仿自然鱼道中卵石墙对池室水力特性改善效果

仿自然鱼道是重要的鱼道布置方式之一,其特点是利用当地河床材料构建透水性卵石隔墙,以便更好地模拟出天然河流流态。为了定量分析透水性卵石墙对鱼道水力特性的改善效果,该文针对采用卵石隔墙与不透水隔墙的鱼道水力特性进行对比研究。结果表明:采用卵石墙的仿自然鱼道,池室内流态丰富,过鱼口处流速分布差异明显,表底流速差达到0.43~0.61 m/s为多种鱼类上溯提供了可能。池室内主流区分布较宽,紊动能较大达0.06~0.12 m2/s2,同时回流区减弱,有利于鱼类找到主流,实现上溯。卵石隔墙的不足之处是鱼道耗水流量相对较大达2.86 m3/s,在工程设计中需要综合考虑卵石墙透水特性与耗水流量之间的平衡关系,找到适宜的布置方案。该研究可为仿自然鱼道的水力设计提供参考。     

Relatively rapid loss of lampricide residues from fillet tissue of fish after routine treatment

The selective sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) larvicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) is currently used to control parasitic sea lampreys in tributaries to the Great Lakes basin. The concentration and persistence of TFM and its major metabolite, TFM glucuronide (TFM-glu), was determined in fillet tissue of fish after a typical stream application. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were exposed to a nominal concentration of 12.6 nmol/mL TFM for about 12 h during a sea lamprey control treatment of the Ford River in Michigan. Concentrations of TFM and TFM-glu were greatest in the fillet tissues during the exposure period, with greater residues in channel catfish (wet wt; mean, 6.95 nmol/g TFM; mean, 2.40 nmol/g TFM-glu) than in rainbow trout (wet wt; mean, 1.45 nmol/g TFM; mean, 0.93 nmol/g TFM-glu). After the exposure period, residues in both species decreased by 90-99% within 6-12 h and were less than the quantitation limit (<0.03 nmol/g) within 36 h.     

仿自然鱼道水力及过鱼性能物理模型试验

仿自然鱼道是具有一定自然特征的过鱼设施,适用于中低水头工程,是目前鱼道形式研究热点之一。为了获得一种具有综合生态功能的鱼道,该文提出了一种利用芦苇模块构建的植物型鱼道,并通过物理模型试验对其水力特性和过鱼性能进行了研究。结果表明:选取芦苇为基本单元构建植物型鱼道是合适的。植物模块交错布置的植物鱼道内可形成蜿蜒的水流,流态丰富,过鱼通道内流速均小于1.1 m/s,满足过鱼要求。过鱼试验表明,过鱼对象可以在该鱼道内顺利上溯,植物模块下游侧可形成低流速的鱼类休息区,验证了鱼道体型的合理性。该文提出的植物型鱼道丰富了鱼道的形式,具有一定创新性,对今后类似鱼道的设计和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

基于PIT遥测技术的竖缝式鱼道过鱼效率及鱼类行为分析

PIT(Passive Integrated Transponder)遥测作为一种射频识别和电磁感应相结合的技术,是开展鱼类行为学原位观测的一项重要手段.采用该技术进行鱼道过鱼效率评估,需解决该技术监测有效性及鱼类洄游轨迹量化分析等问题.该研究以大渡河安谷竖缝式鱼道为试验案例,以该水域的优势物种(白甲鱼和唇?)为试验对...     

