美洲鲥当年鱼种池塘遮阴养殖试验

为提高美洲鲥鱼种池塘遮阴养殖技术,采用推迟拉盖遮阴膜、提早拆除遮阴膜、适时搭建保温大棚等措施方法改进了美洲鲥当年鱼种池塘遮阴养殖方式,并开展了相关的养殖验证试验,研究比较了改进前、后的养殖效果。结果显示,2017年(改进前),美洲鲥当年鱼种经过120d的养殖,平均体长和体质量分别为12.46cm和26.53g,分别增长284.57%和3636.62%,肥满度为1.35g/cm~3,体长日增长率和体质量日增长率分别为0.076cm/d和0.215g/d,养殖成活率为81.02%,饲料系数为2.04;2018年(改进后),美洲鲥当年鱼种经过144d的养殖,体长和体质量分别为16.50～16.89cm和65.97～69.68g,分别增长293.70%～370.09%和6066.37%～9460.87%,肥满度为1.42～1.50g/cm~3,体长日增长率和体质量日增长率分别为0.088～0.090cm/d和0.453～0.476g/d,养殖成活率为75.94%～78.96%,饲料系数为1.63～1.77。试验结果表明,改进后的池塘遮阴养殖模式,其养殖效果好于单纯的遮阴池塘或露天池塘,与大水面网箱和深井水工厂化养殖模式相近。建议在江浙地区开展美洲鲥当年鱼种池塘养殖时,于放苗1周后拉盖遮阴膜,9月中旬移除遮阴膜,10月中旬搭建池塘保温大棚。     

池塘养殖斑节对虾生长、发育与性成熟

为了解不同养殖条件下斑节对虾的生长、外生殖器发育、性腺发育及性成熟之间的关系,对其养殖进行跟踪调查研究.结果显示:①斑节对虾雌雄外生殖器官发育和头胸甲长呈线性关系;②不同养殖环境条件下,斑节对虾性成熟生物学最小型个体无显著差异.雄性精荚出现的生物学最小型个体为头胸甲长3.1 cm,体长11.1 cm,体质量20.0 g;雄性性成熟个体的头胸甲长3.7 cm,体长13.0 cm,体质量37.0 g.池养雌性斑节对虾的性成熟生物学最小型个体以纳精囊的发育完全(可与雄虾交配)为标志,其最小性成熟个体的头胸甲长4.3 cm、体长15.1 cm、体质量53.0 g,雌性性成熟个体为头胸甲长5.0 cm,体长17.0 cm,体质量75.0 g以上;③池塘养殖斑节对虾性成熟与日龄和养殖环境相关.鱼塭雄虾精荚出现的最早时间为日龄120 d前后,其性成熟日龄约为160 d;池塘养殖雄虾精荚出现的最早时间为日龄150 d前后,其性成熟日龄约为260 d.鱼媪雌虾最早交配发生在日龄165 d前后,性成熟日龄205～236 d,池养雌虾最早交配发生在日龄240～ 280 d,性成熟日龄295～360 d以上.     

池塘养殖条件下当年繁育三角帆蚌的生长

为研究池塘养殖条件下三角帆蚌幼蚌的生长情况,进而为优化三角帆蚌的养殖模式提供参考依据,在浙江省诸暨市的淡水珍珠实验基地进行了池塘养殖试验。结果表明:经过86 d培育,当年繁育三角帆蚌的壳长从3.4 cm增长到6.4 cm,体质量从3 g增加到18 g;试验期间,壳长的增长率为0.035±0.005cm/d,体质量的增长率为0.192±0.044 g/d;吊养水层深度可显著影响幼蚌的生长速度,吊养在水面下40cm处的蚌,其壳长和体质量的增长速度显著高于吊养在水面下10 cm和80 cm处。     

