河北省荷斯坦牛体型性状遗传参数分析

摘.要:本研究旨在估计河北地区荷斯坦牛体型性状遗传参数,为育种方案的制定提供参考.收集了河北省2009-2018年间的103个牛场9871头中国荷斯坦牛的体型线性鉴定数据,利用DMU软件,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合动物模型对体型性状进行了遗传参数估计.结果表明:体型性状中20个线性评分性状的平均值变化范围为4...     

利用体型线性性状参数建立内蒙古地区荷斯坦牛305d产奶量估测方程

本文利用通径分析的方法研究了内蒙古地区690头荷斯坦牛体型线性性状参数与305d产奶量的关系,找出了各体型线性性状对305d产奶量的贡献大小,并建立了估测305d产奶量的最优回归方程。     

河北省中国荷斯坦牛产奶和体型性状遗传参数分析

旨在探究河北省中国荷斯坦牛产奶和体型性状的遗传参数,为育种提供参考。本研究收集了2012—2018年河北省133个牛场8 891头中国荷斯坦母牛第一胎次的3个产奶性状记录(产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率)和26个体型性状记录,利用DMU软件,以场年季、产犊月龄、鉴定年季和鉴定员效应为固定效应,以个体的加性遗传效应为随机效应,采用AIREML结合EM算法并配合动物模型对产奶性状、体型性状进行了遗传参数估计。结果表明,产奶性状的遗传力估计值范围为0.15(产奶量)～0.32(乳脂率),体型性状遗传力估计值范围为0.01(体型总分)～0.28(后乳房附着宽度)。产奶性状与体型性状间的遗传相关估计值范围分别是-0.43(产奶量与骨质地)～0.31(产奶量与尻部)、-0.59(乳脂率与尻部)～0.20(乳脂率与前乳头位置)以及-0.34(乳蛋白率与前乳头长度)～0.23(乳蛋白率与后乳头位置)。大部分体型性状与产奶量之间为遗传正相关,而与乳脂率和乳蛋白率为遗传负相关。加强对产奶性状及体型性状中的中高遗传力性状的选择,尤其对后乳房性状以及体型总分的选择,有利于奶牛生产性能的提高。     

荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

【目的】探究中国荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体规律,并估计其遗传参数。【方法】2021年7月至2021年8月分别在2个规模化奶牛场测定了628头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛的牛嘴宽度及臀高、体高、体斜长和胸围等体尺性状,同时利用体斜长和胸围估计试验牛体重。利用SPSS 26.0软件分析了牧场、月龄和泌乳阶段等因素对牛嘴宽度的影响,以及牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间的相关关系;基于DMU软件采用单性状动物模型估计了牛嘴宽度的方差组分及遗传力。【结果】荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的群体平均值为17.28 cm,变异系数为5%,变异相对较小;牧场和月龄对牛嘴宽度均有极显著影响(P<0.01),泌乳阶段对牛嘴宽度有显著影响(P<0.05),牛嘴宽度随母牛月龄的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势,泌乳初期牛嘴宽度显著小于其他泌乳阶段(P<0.05);牛嘴宽度与各体尺性状之间存在极显著正相关(P<0.01);荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度的遗传力估计值为0.28,为中高遗传力性状。【结论】牧场和月龄对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响极显著,泌乳阶段对奶牛牛嘴宽度影响显著,牛嘴宽度与臀高呈较弱相关。荷斯坦奶牛牛嘴宽度是一个具有中高遗传力的体尺性状。     

安徽荷斯坦牛的体型线性评定分析

本文根据 1996年中国奶牛协会颁布的《中国荷斯坦牛体型线性鉴定实施方案 (试行 )》 ,采用线性评定 1～ 5 0分制 ,对安徽荷斯坦牛进行体型线性评定。结果表明 ,在一级线性性状中 ,体高、胸宽、尻宽、后房高度、乳头长度的评分随胎次增加而增加 ,而前房附着、乳房深度、后房高度的评分随胎次增加而减少。安徽荷斯坦牛平均体高段 137～139cm ,尻宽性状有显著的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在后房高度、乳头长度性状上不同地区表现一致且上乘 ,在乳房深度、前房附着性状上的表现存在着明显的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且均未达到奶牛体型的理想结构     

