酸性黄棕壤中钼磷配施对甘蓝型油菜苗期碳氮代谢的影响

利用酸性黄棕壤进行盆栽试验,研究了钼磷配施对甘蓝型油菜苗期碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,施钼和施磷均显著增加叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性总糖含量以及地上部干物质重和可溶性蛋白质含量,显著降低油菜苗期叶片硝态氮含量;且钼肥和磷肥配施对促进油菜苗期碳氮代谢存在协同效应。钼肥和磷肥提高油菜光合速率的机制有所不同,钼肥主要提高叶肉细胞光合活性,而磷肥则增加气孔导度。     

河套灌区麦后复种饲料油菜养分吸收规律及施肥效应

为了解春小麦收获后复种饲料油菜的施肥效应,采用田间定位方法,研究了氮磷钾的施肥效果、产量反应和氮磷钾养分吸收规律。结果表明,氮磷钾配合施用(NPK)饲料油菜产草量最高,分别比不施氮肥(PK)、不施磷肥(NK)、不施钾肥(NP)增产63.9%、28.3%和12.7%,施肥效果为氮肥磷肥钾肥。生产1t饲料油菜干草,吸收N、P_2O_5、K2_O分别为27.4kg、9.2kg、47.3kg。氮肥对油菜株高和干物质积累量的影响最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥的影响最小。饲料油菜氮磷钾养分的吸收积累表现为"慢-快-慢"的变化规律,NPK处理植株吸收的氮磷钾最多,PK处理植株吸收量最少。在出苗后44~49d、47~55d和43~51d是饲料油菜N、P_2O_5、K_2O的吸收高峰期,此期间保证氮磷钾肥的供应是获得高产的关键。复种饲料油菜各施肥处理对后茬作物的影响不大。连续两年麦后复种饲料油菜后,对土壤有机质和碱解氮含量没有显著影响。休闲处理和麦后复种饲料油菜施用NPK处理可以提高土壤有效磷含量,麦后复种饲料油菜的土壤速效钾含量有所降低。     

大豆锰素营养研究

采用水培试验研究大豆锰素营养,并分析了黄淮海及长江中下游大豆产区几种土壤的有效锰含量。结果表明:(1)大豆植株体内锰的浓度和含量随着培养介质中锰浓度增加而增加,(2)锰主要分布于叶部和根部,茎部最少,(3)锰与磷、铁间存在拮抗关系,(4)黄淮及长江中下游地区,沙土和砂姜黑土缺锰,黄棕壤有效锰含量丰富,淤土和二合土居中。     

江西省婺源县油菜氮磷钾肥利用率研究

[目的]探讨测土配方施肥提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率。[方法]通过2013—2014年度油菜田间氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的对比试验,探讨常规施肥下氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的利用率现状和测土配方施肥提高氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利用率的效果。[结果]测土配方施肥提高肥料利用率为:N 10.25个百分点、P2O50.4个百分点、K2O 2.09个百分点。[结论]测土配方施肥比常规施肥可以提高肥料利用率,值得推广。     

湖北省油菜磷肥效应及推荐用量研究

通过20个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区磷肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明,适量施用磷肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果,19个试验施磷比不施磷对照增收油菜籽75~1117kg/hm2,平均增产489kg/hm2;施磷增产4.3%~62.6%,平均增产率为26.4%;施磷纯利润平均为1417元/hm2,产投比平均达6.08;磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为41.2kg/kg P2O5和7.3kg/kg P2O5。根据肥料效应方程,在当前生产条件下,油菜生产的磷肥最佳经济用量平均为67.8kg P2O5/hm2,推荐幅度为0~114.3kg P2O5/hm2。土壤有效磷含量与油菜磷肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7586**,n﹦18）,根据土壤有效磷含量（x,单位为mg/kg）水平,湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用磷量（y,单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦161.43﹣36.436Ln(x)求得。     

土壤含水量和施肥对油菜生长和硼素收的影响

本试验通过盆栽试验探讨油菜硼素吸收与土壤水分的关系及油菜品种之间的差异。 材料与方法 试验于1987年10—12月在南京农业大学的温室内进行。 试验采用土培。供试土壤采自江苏省溧水县傅家边村。土壤质地为中壤土,pH:5.4,热水溶性硼为0.29ppm。供试的三个油菜品种为中油821、宁油8号和中油低芥2号。土壤盆钵为塑料杯。每盆装±1.2公斤(过5mm筛的风干土),并以每公斤土施入NO.15克[Ca     