四种引进鲟幼鱼的培育及生长特性

为了丰富鲟鱼养殖种类,特引进了闪光鲟（Acipenser stellatus）、欧鳇（Huso huso）、西伯利亚鲟（Acipenserbaerii）和杂交鲟（西伯利亚鲟♂×俄罗斯鲟A.gueldenstaeti♀）受精卵,在直径2m的玻璃钢池中进行驯养和流水养殖,水温16-22℃,溶氧5-7mg·L-1。定期测定了上述4种鲟鱼的体长和体质量,应用计算机软件Excel和SPSS对测量的数据进行处理分析。结果表明：孵出的闪光鲟、欧鳇、西伯利亚鲟和杂交鲟鱼苗平均体质量分别为0.01349g、0.02818g、0.02016g,及0.02416g,经过60d驯化养殖,平均体质量分别达到3.80g、11.22g、7.85g,及4.19g;平均体长分别达10.61cm、13.37cm、12.98cm,及9.78cm。全长与日龄之间均呈线性关系,且R2〉0.9,全长日均增长量的大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉闪光鲟〉杂交鲟;体质量均与日龄呈指数函数关系,且R2〉0.9,体质量日均增长量大小顺序为：欧鳇〉西伯利亚鲟〉杂交鲟〉闪光鲟;体质量与全长的回归曲线中b〈3,均呈异速生长;肥满度分别变动在0.67～0.30、0.86～0.47、0.58～0.35,及0.71～0.44之间,均呈逐渐降低的趋势,且各个时期欧鳇肥满度最高;驯化期结束后30～40日龄生长离散最明显。     

池养条件下1龄异育银鲫“中科3号”的生长特性

为了解池塘养殖条件下1龄异育银鲫“中科3号”的生长特性,在池塘自然水温(18.5~30.6℃)条件下,对体长(4.53±0.18)cm、体质量(2.73±0.17)g的1龄异育银鲫“中科3号”的生长性能进行了研究。试验结果:经过125 d培育,异育银鲫“中科3号”体长增长237.53%,体质量增长3312.45%;体长与体质量呈幂函数关系,关系式为W=0.0356L2.8885(R2=0.985),属等速生长型;体质量日增长量从试验开始到100 d始终呈增高态势,75~100 d的平均体质量日增长量为最高值(1.346 g/d),之后随着水温下降而降低;体质量相对增长率在0~25 d为最高(269.60%),而后逐渐降低,至125 d试验结束时为30.37%;生长指数(0.1054~0.4647)和生长常数(1.318~5.809)随着试验的进行逐渐降低;肥满度为2.6062~2.9480 g/cm^3,呈先降低、后升高、再降低的小幅波动;生长离散逐渐小幅增加。     

刀鲚当年鱼种池塘养殖培育试验

为了提高刀鲚当年鱼种池塘培育的成活率,根据其生物学特性,将鱼种按不同密度放养,进行刀鲚当年鱼种池塘培育技术研究。3年的池塘培育结果显示:2016年,按2500尾/亩(15亩=1 hm²,下同)[HT5"SS]的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过141~146 d的培育,其体长增至11.21~11.43 cm,体质量增至4.23~4.62 g,成活率在69.3％~88.0％;2017年,按3750尾/亩的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过152~157 d的培育,其体长增至11.32~11.65 cm,体质量增至4.44~4.88 g,成活率在42.1％~77.9％;2018年,按5875尾/亩的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过180 d的培育,其体长增至11.01~11.04 cm,体质量增至2.41~2.44 g,成活率在57.5％~65.1％。结果表明,随着养殖密度提高,刀鲚当年鱼种的成活率呈下降趋势,天然适口活体饵料数量对刀鲚当年鱼种养殖密度的设定以及成活率有一定的影响。     

刀鲚当年鱼种池塘培育试验

为了提高刀鲚当年鱼种池塘培育的成活率,根据其生物学特性,将鱼种按不同密度放养,进行刀鲚当年鱼种池塘培育技术研究。3年的池塘培育结果显示:2016年,按2500尾/亩(15亩=1 hm~2,下同)的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过141～146 d的培育,其体长增至11.21～11.43 cm,体质量增至4.23～4.62 g,成活率在69.3%～88.0%;2017年,按3750尾/亩的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过152～157 d的培育,其体长增至11.32～11.65 cm,体质量增至4.44～4.88 g,成活率在42.1%～77.9%;2018年,按5875尾/亩的养殖密度放养刀鲚当年鱼种,经过180 d的培育,其体长增至11.01～11.04 cm,体质量增至2.41～2.44 g,成活率在57.5%～65.1%。结果表明,随着养殖密度提高,刀鲚当年鱼种的成活率呈下降趋势,天然适口活体饵料数量对刀鲚当年鱼种养殖密度的设定以及成活率有一定的影响。     

