外源赤霉素对不同磷素水平下胡麻产量形成的调控效应研究

为探究磷素养分和外源赤霉素(GA3)对旱地胡麻干物质积累特征及产量形成的调控效应,采用田间二因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同磷素水平(0、67.5和135 kg P2O5·hm-2)下于现蕾期和盛花期不喷和喷施15 mg·L-1、30 mg·L-1 GA3对胡麻干物质积累规律,花前、花后转运特征及产量的影响.结果表明:磷素...     

微垄和地膜覆土对旱地胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响

为探讨不同起垄方式和地膜覆土对胡麻生长发育及籽粒产量形成的影响,分别于2016和2017年胡麻生长季,以传统露地条播为对照（CK）,研究了全膜微垄覆土穴播、全膜微垄不覆土穴播、全膜平作覆土穴播和全膜平作不覆土穴播4种种植方式对胡麻出苗率、株高、茎粗、干物质积累量、生长速率和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：微垄方式改善了胡麻生长发育状况,出苗率显著高于CK,干物质积累量在苗期至现蕾期以微垄不覆土处理最高,盛花期至成熟期以微垄覆土处理最高,分别较CK平均高出39.3% ~ 69.8%和36.0% ~ 53.7%。微垄覆土模式下籽粒产量较CK显著提高26.8%。关联度分析可知,影响胡麻籽粒产量的主导因素为蒴果数和果粒数。相关分析结果显示,胡麻籽粒产量与产量构成因子、干物质积累量均呈显著正相关关系。表明微垄覆土与不覆土穴播方式均能够显著提高胡麻出苗率,促进干物质积累,增加胡麻单株蒴果数和果粒数,提高籽粒产量,是半干旱旱作农业区胡麻适宜的种植模式。     

胡麻籽粒产量形成对干旱胁迫的响应及其模拟模型研究

为了进一步研究胡麻籽粒产量形成对干旱胁迫的响应,采用大田遮雨棚控水法模拟胡麻干旱胁迫,依据2019—2020年甘肃省定西市西巩驿镇的实际产量,以3个品种陇亚12号、陇亚8号、晋亚11号为材料,在苗期、枞行期、现蕾期、青果期,设置正常供水、中度干旱、重度干旱3个不同程度处理,利用气象数据、土壤数据、品种性状等构建胡麻产量响应干旱胁迫模型,并对该模型进行检验。结果表明：(1)APSIM模型模拟胡麻产量及单株蒴果数、每果粒数、单株粒质量、千粒质量的均方根误差RMAE分别为43.07 kg/hm²、0.80个、0.52粒、0.03 g、0.54 g,决定系数R²分别为0.82、0.78、0.83、0.81、0.83,说明模型具有较好的拟合性。(2)随着干旱胁迫的增加,不同生育时期的胡麻株高、茎粗、干物质积累量等逐渐下降,其中现蕾期的降幅最明显,对水分需求较大;在重度干旱胁迫下,胡麻各产量因子及籽粒产量与对照组差异性显著,陇亚12号产量较CK降低31.9%,陇亚8号产量较CK降低30.2%,晋亚11号产量较CK降低37.1%。关联度分析可知,影响胡麻籽...     

施氮后移对黄土高原旱区胡麻干物质积累和氮素利用的影响

为探讨施氮后移对胡麻同化物、氮素及产量形成的协调机理,在全生育期总施氮量150 kg/hm2的基础上,以全部基施为对照(CK,N1),设置4种施氮后移处理:2/3基肥+1/3现蕾肥(N2)、1/2基肥+1/2现蕾肥(N3)、1/3基肥+2/3现蕾肥(N4)、1/3基肥+1/3分茎肥+1/3现蕾肥(N5),研究其在胡麻关...     

不同作物茬口对冬油菜养分积累和产量的影响

为探究关中平原地区不同作物茬口对冬油菜养分积累和产量的影响,通过两年田间试验,研究分析不同茬口,包括休闲茬口(FW)、大豆茬口(SW)、毛苕子茬口(HW)和玉米茬口(MW)对冬油菜土壤养分含量、地上部干物质积累、分配和氮磷养分吸收积累、产量构成因素以及产量的影响,筛选冬油菜生产适宜的前茬作物,为加强冬油菜生产,提高土地...     