山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数估计及系谱世代数的影响

旨在估计山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数,为育种方案制定提供参考。本研究收集了山东省2010—2020年间的144个牛场31 963头头胎中国荷斯坦母牛的20个体型性状记录,其中性状评分由线性分转为功能分,将场、泌乳月、产犊月龄、鉴定员效应为固定效应,以个体的加性遗传效应作为随机效应,利用 DMU 软件,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合动物模型进行遗传参数估计。结果表明,体型性状的遗传力属于中等偏低水平,其估计值变化范围为0.049(后肢侧视)到 0.282(棱角性),性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558(前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度)。体躯容量各性状间的遗传相关范围为0.118 (体深与体高)至0.461(胸宽与腰强度);尻角度与尻宽的遗传相关为-0.251;肢蹄各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.035(蹄踵深度与后肢后视)到 0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度);泌乳系统各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558 (前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.587(悬韧带与前乳房附着)。另外,体型性状的遗传力估计标准误在查找的系谱世代数为3的情况下为最小,这可能是由于系谱数据完整性的限制导致了该种情况,具体还需要进一步验证。加强对体型性状中遗传力较高且与泌乳系统遗传相关较强性状的选择,有利于奶牛生产性能的提高。另外,在本研究数据中,使用前3代系谱估计的遗传力标准误最小,因此,利用前3代系谱估算遗传参数可能较佳。     

河北省中国荷斯坦牛产奶和体型性状遗传参数分析

旨在探究河北省中国荷斯坦牛产奶和体型性状的遗传参数,为育种提供参考.本研究收集了2012-2018年河北省133个牛场8 891头中国荷斯坦母牛第一胎次的3个产奶性状记录(产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率)和26个体型性状记录,利用DMU软件,以场年季、产犊月龄、鉴定年季和鉴定员效应为固定效应,以个体的加性遗传效应为随机效应,...     

中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病遗传参数估计

旨在估计中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d的繁殖疾病遗传参数。本研究收集了1993-2017年间北京地区27个场中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d25 026条繁殖疾病记录,统计分析发病规律,采用阈模型和线性模型,以场年、胎次和产犊季节为固定效应,个体加性遗传效应和永久环境效应为随机效应得到遗传参数来探究中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病遗传规律,同时尝试单独对子宫疾病进行遗传参数估计。结果显示,奶牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病记录占整个泌乳期繁殖疾病记录的54%;使用线性模型和阈模型所得奶牛产后0～35d遗传力分别为0.015 2(0.001 9)和0.094 4(0.01),使用SAS计算两个模型繁殖疾病EBV排名秩相关达95%(P<0.01);在繁殖疾病中,子宫疾病占48%,且主要集中于产后0～35d,利用线性模型估计得到产后0～35d子宫疾病遗传力为0.010 7(0.001 6)。根据线性模型得到的EBV计算繁殖疾病遗传趋势,发现自2000年以来,公母牛繁殖疾病、子宫疾病估计育种值均呈现下降趋势。本研究结果可为中国荷斯坦牛繁殖疾病的遗传育种工作提供参考。     

宁夏规模化奶牛场荷斯坦牛体型线性评定浅析

本研究选择了宁夏5个千头以上规模养殖场,依据《中国荷斯坦牛体型鉴定规程》(修订),以9分制对1260头荷斯坦牛进行了体型线性鉴定;采用SPSS11.0软件统计分析了鉴定牛只的五大部位20个描述性状和总体得分性状的表型参数,旨在为宁夏荷斯坦牛体型性状的遗传改良提供基础数据。结果表明:尻角度、尻宽、蹄踵深度、后肢后视、悬韧带、后房高度和后房宽度等性状与理想最佳线性评分差距较大。建议以此鉴定结果为依据,在今后的奶牛遗传选育工作中,对尻部、泌乳系统等部位的性状进行重点改良,选择适合的优秀验证种公牛,制定合理可行的选种选配方案,加快宁夏规模奶牛场高产奶牛遗传改良进展。     

青海门源地区杂种荷斯坦牛与本地黄牛生长发育模型研究

[目的]测定776头青海门源地区杂种荷斯坦牛和本地黄牛体尺、体重及生长发育规律.[方法]Mitscherlich、Bertalantty、Logistic和Gompertz 4种生长曲线拟合.[结果]杂种荷斯坦牛的体高、体长、胸围及体重4个性状生长曲线用Compertz模型描述拟合效果最好;本地黄牛的体高和胸围生长曲线采用Mitscherlich模型较理想,体长采用Bertalantty模型较理想.在目前农家放牧饲养条件下,杂种荷斯坦牛生长拐点在5月龄140.22 kg体重,成熟体重为381.2 kg.本地母黄牛生长拐点分别为10月龄,106.8 kg体重成熟体重为290.2 kg.[结论]利用荷斯坦牛冻精改良门源本地黄牛,荷黄杂一代的体尺体重都有较大提高,并且差异明显.     