美洲鲥当年鱼种池塘大棚越冬养殖试验

于2017—2019年采用在池塘上方搭建简易保温大棚的方式开展了美洲鲥当年鱼种越冬养殖试验,研究探讨了越冬养殖相关的技术参数。结果显示:搭建保温大棚后,冬季池塘水温可保持在10℃以上,在美洲鲥当年鱼种(0+龄鱼种,平均体长12.45~16.65 cm,平均体质量27.29~66.41 g)放养密度为1518~2970尾/亩(15亩=1 hm^2,下同)和81.04~100.78 kg/亩的条件下,在越冬前中期(12月至次年3月中旬),日投饲量在0.8~1.6 kg/亩,越冬后期(次年3月中旬至4月上中旬),日投饲量也由2.0 kg/亩左右迅速增加到4.0~5.0 kg/亩。经过125~130 d的越冬养殖,鱼种平均体长达17.48~21.19 cm,增长28.04%~40.40%,平均体质量77.57~137.96 g/尾,增加了106.53%~184.24%,鱼种的体长和体质量特定生长率分别为(0.193~0.261)%/d和(0.585~0.804)%/d,日均增长量和日增重分别为0.036~0.039 cm/d和0.387~0.572 g/d;收获时美洲鲥鱼的肥满度为1.42~1.43 g/cm3,养殖成活率为89.29%~94.81%,饲料系数为1.50~1.65,亩产量为198.50~205.68 kg。试验结果表明,在江浙地区,养殖池塘上方搭建保温大棚后,冬季池塘水温(10~20℃)在美洲鲥当年鱼种的适宜水温范围,能获得较理想的越冬养殖效果。     

微孔曝气增氧与叶轮增氧机增氧在南美白对虾池塘养殖的应用比较

试验比较了无油滑片式微孔曝气增氧机与传统的叶轮式增氧机对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖池塘的溶解氧、对虾生长及经济效益的影响.经过4个月养殖试验,结果发现,上午10:00时测得的池塘溶解氧都高于5.9 mg/L,但使用微孔曝气增氧的试验塘溶解氧在养殖过程中高于叶轮式增氧机增氧的对照塘;微孔曝气增氧的池塘,7月份和8月份养殖的南美白对虾的全长分别为6.68 cm和8.98cm,体质量分别为3.19g和9.21 g,显著高于叶轮式增氧的池塘(P＜0.05),但9月份收获时终末体长、体质量与对照塘相比无显著差异;试验塘的饲料系数(1.05)低于对照塘的饲料系数(1.16);微孔曝气增氧提高了亩产量,销售利润(3454.1元/亩)是叶轮式增氧机增氧(2308.1元/亩)的1.5倍.微孔曝气增氧是南美白对虾池塘养殖较好的增氧方式.     

水温对施氏鲟、小体鲟和西伯利亚鲟幼鱼生长的影响

在电子控温循环水系统中,研究不同水温(15℃、18℃、21℃、24℃和27℃)对56日龄的施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii、小体鲟A.ruthenus和西伯利亚鲟A.baerii幼鱼生长的影响。结果表明,24℃组施氏鲟幼鱼的体长特定生长率(SGRL)显著高于其它温度组(P<0.05),而体质量特定生长率(SGRW)差异不显著(P>0.05);在18~27℃范围内,体长绝对增长率(AGRL)随温度的升高而降低,且显著高于15℃组(P<0.05)。18~24℃组的体质量绝对增长率(AGRW)显著高于15℃和27℃组(P<0.05)。在18~24℃范围内,施氏鲟幼鱼的体长相对增长率随温度的升高而增加,显著高于15℃和27℃组(P<0.05),最适生长温度为24℃。18℃组小体鲟幼鱼的SGRL显著高于其他温度(P<0.05),SGRW则差异不显著(P>0.05)。在15~27℃温度范围内,小体鲟幼鱼的AGRW升高后降低,其中18℃和24℃的SGRW分别为0.61g/d和0.64g/d,显著高于其他组。15℃组AGRL最低(1.6mm/d),显著低于其他组(P<0.05)。小体鲟幼鱼的最适生长水温范围为18~24℃,最适生长温度为18℃。在15~27℃范围内,21℃组西伯利亚鲟幼鱼的SGRL、AGRL和体长相对生长率均显著高于其他温度组(P<0.05),但27℃组存活率最低。西伯利亚鲟幼鱼的最适生长范围为15~24℃,最适生长水温为21℃。不同温度下,3种鲟幼鱼的肥满度变化不同,施氏鲟幼鱼的生长类型为强异速度生长,不同于小体鲟幼鱼与西伯利亚鲟幼鱼。在15~27℃范围内,3种鲟幼鱼的最适生长温度不同,在早期生长培育时应选用不同的培育温度。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.