旱地施用锌肥对冬小麦干物质积累和产量的影响

为了明确旱地施用锌肥对冬小麦干物质积累及产量的影响,选用强筋冬小麦品种京9428和普通冬小麦品种轮选987为试材,进行了四个锌肥水平的大田试验。研究结果表明,旱地施用锌肥使小麦干物质积累量显著增多,但施锌肥过量,干物质积累量减少。各产量构成因素受锌影响较小,差异均未达显著水平,但轮选987低锌处理的穗粒数和千粒重最多,中锌处理的穗数最多,高锌处理的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均减少,最终以低锌和中锌水平产量显著提高,增产达23.8%,与灌溉条件下产量水平相当。京9428施用锌肥使产量有提高的趋势,但处理间差异不显著。京9428不适宜在旱地上种植,旱地上种植轮选987要配以适量锌肥以提高产量,建议锌肥施用量以11.25 kg·hm-2为宜。     

炭基肥对马铃薯干物质积累分配和产量的影响

利用生物炭与化肥混合加工制成的炭基肥具有改良土壤、保水保肥、延长肥效的作用。为了给内蒙古阴山北麓地区马铃薯生产中合理施用炭基肥提供一定的依据,试验研究了0,300,600,900和1 200 kg/hm2炭基肥及等量氮磷钾化肥对马铃薯干物质积累和分配及产量的影响。结果表明:在出苗后15～75 d里,随着炭基肥施肥量的增加,马铃薯干物质积累量和产量逐渐增加。炭基肥施用量300,600,900和1 200 kg/hm2的茎叶干物质积累量的平均值与不施肥对照相比分别提高了21.46%、33.89%、52.11%、60.23%,块茎干物质积累量的平均值分别提高了2.80%、21.58%、36.26%、46.44%,且900和1 200 kg/hm2的炭基肥施肥量下,茎叶和块茎干物质积累量的平均值与对照差异达到显著或极显著水平;产量分别较对照增产26.01%、34.77%、43.39%和49.71%,差异达到显著或极显著水平。900和1 200 kg/hm2的炭基肥施肥量下,马铃薯单株结薯数、大薯率、公顷干物质积累量和干物质积累速率均高于对照。等量氮磷钾条件下,施炭基肥的马铃薯单株结薯数、大薯率、产量、公顷干物质积累量和积累速率均高于化肥。     

光照、氮素对杂交水稻干物质积累、分配和产量形成的影响

为了提高西南喀斯特山区的水稻产量,以Y两优900和宜香优2115为材料,采用裂区试验设计,设置花后遮光为主区因素(自然光照和遮光40%),氮肥为副区因素(90、180、270 kg/hm²),研究光照、氮素及其互作对杂交水稻干物质积累、转运和产量形成的影响。结果表明：同一氮肥水平下,花后遮光40%可显著提高干物质转运量、转运率和贡献率,但也显著降低了花后干物质量、总干物质量、收获指数和结实率,最终导致水稻实际产量显著降低27.0%～31.3%。相同光照条件下,增施氮肥可显著提高有效穗数、单位面积总颖花数、干物质积累与转运量、收获指数和产量。在弱光条件下,增施氮肥能提高干物质转运量、转运率、贡献率和总颖花数,并且总干物质量、收获指数和结实率随着施氮量增多而提高,从而降低了花后弱光造成的产量损失。因此,在西南寡照区,适当增加氮肥的施用,扩大前期的群体和干物质积累量,能有效地补偿后期弱光造成的产量损失。     

