高温条件下高产和中产奶牛产奶性能及瘤胃发酵的研究

本研究旨在探讨高温环境条件下,高产与中产奶牛产奶量、乳组成和瘤胃发酵的差异.试验选择24头中国荷斯坦奶牛,根据配对试验设计原则,分为高产奶牛组[产奶量:(40.40±3.60)kg/d]和中产奶牛组[产奶量:(30.46±1.92)kg/d],每组12头牛.试验在炎热的夏季进行.每7 d测定1次产奶量和乳组成.试验最后1周,在早晨饲喂后5 h,利用专用口腔采样器采集瘤胃液,测定pH、氨氮、总挥发件脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸含量.试验期间每日07:00、14:00和22:00的平均温湿指数分别为:79.29、81.79和78.84,试验牛主要经历了轻度和高度热应激.结果显示:高产奶牛产奶量下降幅度(0.96 kg/wk)显著高于中产奶牛(0.62 kg/wk)(P<0.05);高产奶牛乳脂率显著高于中产奶牛(P<0.05),乳蛋白含量极显著低于中产奶牛(P<0.01),乳糖含量显著低于中产奶牛(P<0.05),体细胞评分显著高于中产奶牛(P<0.05);高产奶牛瘤胃液乙酸与丙酸比极显著低于中产奶牛(P<0.01).结果提示,在高温环境条件下,高产奶牛产奶量下降幅度大于中产奶牛,热应激对高产奶牛瘤胃功能的负面影响程度大于中产奶牛.     

微量元素添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能影响

针对奶牛日粮营养不平衡,导致产奶量低、乳脂率低,经济效益低的生产状况,本试验随机选择4胎、5胎、6胎泌乳期牛10头,分试验组与对照组,各试验牛按日产奶量饲喂不等量精料补充料、玉米秸与稻秸按2:1混合的粗饲料、尿素基础饲粮。试验组饲粮按产奶量分等添加微量元素添加剂,试验期试验组奶料比为3.25,对照组为2.9,试验组增加0.34kg(P<0.05)。试验期产奶量按4.0%标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对照组4.31kg(P<0.05)。按每kg增重折合鲜奶8.0kg校正体重后标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对组4.36kg(P<0.01)。乳脂、乳钙、乳蛋白质(2.29 乳脂率×0.33计算),试验组比对照组分别提高0.32%、0.10%、0.03%(P<0.05)。添加微量元素的试验组,头均日产标准奶24.12kg,对照组19.8kg(P<0.05),按kg鲜奶1.80元计算,头、日产奶分别收入43.42元、35.62元(P<0.05)。头均日耗饲料的实际价格试验组9.15元、对照组7.82元(P<0.01),试验组比对组多增收6.46元(P<0.05),经济效益显著。     

繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期泌乳性能及血液指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产牛,采用配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组各10头。对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125g,于分娩当天添加量增至300g直到试验结束,以探讨日粮添加繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期产奶性能(产奶量及乳品质)的影响。结果表明,补充繁奶康,产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量试验组明显高于对照组(P0.05);奶牛采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及乳干物质含量两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。血液指标谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性两组间无显著差异(P0.05),高产奶牛补充繁奶康对泌乳早期产奶性能有较好的改善作用。     

卧床舒适度对奶牛泌乳性能的影响研究

为研究卧床舒适度对奶牛日产奶量和乳成分的影响,本试验选取60头泌乳天数相近、胎次相同的健康的中国荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,将其分为A、B、C三组并分别圈养于三栋卧床舒适度不同的牛舍中,分析每组奶牛的日产奶量和乳成分变化情况。结果显示,随着卧床舒适度提高,奶牛日产奶量显著增加(P0.05),体细胞数(somat?ic cell count,SCC)显著下降(P0.05),乳脂率、乳蛋白率无明显变化(P0.05)。由此得出,卧床舒适度的提高可促进奶牛产奶量的提升以及牛奶中SCC的下降,提高牧场经济效益。     