基于鱼类行为学与水力学的水电站鱼道进口位置选择

鱼道进口位置选择属于鱼类行为学与水力学交叉研究范畴,设置的合适与否直接影响鱼道工程的过鱼效果。根据过鱼对象的游泳能力和生活习性,提出了将下游河道内区域划分为鱼道进口优选区域、鱼道进口备选区域及鱼道进口禁布区域的方法和思路。以某大型水电工程为例,在鱼类行为学基础上,通过对水电站下游流速和流场等水力特性进行分析,结果表明:左岸存在低流速带,鱼类可顺利上溯至尾水渠附近,为鱼道进口主要布置区域;综合生物学指标和水力学指标,利用回流屏障建议将鱼道进口布置于桩号0+200~0+210 m范围内;考虑到部分上溯性较强的鱼类,建议在电站发电机组上方布置备用进口。该研究可为水电工程鱼道进口位置选择提供参考。     

竖缝式鱼道内齐口裂腹鱼洄游行为模拟

鱼道是帮助洄游鱼类跨越河道内物理障碍的主要过鱼设施之一。针对鱼道结构优化试验耗时长、成本高的问题。该研究在物理试验基础上建立模拟鱼类运动的数值模型,基于竖缝式鱼道内齐口裂腹鱼的行为数据,结合机器学习和欧拉-拉格朗日智能体方法(Eulerian-Lagrangian-agent method,ELAM)建立了鱼类洄游路线预测模型。首先,将齐口裂腹鱼的游泳行为数据划分为3个数据集(顺流而下、侧向运动和逆流而上);然后,根据不同机器学习算法(XGBoost、K-近邻、梯度提升决策树、随机森林)分别构建游泳行为分类模型和游泳速度回归模型,并通过试验结果对比,筛选出最优模型;最后,结合ELAM的框架,构建鱼类洄游数学模型,模拟了齐口裂腹鱼在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中的洄游路线。结果表明：基于随机森林建立的游泳行为分类模型和游泳速度回归模型预测效果最佳,游泳行为分类精度为0.804,召回率为0.794,F1得分为0.798,3个数据集的游泳速度回归的R²均大于0.75。研究所建立的鱼类洄游数学模型能够较好的预测齐口裂腹鱼的洄游路线,可为相关鱼类保护措施的设计和优化提供参考。     

The role of demographic compensation theory in incidental take assessments for endangered species

Many endangered species laws provide exceptions to legislated prohibitions through incidental take provisions as long as take is the result of unintended consequences of an otherwise legal activity. These allowances presumably invoke the theory of demographic compensation, commonly applied to harvested species, by allowing limited harm as long as the probability of the species’ survival or recovery is not reduced appreciably. Demographic compensation requires some density-dependent limits on survival or reproduction in a species’ annual cycle that can be alleviated through incidental take. Using a population model for piping plovers in the Great Plains, we found that when the population is in rapid decline or when there is no density dependence, the probability of quasi-extinction increased linearly with increasing take. However, when the population is near stability and subject to density-dependent survival, there was no relationship between quasi-extinction probability and take rates. We note however, that a brief examination of piping plover demography and annual cycles suggests little room for compensatory capacity. We argue that a population’s capacity for demographic compensation of incidental take should be evaluated when considering incidental allowances because compensation is the only mechanism whereby a population can absorb the negative effects of take without incurring a reduction in the probability of survival in the wild. With many endangered species there is probably little known about density dependence and compensatory capacity. Under these circumstances, using multiple system models (with and without compensation) to predict the population’s response to incidental take and implementing follow-up monitoring to assess species response may be valuable in increasing knowledge and improving future decision making.     

太极式鱼道水力特性试验研究及数值模拟

针对传统鱼道一经建成,其固体边界条件已经固定,池室内水流流速分布变化不大而难以适应多种鱼类通过的缺点,该文研究一种通过太极圆盘和八卦爻条消减水流能量,形成多态流速场以适应多种鱼类洄游的太极式新型鱼道,并对其进行了水力模型试验和数值分析。首先通过模型试验得到了鱼道在不同工况下的流态和沿程水深变化,然后通过数值计算得到了与模型试验相近的结果,并进一步分析了太极式鱼道的表面流速、近底流速及关键横断面流速分布。结果表明:太极式新型鱼道具有显著的消能减速效果,最浅处水深达到无太极圆盘时相应最浅水深的2倍左右,断面平均最大流速为0.95 m/s,相对于无太极圆盘的情况降低50%左右,池室内水流呈现多态化,另外随太极圆盘方位不同流速场亦有明显变化,该种鱼道可为鱼类提供更多适宜的洄游条件。     