不同栽培模式对大豆同化物积累和光合生理特性与产量形成的影响

以高产耐密品种黑农50为材料,在相同密度下,探讨5种不同栽培模式对大豆同化物积累和光合生理特性与产量形成的影响.结果表明:要获得高经济产量,大豆结荚期至鼓粒期必须要维持较高的叶面积指数,"45 cm垄上双行"栽培模式叶面积峰值高,持续时间长,群体光合能力较强,"110 cm垄上4行"栽培模式叶片净光合速率(Pn),胞间CO2浓度(Ci),气孔导度(Cond)都为各处理中最高,蒸腾速率(Tr)也显著高于其余各处理,且两者净同化率较高,总的干物质积累量大,均显著高于"30 cm垄上单行",因而二者产量都表现较好.研究还表明产量与地上部干重、气孔导度、叶面积指数、根干重、胞间CO2浓度相关性较大.综合比较同化物积累,光合生理特性和产量性状,认为大豆的"45 cm垄上双行"和"110 cm垄上4行"是较为理想的高产栽培模式.     

钼肥对套作大豆干物质积累与分配及产量的影响

在"玉/豆"套作模式下,采用完全随机区组设计,研究钼肥干拌种对套作大豆干物质积累、分配及产量的影响。结果表明,五节期(V5)到完熟期(R8)套作大豆干物质积累总量随施钼量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,且都以B2(1.0g/kg)处理最高;V5期到盛花期(R2)干物质主要分配在茎秆和叶片中,钼肥处理降低了干物质在茎秆中的分配率,而增加了叶片的分配比例;R8期时干物质向荚果的分配比例最高,且随施钼量增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,而向茎秆和叶片的分配则表现为相反的趋势;施钼肥能够提高茎叶中的干物质向荚果的转移率及其对荚果的贡献率和产量,且均以B2处理最优。     

Perspective on oil flax yield and dry biomass with reduced nitrogen supply

Field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design to determine effects of nitrogen (N) application levels (J0: 150 ​kg/hm², J1: 120 ​kg/hm², J2: 90 ​kg/hm², J3: 60 ​kg/hm²) on regulating dry biomass accumulation, allocation and translocation, and grain yield of oil flax during 2018 cropping season. Significant promotion was observed in dry matter during accumulation stage of oil flax, when N rate was reduced by 40% (from 150 to 90 ​kg/hm²). Under J2 treatment, translocation of dry matter from vegetative organs to pod increased by 38.46% and 61.54% respectively, when compared with J1 and J0 treatment. Dry matter distribution proportion of pod at maturity increased 4.47%–7.61%, contribution rate of leaf to grain upgraded 5.09%–8.77%, and number of effective pods and grains per pod increased by 27.16%–45.38% and 6.49%–26.59% respectively compared to other treatments. As a result, seed yield of oil flax under J2 treatment was 2.23%–18.21% higher than those of other treatments. Our study recommended 90 ​kg/hm² as the best N fertilizer level to improve seed yield of oil flax.     

Effect of different film color mulching on dry matter and grain yield of oil flax in dry-land

Mulching can effectively maintain soil moisture; color of mulching film affects soil water storage capacity and further promote crop growth to improve grain yield. Field experiment was conducted to study effects of different film colors on dry matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield of oil flax. Results showed that white plastic film mulching could increase leaf area, chlorophyll content and DMA. DMA of white film mulching and micro-ridge with soil covering was 53.0% higher than that of CK, and 7.8% higher than that of black film mulching. Mulching method also influenced DMA. Micro-ridge alone increased it by 13.7% than flat cultivation and soil covering improved another 7.6% under white film mulching. Both white and black film mulching with micro-ridge could significantly improve grain yield. Black film mulching with micro-ridge and soil covering, white film mulching with micro-ridge and no soil covering significantly increased capsule number per plant, 1,000-grain weight and grain yield of oil flax, compared with CK. Grain yield increased 29.0% and 28.9% respectively. These results indicated that the above mulching methods were suitable for high yield cropping pattern in dry-farming regions.     