不同泌乳水平奶牛产奶量、乳成分和环境温湿指数的相关性研究

为探讨自然热应激条件下北京地区不同泌乳水平奶牛产奶量、乳成分和环境温湿指数(THI)的相关性,试验选择胎次相近、体重为(610.00±22.13) kg、泌乳天数为(157.00±1.27) d、产奶量为(33.39±4.61) kg/d的泌乳中期健康荷斯坦奶牛60头,根据产奶量的不同,分为高产组[(42.47±3.73) kg/d]、中产组[(34.10±3.20) kg/d]及低产组[(28.28±4.19) kg/d],每组20头。试验于2019-06-20—2019-09-30在北京市延庆某奶牛养殖场进行。2019-06-23—2019-07-22、2019-07-23—2019-07-29和2019-07-30—2019-09-09的THI均值都在72以上,即为热应激前期、热应激中期和热应激后期。运用Origin 9.0软件中的方差分析、Pearson相关性与回归分析,分析产奶量、乳成分与THI的相互关系。结果表明:在热应激期间,高、中、低产组除乳糖率之外,产奶量及其他乳成分均存在极显著差异(P0.01)。随着热应激时间的延长,高、中产组产奶量极显著下降(P0.01)。在热应激中期,高、中产组乳脂率极显著低于热应激前期(P0.01),乳蛋白率无显著变化(P0.05);在热应激后期,与热应激前期相比,各组乳蛋白率极显著降低(P0.01),中、低产组乳脂率/乳蛋白率极显著升高(P0.01),低产组乳脂率极显著升高(P0.01)。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,产奶量与泌乳天数、乳脂率和乳脂率/乳蛋白率呈显著负相关(P0.05),与THI、乳蛋白率和乳糖率呈显著正相关(P0.05)。在热应激期间,THI与乳脂率、乳蛋白率存在极显著负相关(P0.01)。综上,不同泌乳水平奶牛产奶量与THI呈显著负相关关系,乳蛋白率和乳脂率显著下降;与中、低产组奶牛相比,高产组奶牛产奶量及乳成分对热应激更敏感。     

复合酶制剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

选取荷斯坦奶牛90头,将相同胎次的牛随机分配到对照组﹑处理Ⅰ组和处理Ⅱ组中,分别饲喂复合酶制剂0、10和20 g/d,探究不同剂量的复合酶制剂对高产奶牛的生产性能及乳成分的影响。结果显示:复合酶制剂可以提高奶牛日产奶量,添加10 g/d可提高产奶量0.9 kg/d(P0.05);添加20 g/d可提高1.5 kg/d(P0.05),投入产出比为1∶6,提高经济效益。在乳成分方面,复合酶制剂可显著提高奶牛日乳脂量(P0.05),对乳蛋白、乳糖、体细胞数等其他指标无显著影响(P0.05)。结果表明:添加复合酶制剂可在一定程度上提高经济效益,改善乳品质,并且添加20 g/d复合酶制剂的效果优于添加10 g/d。     

微生态制剂对高产奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

根据年龄、泌乳时间和产奶量选择20头高产荷斯坦牛（产奶量在30kg以上）,随机分为2组,试验采用配对交叉设计,探索高产奶牛日粮中添加微生态制剂对其产奶量和乳成分的影响。结果发现,添加微生态制剂能够提高奶牛产奶量,显著降低奶料比,提高乳脂率和乳蛋白,降低乳尿素氮,提高奶牛养殖效益。     

宁夏地区规模化养殖场奶牛营养与乳成分研究

为了解宁夏地区规模化养殖场奶牛营养及牛奶品质状况,我们于2011年9月、10月、11月对某典型养殖场奶牛日粮营养水平及乳成分进行了调查研究,共采集到高产组(日均产奶量大于等于30 kg)奶样37个,中产组(日均产奶量在20~30 kg)39个,低产组(日均产奶量小于20 kg)17个。结果显示,中产组牛奶的乳脂率极显著高于其他两组(P<0.01),低产组牛奶的乳糖显著高于高产组(P<0.05),然而,3个处理组之间乳蛋白含量并没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,日粮中粗纤维含量对乳脂肪影响最大,随着日粮精料比的增加,乳脂率在降低;提高日粮粗蛋白水平对提高乳蛋白含量的影响不明显,而对乳蛋白产量有一定的正效果。     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

苹果渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响

[目的]为研究苹果渣对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响.[方法]选择胎次、泌乳阶段、日产奶量相近的30头荷斯坦奶牛并将其分为A、B及对照组,在A组的饲粮中添加发酵苹果渣3 kg/(头·d),B组添加干苹果渣3kg/(头·d).[结果]表明,与不添加苹果渣的对照组相比,A组、B组奶牛产奶量每头分别提高1.39、1.22 kg/(头·d),增产效果显著(P＜0.05).两试验组乳脂率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其他乳成分差异不显著.[结论]苹果渣有提高奶牛产奶量及改善乳品质的作用,且以添加发酵苹果渣效果更好.     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。