利用意大利蜜蜂蛹为替代寄主繁育两种肿腿蜂

白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae和松褐天牛肿腿蜂S.alternatusi是天牛和吉丁类害虫的重要天敌?本试验以意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蛹为替代寄主, 研究了两种肿腿蜂寄生意大利蜜蜂蛹时其子代的发育过程和数量?结果表明, 利用意大利蜜蜂蛹能成功繁育白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂?白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对蛹的寄生率和羽化出蜂的寄主比例与松褐天牛肿腿蜂无显著差异?以意大利蜜蜂蛹为寄主时, 两种肿腿蜂的产卵前期?卵期?幼虫期?蛹期和卵-成蜂发育历期均无显著差异?单头肿腿蜂雌蜂寄生1头蛹时, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(17.61头/窝)和子代总数(18.83头/窝)均显著低于白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的子代雌蜂数(25.10头/窝)和子代总数(26.52头/窝)?两种肿腿蜂的子代性比均具有显著的偏雌特征, 松褐天牛肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂子代雄性比分别为6.83%和6.35%, 其子代雄蜂数和雄性比例均无显著差异?综上所述, 意大利蜜蜂蛹可作为白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂和松褐天牛肿腿蜂人工繁育的替代寄主, 这为两种肿腿蜂的规模化繁育提供了参考?     

人工繁殖管氏肿腿蜂的替代寄主研究

利用意大利蜜蜂雄蛹作为替代寄主成功繁殖出了管氏肿腿蜂,且繁殖出的成蜂寄生率、生活力都较强.繁蜂时各种主要条件因子的最佳组配为:温度26℃,相对湿度60%,接蜂的蜂蛹比2:1.在该条件下繁蜂,寄生率为72.83%,出蜂率为47.83%.每头意大利蜜蜂雄蛹平均可繁殖出管氏肿腿蜂成蜂32头.观察了用替代寄主繁殖出的管氏肿腿蜂成虫的寿命:在20℃条件下,雄蜂和雌蜂的平均寿命分别为5.5d、28.4d;寿命超过一个月的雌蜂比例占65.45%.全年可以繁蜂5～8代.利用意大利蜜蜂雄蛹和用青杨天牛幼虫为寄主繁殖出的管氏肿腿蜂成蜂在个体大小、生活力、寄生力等方面无明显差异.利用意大利蜜蜂雄蛹繁蜂成本较低,仅为青杨天牛的7.44%.     

松褐天牛肿腿蜂不同产卵批次下寄生能力和子代发育情况

松褐天牛肿腿蜂属卵育型寄生蜂,雌蜂补充营养后卵巢开始发育,且雌蜂可多次产卵并寄生多头寄主。为明确松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂不同产卵批次下的寄生能力和子代发育情况差异,本研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂在不同产卵寄生批次下的寄生率、寄生成功率、子代发育历期、子代数量和雄性比例等生活史参数的变化。结果表明：以麻天牛幼虫为寄主,松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂最多可完成4次寄生行为,85%的雌蜂能完成2次寄生,但仅有31%的雌蜂能完成3次寄生,可能完成4次寄生的雌蜂仅有4%。随着产卵批次的增加,母蜂寄生能力逐渐减弱。松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂不同产卵批次间其子代幼虫历期、蛹历期均差异显著,以第1批次最长,第4批次最短。不同的产卵批次间子代雌蜂数量、子代雄蜂数量均差异显著。第1和第2产卵批次中雌蜂平均数量为40.2头和35.1头,较后续产卵批次更多;这两个产卵批次育出雄蜂数量均少于10头。第3个产卵批次中子代雌蜂数量锐减,且雄蜂比例超过60%;第4批次时,子代全为雄性。松褐天牛肿腿蜂的平均最大产雌数为80.6头。以上研究为松褐天牛肿腿蜂的人工繁育和利用提供参考。     