用^32P研究土壤pH值对茶树吸收磷素的影响

茶树是喜酸作物,适合在酸性土壤上生长。但在宜茶的土壤pH范围内,水溶性磷很容易被吸附、固定,磷肥利用率往往较低。因此,研究土壤pH值对茶树磷素吸收、利用和分配的影响,对于加强茶树磷素营养,提高茶园中磷肥利用率有一定的实际意义。本试验采用同位素~(32)P示踪法,研究了不同pH值土壤上茶树对磷的吸收、利用和分配的规律。试验材料和方法     

稻田油菜施用硼肥和磷肥效果的探讨

通过油菜硼肥的最佳施用期，以及硼、磷肥的最佳施用量试验，结果表明：硼肥以作底肥，施用量７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２最佳，磷肥则以施用Ｐ２Ｏ５９０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２最佳。土壤缺硼使油菜死苗缺株，生长不整齐，荫花荫角，贪青晚熟。土壤缺磷使油菜植株生长矮小，绿叶数少，经济性状差，缺硼和磷均会严重减产。     

氮钾肥运筹对花生——油菜轮作制作物产量及养分效率的影响

通过4年(2010-2013年)6季田间定位试验,研究了不同氮钾肥分配方式对花生-油菜轮作制作物产量、植株氮钾素累积量、氮钾肥吸收利用效率、土壤氮钾素平衡和施肥经济效益的影响。试验设空白对照(CK)、农户习惯施肥(FB)和轮作周年氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)单季均衡施肥(花生90-90-120,油菜180-90-120)、花生低氮油菜高氮(花生45-90-120,油菜225-90-120)、花生高钾油菜低钾(花生90-90-180,油菜180-90-60)和花生低钾油菜高钾(花生90-90-60,油菜180-90-180)等6个处理。结果表明:(1)施用氮磷钾肥花生、油菜和轮作周年产量平均分别提高10.9%、118.0%和32.1%,其中花生以花生高钾油菜低钾处理表现最好,油菜以花生低氮油菜高氮处理表现最好。(2)施用氮磷钾肥能显著提高花生和油菜的氮、钾素累积量,与单季均衡施肥相比,花生低氮油菜高氮处理能显著提高花生氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率,花生高钾油菜低钾处理能显著提高油菜钾肥偏生产力和钾素吸收效率。(3)试验结束后,空白对照与农户习惯施肥的土壤氮、钾素均表现为亏缺,4种氮钾肥分配方式的土壤氮、钾素均表现为盈余(分别盈余36.1kg/hm~2和24.0kg/hm~2)。(4)在经济效益上,花生、油菜和轮作周年的产投比均以花生高钾油菜低钾处理最高(花生2.12、油菜3.13、周年2.59)。综合考虑认为,湖北省花生和油菜的氮肥适宜用量是90kg/hm~2和180kg/hm~2,在轮作周年钾肥总用量有限条件下,将钾肥适当前移至花生季有利于提高肥料利用率和经济收益。     

旱作条件下油菜根茬对玉米两种土传病害的生防作用

为探究多熟种植模式下油菜根茬对玉米土传病害的防治效应,在湖北襄阳和甘肃甘谷两地连续进行了两年的油菜—玉米、小麦—玉米轮作试验。通过对后茬玉米接种丝黑穗病原菌和纹枯病病原菌,考察两种种植模式下后作玉米土壤养分、微生物特性、土传病害发生率以及作物产量。结果表明,油菜根茬粉碎还田提高了土壤有效氮、磷、钾的含量,在整个试验周期,土壤有机质含量显著增加;油菜茬后作土壤中的细菌数量增加,而真菌减少。调查土传病害发生情况显示,油菜根茬生物熏蒸作用降低了后作玉米两种土传病害的发生率。与小麦茬后玉米相比,油菜茬后玉米产量显著提高。说明在油菜—玉米种植模式下,油菜根茬能培肥地力、改良土壤微生物环境,而且油菜根茬所具有的生物熏蒸作用对玉米土传病害有抑制作用,有利于提高后作玉米产量。     

