小麦无效分蘖14C光合产物的运转与分配

关于小麦分蘖的发生规律、影响分蘖发生的因素、分蘖在群体结构中的作用已有较多的报道^[1~3]。前人运用放射性同位素¹⁴C和³²P示踪的方法研究主茎、分蘖之间的营养关系^[4~6],夏镇澳等^[7]研究认为,小麦在拔节后,主茎运往分蘖的养分极少;但分蘖均可将养分运往主茎和其他分蘖,特别是小分蘖中将养分运往主茎比其他大分蘖的多。郑广华^[8]认为,无效分蘖的光合产物虽然有较大比例运转给有效分蘖,但因它的光全能力较弱、同化物很少且无实际意义;赵会杰等^[9]研究不同穗型小麦主茎和分蘖之间的光合产物分配结果认为,... ...     

14C同化物在玉米果穗上的分布与籽粒败育关系

通过¹⁴C示踪方法，研究了在籽粒发育前期饲喂果穗叶后14C-同化物在植株及果穗不同部位的分布。结果表明，果穗是灌浆期的主要库器官；¹⁴C-同化物在果穗不同部位的分布不均一，在穗轴中¹⁴C-同化物的分布呈现为基部＞中部＞上部，而在籽粒中则表现为中部＞基部＞上部。顶端穗轴中糖分含量不低于中部穗轴(P>0.05)，而败育粒中还原糖含量高于中部粒(P<0.05)。因此认为，顶端的败育可能并非源于营养供应不足，而应归因于籽粒库活性不足。     

水稻移栽后苗期茎叶光合产物运转与分配特性研究

采用³H核素示踪方法,研究了水稻移栽后苗期茎叶光合产物的运转分配特性。结果表明,栽后4 d标记的茎鞘3H同化物在标记后10 d,有7.6%~9.8%运往新根,6.7%~15.6%运往主茎新叶,6.9%~9.9%运往分蘖茎叶;标记后30 d,约12%分配至新根,10%~14%分配至分蘖茎叶。标记后10~30 d参与再分配的同化物主要来自主茎茎鞘,输入器官主要为分蘖和新根。移栽后20 d标记叶片的3H同化物在标记后10 d,19%~28%分配至主茎新叶,4.6%~13.4%分配至分蘖,3%~5%运往新根。3个品种中,冈优22茎、叶光合产物分配到主茎中的比例较高,K优047分配到分蘖的比例较高,Ⅱ优162输送到新叶中的比例最大。     

冬小麦各生育期~(14)C-光合产物的分配与再分配

利用示踪同位素碳~(14)研究了冬生长阶段光合产物的分配以及冬后各阶段的连续分配情况.结果表明,光合产物生成后,分配并不停止.在冬后各阶段观察到存在着连续再分配.连续分配中心从地下根系、分蘖节、主茎叶,逐渐向上,直至穗部.然而,除了该中心外,其它器官或组织也能获得一定数量的光合产物.     

晚红葡萄着色期光合产物14C的分配规律

本试验以露地栽培的2年生晚红葡萄为试材,通过饲喂果枝上不同节位的叶片以及环割处理,对树体光合产物14C分配进行了研究。研究表明叶片的相对位置影响同化产物向果实的运输和分配,果穗同侧叶片是果实着色期主要源,而异侧叶片尤其是果穗上部的叶片是所在枝条以下的枝蔓的主要源叶,且分配率与器官的重量有关。环割处理后,消除叶片相对位置对果实及其它器官光合产物分配的影响。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水（T0）、一水（T1）和二水灌溉（T2）处理（每次灌水量60 mm）,研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率（WUE）的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数（HI）和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率（P_n）和气孔导度（G_s）,加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的P_n和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水(T0)、一水(T1)和二水灌溉(T2)处理(每次灌水量60mm),研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数(HI)和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的Pn和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

株型对棉株14C同化物生产及运转分配的影响

运用     

麦套棉14C同化物的生产运转分配与再分配规律的研究

许多研究者注意到,光照状况和矿质营养会对棉花14~C同化物的生产及运转分配产生影响(Eaton等1953,张德颐1964,许德威1980,Asley等1972)。麦套棉与纯作春棉比较,生育前期光照条件恶化。且与小麦间也存在着对水分和养分吸收的竞争,这无疑会使麦套棉光合产物的生产、运转、分配发生变化,并进而影响产量。有关这方面的研究目前尚属少见。而深入了解这种变化的内在规律性,对于麦套棉的科学管理具有重要的理论指导意义。     

源库调节对灌溉与旱地小麦开花后光合产物生产和分配的影响

灌溉条件下,减源可使小麦叶片光合速率增加,减库光合速率降低。增降幅度因品种而异。鲁215953、山农48-2,鲁麦14和莱州953等品种减源后光合速率增加较少,但减库后光合速率明显降低;鲁麦15、核生2 , D041和太780等品种则相反。旱地无灌溉条件下,无论源或者库的调节对小麦叶片光合速率的影响都比较小。说明源库与光合速率之     

