于２－７d内死亡，温度升高对病毒增殖影响不显著，３０－３２℃时，平均死亡时间２－６d，温度降低对病毒增殖影响较显著，１５－１９℃时，接种螯虾平均２－１０d内死亡，８－１０℃时，平均死亡时间３－６d，感染途径分别用腹节肌肉，腹节皮下洲射及口服，均能使螯虾感染发病，而浸泡方式不能使螯虾发病，细菌分离和细菌定量结果表明，寄考于螯虾心脏，肝胰腺内的阴沟肠杆菌在感染后期大量增殖，菌量分别是正常螯虾的２５和３０倍，形成继发感染，用螯虾心脏，肝胰腺内的阴肠杆菌在感染后期大量增殖，菌量分别是政党螯虾的２５和３０倍，形成继发梁。用螯虾测定ＷＳＳＶ的ＬＤ５０为１０^-6.5.mL^-1种毒液，将病毒５６℃，３０min灭活后免疫螯虾，不能使螯虾形成免疫保护，ＷＳＳＶ匀浆液－３０℃冻存１年后失活，而－３０℃冻存于螯虾体内ＷＳＳＶ保存１年后仍有活力。     

Rotifer cellular membranes bind to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Cell membranes from the rotifer, Brachionus urceus, were obtained by centrifugation and found to specifically bind white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in vitro. This finding suggests that there is likely a WSSV receptor on the rotifer cell membrane and provides evidence that rotifers may be a host for WSSV.     

斑节对虾白斑综合症病毒部分基因组文库及核酸探针检测法

通过分离纯化白斑综合症病毒（ＷＳＳＶ）粒子,抽提病毒ＤＮＡ。用限制性内切酶ＥｃｏＲⅠ或ＳａｌⅠ酶切后,克隆入质粒ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＫＳ中,从而建立了ＷＳＳＶ部分基因组文库。估计ＷＳＳＶ基因组ＤＮＡ在１６５ｋｂ以上。将ＷＳＳＶ ＥｃｏＲⅠ克隆片段标记制备为探针。进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、打点杂交和原位杂交,其结果证明了克隆片段对ＷＳＳＶ特异,并为检测ＷＳＳＶ提供了方法。通过对部分基因组文库序列     

Competition of infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) for binding to shrimp cellular membrane

Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are two widespread shrimp viruses. The interference of IHHNV on WSSV was the first reported case of viral interference that involved crustacean viruses and has been subsequently confirmed. However, the mechanisms underlying the induction of WSSV resistance through IHHNV infection are practically unknown. In this study, the interference mechanisms between IHHNV and WSSV were studied using a competitive ELISA. The binding of WSSV and IHHNV to cellular membrane of Litopenaeus vannamei was examined. The results suggested that there existed a mutual competition between IHHNV and WSSV for binding to receptors present on cellular membrane of L. vannamei and that the inhibitory effects of WSSV towards IHHNV were more distinct than those of IHHNV towards WSSV.     

Experimental infection of European crustaceans with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Eight European marine and freshwater crustaceans were experimentally infected with diluted shrimp haemolymph infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Clinical signs of infection and mortalities of the animals were routinely recorded. Diagnosis was by direct transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DNA hybridization (dot-blot and in situ hybridization) using WSSV probes and by PCR using WSSV specific primers. High mortality rates were noted between 7 to 21 days post-infection for Liocarcinus depurator , Liocarcinus puber , Cancer pagurus , Astacus leptodactylus , Orconectes limosus , Palaemon adspersus and Scyllarus arctus . Mortality reached 100%, 1 week post-infection in P. adspersus . When infection was successful, direct TEM observation of haemolymph revealed characteristic viral particles of WSSV, some observed as complete virions (enveloped), others as nucleocapsids associated with envelope debris. WSSV probes showed strong positive reactions in dot-blots and by in situ hybridization in sections and specific virus DNA fragments were amplified successfully with WSSV primers. White spot syndrome virus was pathogenic for the majority of the crustaceans tested. This underlines the epizootic potential of this virus in European crustaceans.     

Experimental white spot syndrome virus challenge of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) at different salinities

In recent years, the shrimp industry has turned to inland freshwater culture as one method to avoid problems such as the introduction of possible vectors of viral pathogens into seawater ponds. Our experiments evaluated susceptibility to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in Litopenaeus vannamei held under different salinity regimens. Juvenile L. vannamei that were conditioned at salinities of 35, 25, 15, 5 and 2 g L⁻¹ were challenged with WSSV. In order to assess the severity of white spot disease, histological analysis and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were carried out on the challenged shrimp every 4 h after 48 h post challenge. The results indicated that significantly more severe infections resulted at 15‰ than at other salinities. Mortality could not be compared due to the sampling design and because severe WSSV infections occurred in all test groups such that few shrimp remained alive in each challenged group at the end of the test. Despite this, the results suggest that salinity may affect the course and outcome of WSSV infections.     

Experimental susceptibility of different life-stages of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)

Studies were conducted by injecting/feeding white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) derived from infected shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), to different life-stages, namely post-larvae, juveniles, sub-adults and adults of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man). The disease was also induced in brood stock, and the eggs and larvae derived from these animals were subsequently tested for WSSV infection. All the stages except egg used for the experiment were found WSSV positive in histopathology, cross infection bioassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Experimentally infected post-larvae and juveniles showed a high percentage of mortality and an increased rate of cannibalism. The cumulative mortality in post-larvae was up to 28%; with 28–40% cannibalism resulting in a maximum loss of up to 68%. In juveniles, observed mortality and cannibalism were 10–20% and 6.7–30.0%, respectively, and the maximum loss recorded was 50%. In sub-adults, mortality ranged from 2.8 to 6.7%, cannibalism was up to 20% and the total loss was up to 26.7%. Sub-adults and adults were found to be more tolerant to the infection as evidenced by the mortality pattern. A nested (two-step) PCR resulted in a 570-bp product specific to WSSV in all stages, except the eggs.     

白斑综合症病毒（WSSV）对中国对虾卵及各期幼体人工感染的试验研究

用感染白斑综合症毒病的中国对虾头胸甲，对健康的仔虾进行了人工投喂感染实验，同时从病虾中分离出病毒悬液作为毒种，无节幼体，蚤体 幼体和糠虾体进行不同温度条件下的人工浸浴实验，结果表明，卵和无节幼体，蚤状幼体，糠虾幼对病毒悬液不敏感,闰理切片观察未见病毒粒子，光镜病理切片可观空到鳃上皮，前肠上皮有包涵体样病变，同时在肝胰组织中发现了肝胰腺细小病毒（HPV）包涵体。