不同蜂虫比对管氏肿腿蜂繁育效果的影响

在室内利用玻璃双通管由中间寄主黄粉甲的初蛹直接接蜂繁育管氏肿腿蜂,比较不同蜂虫比对繁蜂效果的影响。结果表明,不同蜂虫比对管氏肿腿蜂单位虫重繁蜂量、子代蜂数量和雌雄比有较明显的影响,蜂虫比8:4时这几项指标达到最佳。蜂虫比对管氏肿腿蜂的发育历期有显著影响,且寄主数量相同时,管氏肿腿蜂子代蜂产卵前期随着蜂虫比的提高而缩短,发育总历期随着单管接种肿腿蜂数量的增多而缩短。综合以上各项指标,人工扩繁时采用8:4的蜂虫比最佳。     

低温储存时长对松褐天牛肿腿蜂繁育效果的影响

为了明确低温下松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的最佳储存时长,本试验在10 ℃条件下储存松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂,研究不同贮存时长后成蜂的子代发育历期和数量。结果表明：松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂死亡率随储存时长增加逐渐增加,60 d时死亡率较低,其累积死亡率为6.90%,至120 d时,累积死亡率达42.46%,雄蜂寿命明显比雌蜂短。不同储存时长对松褐天牛肿腿蜂的子代发育历期影响显著,短期储存雌蜂可以缩短松褐天牛肿腿蜂的产卵前期。松褐天牛肿腿蜂子代发育历期随着成蜂储存时长的增长呈上升趋势,其中卵历期差异较小,平均为3～4 d,幼虫历期、蛹历期和卵至成虫的发育历期差异显著。随着成蜂储存时间的增加,松褐天牛肿腿蜂子代总数和子代雌蜂数呈下降趋势,不储存的子代总数和子代雌蜂数最多,平均59.96头和57.92头;至150 d时,子代总数和子代雌蜂数均显著下降,仅30.52头和26.04头。松褐天牛肿腿蜂子代雄蜂数和雄性比在储存150 d时显著增加,其他处理差异不显著。以上研究表明：10 ℃下,储存60 d为最佳储存时长,最长不宜超过120 d。本试验为松褐天牛肿腿蜂的储存及应用提供依据。     

管氏硬皮肿腿蜂的寄生特性

研究了管氏硬皮肿腿蜂对3种天牛和虫源较为丰富、取材较为容易的黄粉虫、家蚕、蜜蜂、松阿扁蜂、粘虫的寄生选择性，在不同寄主上的寄生特性以及寄主不同处理、寄主大小对其寄生的影响。结果表明：管氏硬皮肿腿蜂对不同供试昆虫的麻痹率和寄生率不同；在不同寄主上，管氏硬皮肿腿蜂的发育和繁殖特性不同。该蜂除偏爱寄生天牛幼虫和蛹外，对黄粉虫幼虫和蛹的寄生产卵率也较高，分别为80％、50％，可作为寄主繁蜂；对松阿扁叶蜂幼虫的麻痹率和寄生率均达65％以上，作为繁蜂替代寄主具有一定的潜力。用氯仿：酒精为1 ：10混合液处理桑虎天牛幼虫2h对肿腿蜂寄生率、单雌产卵量有明显的促进作用。寄主体重增加，可延长肿腿蜂雌蜂的产卵前期，增加单雌产卵量，提高子代蜂性比，但对各虫态发育历期影响不大。     

温度和外源激素对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂翅型分化的影响

为探讨影响寄生蜂翅型分化的环境因素,促进天敌昆虫的利用,在室内比较了白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae在21、24、27、30℃和33℃5个温度条件下翅型分化情况,并在24℃下通过对该蜂寄主麻竖毛天牛Thyestilla gebleri幼虫注射早熟素Ⅱ和蜕皮激素,比较不同激素处理对寄生蜂子代雌蜂有翅率的影响。研究结果表明,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂在27℃和30℃下子代雌蜂的有翅率显著高于其他温度,分别高达62.02%和68.04%。24℃下该蜂雌蜂有翅率最低,仅为0.97%,确定24℃为该蜂的无翅型温度T_(wl)。在T_(wl)下早熟素Ⅱ处理寄主幼虫显著提高了寄生蜂子代雌蜂的有翅率(15.62%)。而用3种浓度的蜕皮激素溶液处理寄主幼虫,其育出的寄生蜂子代翅型均无显著分化,蜕皮激素对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的翅型分化无显著影响。在对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂人工繁育过程中,建议将饲养温度设置为30℃来提高该蜂种群的雌蜂有翅率。结合早熟素Ⅱ具有翅化效应的结果,可以对寄主幼虫进行早熟素Ⅱ处理或者直接在幼期处理子代蜂,从而实现对该天敌资源的高效利用。     