不同形态磷肥对红壤玉米磷素吸收利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究施用不同形态磷肥对玉米干物质累积、产量、磷素吸收累积动态及磷肥利用效率的影响,探讨低磷红壤玉米对施用不同形态磷肥的响应。结果表明,在等养分施用量的条件下,与过磷酸钙(SSP)和钙镁磷肥(CMP)处理相比,施用磷酸二铵(DAP)和磷酸一铵(MAP)处理在玉米大喇叭口期、抽穗期、成熟期的地上部干物质累积量、磷素累积量及经济学产量和玉米磷肥利用效率均较高。至成熟期,施用DAP较SSP和CMP处理玉米地上部干物质累积提高46.7%和72.9%、磷素累积增加68.8%和100.5%,其子粒磷素累积量增加88.7%和101.4%。与施用SSP和CMP处理相比,施用DAP处理玉米子粒产量依次提高47.1%和73.8%。     

湖南春大豆高产综合技术研究及其利用开发

本研究以优良品种为材料,采用五元二次正交回归旋转组合设计,通过田间测定参数,对密度(X_1)和氮(X_2)、磷(X_3)、钾(X_4)、硼(X_5)施用量与产量的关系,以及双因素互作的产量效应进行了探讨,研究结果表明:(1)湖南近年育成的春大豆新品种均具有亩产180～230kg的生产潜力;(2)大豆最佳种植密度因品种特性和土壤肥力的不同而有较大差异,一般为2.4～3.6万株;(3)不论稻田或旱土施用氮肥均有明显的增产效果,施用量为每亩5.0～20.0kg;(4)施用磷、钾、硼肥均有一定增产作用,每亩用量分别为过磷酸钙25.0～50.0kg、氯化钾7.5～22.5kg、硼砂0.4～0.8kg;(5)提出了以优良品种为中心的高产综合农艺模式,经大面积示范、推广、高产综合农艺模式亩产130.2～180.0kg,比对照(常规栽培)增产22.78％～73.1％。     

Optimizing Phosphorus Fertilizer Management in Potato Production

Management of fertilizer phosphorus (P) is a critical component of potato production systems as potato has a relatively high P requirement and inefficiently uses soil P. Phosphorus promotes rapid canopy development, root cell division, tuber set, and starch synthesis. Adequate P is essential for optimizing tuber yield, solids content, nutritional quality, and resistance to some diseases. Although soil test P is the primary tool for assessing P fertilizer needs, in some areas petiole P analysis has been successfully utilized to guide in-season P applications. Potato has been shown in some studies to respond to fertilizer P at soil test levels considered very high for most other crops (100+ mg kg^?1 Bray P₁ or Mehlich I or III and 20+ mg kg^?1 sodium bicarbonate) especially on medium- to finer-textured soils. Even on high-testing soils, fertilizer P rates for top yields sometimes exceed 150 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. In addition, many states/provinces continue to recommend half or more of the amount of P in the harvested portion of the crop irrespective of soil test P level. In most situations, few differences are expected among fertilizer P sources; however, high rates of diammonium phosphate (DAP) or urea-phosphate (UAP) should not be band-applied in contact or near the seed piece. Most research determined that fertilizer P was most efficiently used when band-applied at planting (e.g., 5 cm to each side of the seed piece); however, some western USA work on high-pH soils showed increased yields and petiole P levels with preplant broadcast applications. In-season applications with the irrigation water can be successful when the potato roots are sufficiently close to the soil surface; however, most research indicates that P applications are more effective when applied at planting or early in the season. Potato fertilizer phosphorus best management practices include: (1) apply the fertilizer P rate calibrated for local soils; (2) band-apply fertilizer P at least 5 cm from the seed piece, especially on very sandy soils or where DAP or UAP are used; (3) use petiole P tests to determine the need for in-season applications; (4) account for all P sources applied, including animal manures; and (5) utilize the best soil conservation practices to reduce P losses to surface waters.     