Relationships between Longevity and Linear Type Traits in Holstein Cattle Population of Southern Africa

Relationships between longevity and linear type traits were estimated using data on 34,201 cows with lifetime information and linear type scores. The longevity trait considered was the number of lactations initiated and the linear type traits were rump height, body depth, angularity, rear udder height, fore udder attachment, udder depth, fore teat placement and fore teat length. Fixed effects included in the models were herd year, season of calving and herd-date of classification-classifier and days in milk. Age at first calving and age at classification were included as linear and quadratic covariates. Heritability estimates were low for longevity and moderate for most type traits except rump height and fore teat length. All the phenotypic correlations between longevity and the linear type traits were slightly positive (0.01 to 0.09) except the relationships with rump height and fore teat length which were -0.01 and -0.02, respectively. Genetic correlations between longevity and udder traits as well as angularity were moderate to high and positive (0.22 to 0.48). The only notable negative genetic correlations were longevity with body depth and fore teat length (-0.15 and -0.07, respectively). The genetic correlations suggest that selection for udder traits and angularity should improve longevity in the Holstein cattle population.     

Genetic and phenotypic parameters for conformation and yield traits in three Swiss dairy cattle breeds

This study presents genetic parameters for conformation traits and their genetic and phenotypic correlations with milk production traits and somatic cell score (SCS) in three Swiss dairy cattle breeds. Data on first lactations from Holstein (67 839), Brown Swiss (173 372) and Red & White breeds (53 784) were available. Analysed conformation traits were stature and heart girth (both in cm), and linear scores of body depth, rump width, dairy character or muscularity, and body condition score (only in Holstein). A sire model, with relationships among sires, was used for all breeds and traits and variance components were estimated using AS‐REML. Heritabilities for stature were high (0.6–0.8), and for the linear type traits ranged from 0.3 to 0.5, for all breeds. Genetic correlations with production traits (milk, fat and protein yield) and SCS differed between the dairy breeds. Most markedly, stronger correlations were found between SCS and some conformation traits in Brown Swiss and Red & White, indicating that a focus on a larger and more ‘dairy’ type in these breeds would lead to increased SCS. Another marked difference was that rump width correlated positively with milk yield traits in Holstein and Red & White, but negative in Brown Swiss. Results indicate that conformation traits generally can be used as predictors for various purposes in dairy cattle breeding, but may require specific adaptation for each breed.     

奶牛9分制体型线性评分数据的正态性分析

[目的]检验中国荷斯坦牛体型线性鉴定9分制评分法评分后的数据是否服从正态分布。[方法]根据971头荷斯坦母牛23个体型性状转化为9分制评分后的数据,我们分别用标准差区间的频率检验、矩法正态性检验、正态Q－Q概率图检验、直方图模拟正态分布检验等4种方法进行分析检验。[结果]前段、乳房深度、尻角度、胸宽、后肢侧视等性状明显服从正态分布;体躯大小、体深、腰强度、骨质地等性状不服从正态分布。[结论]23个体型线性性状经过9分制转化后的数据多数仍然近似服从正态分布。     

Genetic analysis of fat‐to‐protein ratio,milk yield and somatic cell score of Holstein cows in Japan in the first three lactations by using a random regression model

We estimated the genetic parameters of fat‐to‐protein ratio (FPR) and the genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield or somatic cell score in the first three lactations in dairy cows. Data included 3 079 517 test‐day records of 201 138 Holstein cows in Japan from 2006 to 2011. Genetic parameters were estimated with a multiple‐trait random regression model in which the records within and between parities were treated as separate traits. The phenotypic values of FPR increased soon after parturition and peaked at 10 to 20 days in milk, then decreased slowly in mid‐ and late lactation. Heritability estimates for FPR yielded moderate values. Genetic correlations of FPR among parities were low in early lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and milk yield were positive and low in early lactation, but only in the first lactation. Genetic correlations between FPR and somatic cell score were positive in early lactation and decreased to become negative in mid‐ to late lactation. By using these results for genetic evaluation it should be possible to improve energy balance in dairy cows.     