人工扩繁白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂保藏条件研究

在人工条件下研究了白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂适宜保藏温度和喂食材料以及寄主选择因子对其保存时间和扩繁的影响。结果表明,在11℃,RH=75%条件下,经过60 d保藏,其雌蜂的存活率仍达80%以上;在此条件下保藏,其产卵量[(40.78±4.98)粒]、幼虫数量[(29.22±3.57)头]、仔代蜂数量[(21.25±2.50)头]等扩繁指标都高于5、8、14℃保存的指标。试验结果显示,用青杨天牛作寄主扩繁的雌蜂比用黄粉虫蛹扩繁的雌蜂更耐低温保藏,前者保藏90 d后存活率为60.7%,而后者仅20.0%;保藏期间饲喂青杨天牛血淋巴效果最好,经过60 d保藏,饲喂组存活率达91.8%,而对照组仅为74.5%,由此证实以替代寄主进行人工扩繁肿腿蜂,需要定期对种蜂进行人工复壮。     

两种赤眼蜂过寄生及其对过寄生适应能力的比较

室内以米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵为寄主研究了玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae和松毛虫赤眼蜂T. dendrolimi过寄生及其对子蜂大小和性比的影响。结果发现,在蜂卵1∶3的接蜂比例下,两种蜂均有过寄生发生,其中松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生2次的比例达到45.5%,显著高于其它寄生次数发生的比例。寄生次数显著影响羽化卵率及羽化蜂的雌性比,蜂种、寄生次数/单卵出蜂数均显著影响羽化蜂的体长。单卵羽化出1头蜂的体长显著大于单卵羽化出2头或3头蜂的体长;单卵羽化2头或3头时,松毛虫赤眼蜂体长显著大于对应羽化蜂数的玉米螟赤眼蜂体长。当单卵育出1头蜂时,两种蜂对应性别体长不存在显著差异,但同时羽化出雌雄蜂时,松毛虫赤眼蜂的雌雄蜂体长（雌蜂0.43mm,雄蜂0.38mm）显著大于单卵育出的玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对应性别蜂的体长（雌蜂0.38mm,雄蜂0.35mm）。这些结果表明,与松毛虫赤眼蜂相比,玉米螟赤眼蜂雌蜂对过寄生的适应能力较弱,且其子代雌蜂发育受过寄生的影响较大。     

药剂消毒处理松墨天牛幼虫对管氏硬皮肿腿蜂繁育率的影响

管氏硬皮肿腿蜂(Sclerodermus guani Xiao et Wu)是天牛类蛀干害虫的寄生蜂[1],目前各地广泛用于防治松墨天牛(Monochamus alternatus Hope)及其他天牛类蛀干害虫[2,3].人工大量繁育管氏硬皮肿腿蜂是解决生产实践所需蜂种的主要途径.由于管氏硬皮肿腿蜂是一种具有学习能力的寄生蜂[4],利用林间采集的松墨天牛幼虫繁育的管氏硬皮肿腿蜂,不仅可提高寄生率,同时也降低林间松墨天牛的种群数量.但在繁蜂过程中寄主被病菌感染和虫体干瘪降低了繁蜂率.如何减少寄主受感染和干瘪现象,提高寄主的利用率,是目前繁蜂工作亟待解决的问题.张卫光等[5]用酒精对寄主桑脊虎天牛(Xylotrechus chinensis Chevrolat)幼虫消毒,寄生率比不消毒的对照组低16.0%,产卵量也显著低于对照组;用氯仿 酒精混合液(1:10)、乙醚的处理较好.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.