施氮量对旱地胡麻养分积累、转运及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量对胡麻产量、氮素积累转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 在本试验土壤肥力条件下,无论施氮与否,胡麻各器官不同生育阶段氮素养分吸收、累积和转运规律的基本趋势一致,但其变化量与施氮量有极大关系。施氮量为55.2kg/hm2时,叶和茎中的氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率最大;叶中氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及贡献率要比茎高出89.18%、83.36%和86.36%。胡麻籽粒中47.10%～57.66%的氮素来源于叶,22.46%～30.94%的氮素来源于茎,21.00%～30.48%来自籽粒生长后期从土壤中的吸收。施氮量为27.6、55.2、82.8 kg/hm2时,胡麻籽粒产量分别比不施氮增加了10.21%、16.92%和15.55%。施氮量为27.6～55.2 kg/hm2时,氮肥的表观利用率、偏生产力分别为：51.10%～68.63%和51.54～97.16 kg• kg-1。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、氮肥利用率及生态环境,施氮量在27.6～55.2 kg/hm2为宜。     

Managing crop losses from plant diseases with foliar fungicides, rotation and tillage on a Black Chernozem in Saskatchewan, Canada

The impact of tillage system, rotation sequence and foliar fungicides on diseases and seed yield and quality of wheat, barley, pea, canola and flax was determined in the second cycle of three, 4-year rotations from 1998 to 2001 on a Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of reduced-tillage production systems, broadleaf cropping intensity and fungicide use on cereal, oilseed and pulse crops in northeastern Saskatchewan, a sub-humid region of the northern Great Plains. A split-split plot design was used with three tillage systems (conventional, minimum and no-till) as main plots, three rotations of increasing broadleaf crop intensity (1. canola-wheat-barley-barley; 2. canola-barley-pea-wheat; and 3. canola-pea-flax-barley) as sub-plots, and fungicide treatments (treated or untreated) as sub-sub-plots. Fungicides appropriate for the diseases of concern were applied at recommended crop development stages and application rates, followed by assessment of diseases. Tillage system had little impact on diseases of any crop, although seed yield was usually greater under no-till for most crops under dry conditions. Rotation was not a major factor in disease severity of most of the crops, except barley in the rotation where it was grown for two consecutive years. Under dry conditions, barley yield was reduced when it followed flax compared with other crops, most likely due to less available soil moisture after flax. Fungicide application had the greatest impact on disease control and seed yield increase, although results varied among crops and years. In conclusion, the findings indicate that tillage system had little effect on disease severity, rotation contributed to greater disease severity only when a crop was grown intensively, such as on its own stubble, and fungicide application had variable effects on both disease control and seed yield.     

大麦籽粒产量和氮积累的农艺因素效应

本试验研究了密度及氮肥运筹对大麦籽粒产量和氮积0累的影响。结果表明,在本地区以基本苗为172万／hm2的群体籽粒产量最高,增加壮蘖肥和穗肥比例可明显提高植株器官氮含量和籽粒产量。明确了生产上宜采用的基本苗密度和氮肥运筹比例。     

Herbicide options for effective weed management in dry direct-seeded rice under scented rice-wheat rotation of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Farmers' participatory field trials were conducted at Madhuban, and Taraori, the two participatory experimental sites/locations of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), a collaborative project of IRRI and CIMMYT in Karnal district of Haryana, India, during Kharif (wet season) 2010 and 2011. This research aimed to evaluate preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for providing feasible and economically viable weed management options to farmers for predominant scented rice varieties. Treatments with pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST had lower weed biomass at 45 days after sowing (DAS). At Madhuban, highest grain yield of scented basmati rice (3.43 t ha⁻¹) was recorded with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST. However, at Taraori, yields were similar with pendimethalin or oxadiargyl PRE fb bispyribac-sodium and/or azimsulfuron POST. Applying oxadiargyl by mixing with sand onto flooded field was less effective than spray applications in non-flooded field. The benefit-cost ratio of rice crop was higher with herbicide treatments at both sites as compared with the non-treated weed-free check except single PRE and POST applications and sequential application of oxadiargyl PRE fb oxadiargyl PRE. In a separate experiment conducted at Nagla and Taraori sites, scented rice cultivars' ('CSR 30′ and 'Pusa 1121′) tolerance to three rates of azimsulfuron (15, 25, and 35 g ai ha⁻¹) was evaluated over two years (2010 and 2011). CSR 30 (superfine, scented) was more sensitive to higher rates (35 g ai ha⁻¹) of azimsulfuron as compared to Pusa 1121 (fine, scented). Crop injuries were 8 and 28% in case of CSR 30; 5 and 15% in Pusa 1121 when applied with azimsulfuron 25 and 35 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. Azimsulfuron applied at 35 g ai ha⁻¹ reduced yield in both cultivars but in CSR 30 yield reduction was twofold (11.5%) as that of Pusa 1121 (5.2%).     