Long-term effects of mulch,fertilization and tillage on cassava grown in sandy soils in northern Colombia

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is often cultivated in sandy soils that are very low in nutrients and organic matter. Under such conditions, yields often decline when the crop is grown successively without fertilizer application. An 8-year on-farm trial was conducted on sandy soils in northern Colombia to study effects of (1) surface mulching with residues of the grass Panicum maximum, (2) moderate applications of N, P and K fertilizer and (3) tillage on crop productivity, root quality and soil properties. Mulch applications significantly increased root and top biomass, increased root dry matter content while reducing its yearly variation, and decreased root HCN, particularly in the absence of fertilizer. Mulch applications also significantly reduced soil temperatures within the top 20 cm and increased soil organic carbon, K, P, Ca and Mg. Without mulch, soil pH decreased over the years. Annual applications of 21 kg ha⁻¹ P resulted in a build-up of soil P, whereas no build-up of soil K was observed with applications of 41 kg K ha⁻¹. The application of N, P and K fertilizer significantly increased root and top biomass and reduced root HCN, especially if no mulch was applied. Where both mulch and fertilizer applications were absent, root yield and top biomass declined over the years. Tillage, except when combined with fertilizer application, had no effect on root yield, top biomass, root dry matter or HCN contents. Neither were effects of tillage observed in any of the studied soil parameters. The trial indicated that, to sustain cassava productivity in poor sandy soils, applications of plant mulch and/or chemical fertilizer are highly desirable.     

基肥、种肥施用技术对东北春玉米苗期生长及产量的影响

以先玉335为供试品种,设置不同基肥、基肥与种肥分施、基肥与种肥混施以及基肥、种肥施用位置等处理方式,研究基肥、种肥施用技术对玉米早期干物质积累、根系生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在农民习惯一次性施肥条件下,FP1-5-8处理(基肥施用位置在种子侧方5 cm,下方8 cm)的产量比FP1-5-5处理(基肥施用位置在种子侧方5 cm,下方5 cm)提高8.0%,在玉米苗期具有一定的优势。4种不同基肥种类磷酸二铵(DAP)、磷酸一铵(MAP)、硝酸磷(NPF)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙(AS+MCP)综合壮苗效果和产量效应来看,磷酸二铵(DAP)处理的干物质积累量和根系生长在苗期表现出明显优势,DAPAS+MCPMAPNPF。基肥与种肥混施(B-S-Mix)处理的产量和苗期植株生长与基肥与种肥分施(B-S-Split)处理相比均有一定幅度提高,将种肥施用在种子侧方5 cm、下方5 cm的位置更为合适,且壮苗效果更明显。     

Effect of Acid Aluminous Soil on Photosynthetic Parameters of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato is grown worldwide, in some cases in very acid soils. Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in acid soils. Al toxicity was studied mainly on plant roots, while less attention was given to its effects on leaves. Al tolerance observed in solution cultures has rarely been correlated with Al tolerance in acid soils. Al tolerance was assessed in 12 potato cultivars grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 μmol Al L^?1 by its relative root elongation (RRE). The effect of acid soil with high level of exchangeable Al on leaf mineral content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, water use efficiency (WUE), and light use efficiency (LUE) was studied on cultivars, with the greatest differences in RRE (cv. Tresor, 63.1 and 42.5% and cv. Canberra, 23.3 and 19.2%, for the 25 and 50 μmol Al L^?1 treatments, respectively), grown for 49 days after planting (DAP) in acid and limed soil. Growth in acid soil significantly reduced concentrations of nitrogen (?18.51%) and magnesium (?27.17%) in the leaves in cv. Canberra and concentrations of potassium and copper in both cultivars. Canberra grown in acid soil showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, from 28 to 49 DAP, and in transpiration rate and LUE when averaged across all measurements, while cv. Tresor was not affected. Physiological disorders observed on leaves of plants grown in acid soil can be correlated with the differences in Al tolerance observed in nutrient solutions.     