12C重离子束辐照对油菜(Brassica napus)的影响

重离子束是一种新型辐照源，它对油菜的影响以往研究较少。本文报道了30 Gy、50 Gy和80 Gy ¹²C重离子束辐照对油菜M₁和M₂生育期、植物学性状、品质性状，根尖和花粉母细胞的染色体行为和DNA分子多态性等方面的影响。结果表明：50 Gy和80 Gy辐照处理可引起油菜生育期提早，生长繁茂，部分植株发生变异，出现瘤状根、矮茎、淡绿匙形叶，多雌蕊花，双生角果和黄籽株等。80 Gy辐照处理使油菜种子含油量有不同程度提高，并出现油酸含量高于70%以上植株。 30~80 Gy辐照处理，使根尖染色体和花粉母细胞染色体产生畸变，畸变类型有微核、小核、异常四分体、染色体桥、落后染色体、断片等，其中以微核细胞最多，且辐照剂量愈大畸变率愈高。50 Gy和80 Gy辐照处理对油菜DNA分子有影响，RAPD分析表明，用40个引物对处理后油菜进行扩增，共扩增出43个DNA片段，表明不同处理植株存在一定多态性。     

水分亏缺对小麦穗部光合特性及花前14C-同化物分配的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对小麦穗部花前同化物合成和转运的影响,选用旱地品种西农928和水分敏感品种郑引1号,通过¹⁴CO₂标记技术研究了水分亏缺下穗部光合特性及穗部花前同化物的转运和分配规律。水分亏缺条件下,西农928灌浆前期、中期的穗部净光合速率、颖壳中叶绿素含量及可溶性总糖含量略有下降,而郑引1号显著下降。成熟期西农928的水分利用效率上升1.7% (P>0.05),籽粒中¹⁴C-同化物分配率略降3.2% (P>0.05);而郑引1号水分利用效率下降16.9% (P<0.05),籽粒中花前¹⁴C-同化物分配率上升7.8% (P<0.05)。试验表明,水分亏缺对西农928穗部光合的影响有限; 适度水分亏缺促进了水分敏感品种郑引1号颖壳及内外稃中花前¹⁴C-同化物向籽粒的转运, 相对提高了其穗部花前光合同化物对籽粒灌浆的贡献率。     

14C-labelled Assimilate Distribution in Flowering Maize Plants

Maize ( Zea mays L.) plants were grown in the field and labelled with ¹⁴CO₂ at four leaf positions from silking up to maturity. The ear leaf was the most important source of labelled photosynthates to the ear, followed by the first leaf blade above and below the ear. The movement of labelled assimilates from the second leaf blade below the ear was predominantly downwards. The ear became an important sink soon after silking and continued in importance till harvest.
Initially assimilates were partitioned within the ear as husk < cob < grains but at harvest as grains < cob < husk. There was considerable remobilization of assimilates from the husk and stem. Removal of leaves drastically altered the pattern of distribution of labelled photosynthates and the direction of movement was determined by the position of the source leaf blade and the defoliation treatment. Darkening the leaf blades did not much alter the translocation of the labelled photosynthate and increased slightly its proportion to the grains. The removal of the ear severely altered the pattern of distribution of ¹⁴C, which was mostly deposited in the stem.     

Transport of 14C-Sucrose and 14C-Benzyl Adenine in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Pre-Anthesis Period

A lysimeter trial is described in which the fate of ¹⁵N was monitored in a sand, loam and clay soil by using it over a period of 6 years. The following results were obtained.
1. The uptake of fertilizer nitrogen by plants, determined by using ¹⁵N, is lower than by using the conventional method ("difference method"). Nitrate ¹⁵N is better utilized by the plants than is ammonium ¹⁵N. The total nitrogen uptake only gives hints of these differences.
2. The extent to which plants utilize fertilizer ¹⁵N is between 38 and 58%; in the case of the method of differences this figure is between 48 and 68%.
3. Plants remove more nitrogen from the soil when fertilizer N is applied than when without fertilization. The influence of these two nutrient forms is of subordinate significance.
4. After a trial period of six years between 26 and 54 % of the fertilizer ¹⁵N remains in the soil. The resulting sequences are clay > loam > sand > and ammonium > nitrate.
5. The immobilization of the fertilizer ¹⁵N is most pronounced in the first four years but then decreased considerably; in the case of the sandy soil it is then even slightly regressive.
6. The biggest part of the ¹⁵N is deposited in the uppermost layer of the soil. The amount of ¹⁵N in the deeper layers is diminished appreciably. The type of soil has a greater influence than the form of nitrogen.
7. If the amount of fertilizer N left in the soil is compared with the N losses from the soil's reservoir (plants' uptake, leaching) there is a negative balance for the soil nitrogen which mainly is determined by the type of soil.     

杂种小麦花后干物质积累转运动态和分配

选用两个杂种及其亲本和对照7个材料, 进行了开花后干物质积累转运和分配规律的研究。 结果表明： 杂种小麦叶面积大, 生物量高, 灌浆强度大, 每日千粒重达1677～1812 mg, 超双亲平均值(MP)和对照(CK)8.6%～26.1%, 灌浆持续时间长1.4～3.1d, 是形成粒重优势的关键所在。 与亲本相比, 化杀杂种CH-1的干物质转运率(TR)     

Translocation of 14C-sucrose within the Ear in Durum and Aestivum Wheat Varieties

Excised ears of Triticum durum (HD 4502 and B 449) and T. aestivum (Kalyansona and Kundan) varieties were cultured in ¹⁴C-sucrose, and the uptake and distribution of ¹⁴C within the ear was examined. Species-level differences in the distribution of ¹⁴C to spikelets at basal, middle and apical positions in the wheat ear (vertical distribution) were observed. T. aestivum var. Kalyansona and Kundan showed no limitation in vertical translocation of ¹⁴C-sucrose, whereas in T. durum there was a decrease in the distribution of ¹⁴C to apical spikelets. Within a spikelet, the distribution of ¹⁴C-sucrose to distal grains was significantly less than that to proximal grains in all the genotypes.