中国荷斯坦牛PIK3CB基因多态性及其与繁殖和产奶性状的关联分析

【目的】 探究磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚单位β（PIK3CB）基因多态性及其与中国荷斯坦牛繁殖和产奶性状的关系。【方法】 通过混池测序对中国荷斯坦牛PIK3CB基因进行单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点筛选,采用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR （KASP）技术在1 160头健康泌乳中国荷斯坦牛中进行SNP分型并进行群体遗传学分析,采用线性模型进行SNP与11个繁殖和产奶性状基于单位点和单倍型组合的关联分析。【结果】 在PIK3CB基因中共检测到了17个SNPs,筛选出7个SNPs用于后续分析。关联分析发现,7个SNPs与多个目标性状存在显著或极显著的关联（P<0.05;P<0.01）;位于外显子区域的g.130433743 A>G位点AA基因型个体和位于可变剪接区域的g.130448069 G>A位点GG基因型个体,其经产牛首末次配种间隔、产奶量、乳蛋白量和乳脂量最低,体细胞评分最高,上述基因型个体具有较短的首末次配种间隔,而产奶性能相对较差;g.130387717 G>A位点AA基因型个体,其初配日龄和青年牛首末次配种间隔最低,产奶量、乳蛋白量和乳脂量最高,该基因型个体的繁殖和产奶性能均较好,上述3个SNPs位点可作为中国荷斯坦牛繁殖和产奶性状的候选位点重点关注。单倍型分析发现,PIK3CB基因的g.130387717 G>A、g.130430832 A>－、g.130433743 A>G、g.130433982 C>T、g.130446073 C>T和g.130448069 G>A 6个SNPs紧密连锁形成一个单倍型块,且与多个目标性状存在显著或极显著关联（P<0.05;P<0.01）,其中H2H3和H2H4单倍型组合个体的繁殖和产奶性能较好,为优势单倍型组合。【结论】 中国荷斯坦牛PIK3CB基因存在丰富的遗传变异,其多态性与繁殖和产奶性状存在关联,g.130433743 A>G、g.130448069 G>A和g.130387717 G>A位点可作为潜在分子标记,为中国荷斯坦牛的平衡育种提供理论依据。     

中国荷斯坦牛乳房性状、体型总分与产奶性状的相关分析

研究利用武汉市58头公牛的971头女儿2006—2007年间的体型性状鉴定记录及2001—2007年间的生产性能测定记录,配合动物模型,采用REML方法进行参数估计,探讨了乳房性状、体型总分与产奶性状之间的关系。结果表明:乳房性状与产奶性状之间的表型相关较小。后乳房宽度与产奶性状之间存在强的遗传正相关(0.44～0.89)。后乳房高度与305 d产奶量(0.27)、305 d乳脂量(0.16)存在遗传正相关,而与305 d乳蛋白量(-0.32)存在遗传负相关。前乳房附着与产奶性状基本不存在相关。悬韧带与305 d产奶量存在遗传正相关(0.79)。乳房深度与305 d产奶量存在遗传负相关(-0.20)。体型总分与305 d产奶量、305 d乳脂量、305 d乳蛋白量存在较强的遗传正相关,故加强乳房性状和体型总分的选择对提高奶牛的生产性能有益。     

Genetic parameters and single versus multi-trait evaluation of udder health traits

Abstract

Genetic parameters were estimated for lactation average somatic cell score (SCS) and clinical mastitis (CM) for the first three lactations of multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows. A multi-trait linear sire model was used for estimation of covariance components, and the efficiencies of single- versus multi-trait multi-lactation (MT) sire evaluations were compared. Heritability of SCS and CM in the first three lactations ranged from 0.11 to 0.13 and 0.02 to 0.03, respectively. Within lactation, genetic correlations between SCS and CM ranged from 0.68 to 0.72. Within both traits, across-lactation genetic correlations were lowest between 1 and 3, and highest between 2 and 3, with estimates ranging from 0.75 to 0.86 and from 0.81 to 0.98 for CM and SCS, respectively. Residual and phenotypic correlations were low and ranged from 0.09 to 0.13 and from 0.10 to 0.13, respectively. The absolute difference between genetic and residual correlations was from 0.5 to 0.6. Within-lactation genetic correlations between traits that are much less than unity suggest a multi-trait model for genetic evaluation of mastitis resistance. Comparison of model prediction performance between single-trait (ST) and MT models using a data splitting method showed that the MT model was more stable in predicting breeding values in future records of animals. Especially, for young sires and CM, the SD of EBVs from the MT model was 14 to 23% higher than the ST model, indicating more effective use of information in terms of revealing more genetic variation.