大豆品种磷素积累和利用效率的基因型差异

在酸性红壤的立培条件下，16个南方春大豆品种磷积累量存在极显著差异。不施磷处理，品种间磷积累量最高的比最低的增加48．3％；施磷处理则增加33．9％。施磷后品种间磷积累量增加15．75～21．97mg／株，磷肥利用率为10．9％～15．6％。大豆磷积累量与品种生育期相关性不显著，但不施磷条件下与苗期叶片酸性磷酸酶活性是显著正相关。不施磷时，品种间籽粒产量磷利用效率相差143．73mg／mgP，生物学产量磷利用效率相差406.78mg／mgP；施磷时，分别相差64．51mg／mgP和110．95mg／mgP。     

Effect on yield and dry-matter distribution of the stay-green characteristic in cultivars of forage maize grown in England

To test whether or not the ‘stay‐green’ (SG) characteristic confers benefits in terms of crop yield or distribution of dry matter (DM) in selected forage maize cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 1998 and 1999 at two sites in England: Writtle College, Essex and the University of Leeds, West Yorkshire. Five SG and five conventional (C) cultivars of forage maize were grown in replicated field‐scale plots at each site in both years. One‐metre lengths of single rows in each plot were harvested by hand, leaving a 20‐cm stubble, on four occasions each year over 3‐week periods (harvest 1 to harvest 4), prior to the harvest of the remainder of the fields. Plants were chopped, mixed and a subsample taken for determination of DM content by oven‐drying. Mean yields of whole plant DM were similar between SG and C cultivars. Both yield of DM and proportion of ear in the total plant DM increased from harvest 1 to harvest 4 (P < 0·01). The increase in DM yield between harvest 1 and harvest 4 was greater for C than for SG cultivars (P < 0·05). Within sites there were no differences in the concentration of whole plant DM between SG and C cultivars, which increased from harvest 1 to harvest 4 (P < 0·001). The proportion of ear DM in the whole plant DM tended to be higher for C than for SG cultivars in both years and increased (P < 0·001) from harvest 1 to harvest 4. The concentration of DM in the ear fraction was higher (P < 0·05) for C than for SG cultivars. We conclude that differences between SG and C cultivars of forage maize are likely to be relatively small when grown in the English climate and harvested after the same growing period.     

增效磷肥对花生生长、产量和磷利用率的影响

采用大田试验,在正阳县酸性砂姜黑土和清丰县石灰性砂质潮土区,研究了磷肥与不同增效剂（腐殖酸、 复合氨基酸和草酸）配施对花生生长、产量及磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明,85%常规施磷与腐殖酸、氨基酸和草 酸配施对花生产量的作用效果受土壤类型影响,砂姜黑土区,分别比85%常规施磷增产8.82%、4.66%和-1.68%,砂 质潮土区分别比85%常规施磷增产8.40%、3.18%和12.08%,砂姜黑土区和砂质潮土区分别以85%常规施磷+腐植 酸和85%常规施磷+草酸处理对花生生长和增产的促进效果最好。施磷增效剂也提高了花生磷积累量和磷肥利用 率,其原因在于磷增效剂促进了土壤难溶性磷组分转化为活性较高磷组分,与85%常规施磷相比,砂姜黑土区85% 常规施磷+腐植酸和砂质潮土区85%常规施磷+草酸处理的花生磷积累总量分别显著增加26.31%和22.89%,磷肥 表观利用率分别提高7.74%和4.99%,磷肥农学效率分别提高5.54 g/kg和5.39 g/kg。因此,酸性砂姜黑土区磷肥减 量15%配施腐殖酸,石灰性砂质潮土区磷肥减量15%配施草酸,可提高磷肥利用率,确保花生不减产,实现磷肥减 量增效目标。     

我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥效应研究：Ⅰ.不同油菜品种的氮

在亚热带红黄壤地区稻田土壤上,研究５个双低油菜新品种（品系）和２个常规油菜品种在不同施肥条件下的氮、磷养分吸收积累差异及对生物学产量和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,双低油菜品种中油１１９、中双４号苗期至成熟期的植株氮浓度略低于常规油菜中油８２１,品种间的植株磷浓度差异不显著。苗期中双４号、中油１１９的氮吸收量大于中油８２１和８３１３,花期则反之。生育前期不同品种磷吸收量的差异不显著,成熟期双低品种磷积累量低于常规品种。在ＮＫ基础上增施磷,使油菜植株氮代谢高峰期推迟,氮肥的当季作物利用率提高２０％,植株磷浓度和吸收量在幅度提高,当季作物磷肥的利用率达到３２％。未施磷条件下,中油１１９籽粒产量高于其他常规品种,施磷则表现中油８２１的增产率高于中油１１９、中双４号等双低品种,生物学产量亦表现同样趋势。