Factors that modify early and late reproductive phases in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): Its impact on seed yield and oil content

Oilseed rape yield potential could be improved lengthening the duration of the late reproductive phase by increasing the number of grains per unit area. Photoperiod sensitivity could be used as a tool to manipulate the reproductive phase and thereby the number of grains. The aim of this study was to assess (i) the effects of different combinations of photoperiod on the duration of different phases and (ii) analyze how the changes in that duration affect yield (and its components) as well as oil seed content in oilseed rape. Field experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three cultivars and three photoperiod regimes: natural photoperiod (NP) which represents the control and extended photoperiod of 6 h over NP (NP + 6) during emergence (E)-flower buds visible (FBV) and FBV-maturity (M) arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, during two years representing three environments. Results showed that oilseed rape evidenced photoperiod responses during vegetative and early reproductive phases. Due to the lack of correlation between the duration of the vegetative and reproductive phases, it is possible to speculate the vegetative period may be altered independently of the modification of the rest of the phases. The positive relationship between grain number per m² and the duration of the late reproductive phase suggests that yield could be increased by lengthening the duration of that phase. Thus, regardless of the effect on the previous phase, the photoperiod sensitivity found in the early reproductive phase opens the possibility to manipulate the relative durations of vegetative and reproductive phases. Therefore, the length of the reproductive phase will be increased at the expense of a reduction in the duration of the vegetative phase, but without changing the whole duration of the crop cycle. This strategy could increase yield in oilseed rape in the future. Variations in yield were mostly explained by changes in the grain number per unit area without significant correlation with grain weight. However, a negative relationship between grain weight and grain number was found, showing a slight counterbalance in yield, by decreasing the grain weight. Since oil concentration appeared to be a more conservative attribute, increases in crop yield through a higher grain number per unit area would be a suitable strategy for improving oil yield as no reductions in oil concentration can be expected.     

Rooting systems of oilseed and pulse crops. II: Vertical distribution patterns across the soil profile

Root distribution patterns in the soil profile are the important determinant of the ability of a crop to acquire water and nutrients for growth. This study was to determine the root distribution patterns of selected oilseeds and pulses that are widely adapted in semiarid northern Great Plains. We hypothesized that root distribution patterns differed between oilseed, pulse, and cereal crops, and that the magnitude of the difference was influenced by water availability. A field experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 near Swift Current (50°15′N, 107°44′W), Saskatchewan, Canada. Three oilseeds [canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.)], three pulses [chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris)], and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were hand-planted in lysimeters of 15 cm in diameter and 100 cm in length which were pushed into soil with a hydraulic system. Crops were evaluated under low- (natural rainfall) and high- (rainfall + irrigation) water conditions. Vertical distribution of root systems was determined at the late-flowering stage. A large portion (>90%) of crop roots was mainly distributed in the 0-60 cm soil profile and the largest amount of crop rooting took place in the top 20 cm soil increment. Pulses had larger diameter roots across the entire soil profile than oilseeds and wheat. Canola had 28% greater root length and 110% more root tips in the top 10 cm soil and 101% larger root surface area in the 40 cm soil under high-water than under low-water conditions. In 2007, drier weather stimulated greater root growth for oilseeds in the 20-40 cm soil and for wheat in the 0-20 cm soil, but reduced root growth of pulses in the 0-50 cm soil profile. In semiarid environments, water availability did not affect the vertical distribution patterns of crop roots with a few exceptions. Pulses are excellent “digging” crops with a strong “tillage” function to the soil due to their larger diameter roots, whereas canola is more suitable to the environment with high availability of soil water that promotes canola root development.