旋流式鱼道的构建与水力特性分析

为增强过鱼设施的蜿蜒性和自然性,该文提出了一种采用曲线型边壁和导流坎的旋流式鱼道结构。首先通过模型试验得到了鱼道在不同工况下鱼道内两侧边壁水流的沿壁沿程水深以及水流流态,观察了过鱼效果,验证了数值计算的准确性,通过数值计算进一步分析了旋流式鱼道的表面流速、近底流速及关键横断面流速分布。结果表明:鱼道内形成的旋流蜿蜒曲折,流态丰富。过鱼通道内主流区流速均不大于0.84 m/s,满足过鱼要求,过鱼对象可以在该鱼道内顺利上溯,主流两侧的缓流或回流区可为鱼类休息之用,说明了鱼道体型的合理性。该文提出的鱼道丰富了鱼道的形式,对今后类似鱼道的设计和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

The role of life-history and location of barriers to migration in the spatial distribution and conservation of fish assemblages in a coastal river system

Water resource development in coastal river catchments contributes to poor fish assemblage health due to the effects of barriers to migration and altered flow regimes. Impacts of migration barriers on fish assemblages depend primarily on the location of each barrier within the river network and migration needs of regional fish fauna. This study examined how temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution and composition of fish assemblages was associated with varying estuarine connectivity and migration barriers in higher altitude reaches in the eastern Hunter River catchment, temperate Australia. Species richness and abundances of diadromous species were expected to be greater in a tributary catchment with unrestricted connectivity to the Hunter River estuary when compared to a neighbouring tributary catchment with restricted connectivity. Six diadromous species were sampled only, or in greater abundances, in the unrestricted tributary when compared to the restricted tributary. As a consequence, assemblage composition in the restricted tributary was dominated by non-diadromous species. Greater abundances of the amphidromous Cox’s gudgeon (Gobiomorphus coxii) were sampled in the unrestricted tributary following their estuarine-freshwater upstream juvenile migration period when compared to the restricted tributary. Differences in the accumulations of migratory species immediately downstream of upland barriers between the two levels of estuary connectivity indicate that migration barriers in lowland reaches have significant effects throughout the entire catchment. Results of this study indicate that the location of each barrier to migration within river networks has varying consequences for catchment-scale connectivity loss and assessing the impacts of multiple barriers. Determining the effects and most appropriate management of migration barriers requires that all obstructions within a river network are recognised, as multiple barriers can have cumulative and interacting consequences for freshwater fish fauna, especially diadromous species.     

Threats, conservation strategies, and prognosis for suckers (Catostomidae) in North America: insights from regional case studies of a diverse family of non-game fishes

Catostomid fishes are a diverse family of 76+ freshwater species that are distributed across North America in many different habitats. This group of fish is facing a variety of impacts and conservation issues that are somewhat unique relative to more economically valuable and heavily managed fish species. Here, we present a brief series of case studies to highlight the threats such as migration barriers, flow regulation, environmental contamination, habitat degradation, exploitation and impacts from introduced (non-native) species that are facing catostomids in different regions. Collectively, the case studies reveal that individual species usually are not threatened by a single, isolated factor. Instead, species in general face numerous stressors that threaten multiple stages of their life history. Several factors have retarded sucker conservation including widespread inabilities of field workers to distinguish some species, lack of basic natural history and ecological knowledge of life history, and the misconception that suckers are tolerant of degraded conditions and are of little social or ecological value. Without a specific constituent group lobbying for conservation of non-game fishes, all such species, including members of the catostomid family, will continue to face serious risks because of neglect, ignorance, and misunderstanding. We suggest that conservation strategies should incorporate research and education/outreach components. Other conservation strategies that would be effective for protecting suckers include freshwater protected areas for critical habitat, restoration of degraded habitat, and design of catostomid-friendly fish bypass facilities. We believe that the plight of the catostomids is representative of the threats facing many other non-game freshwater fishes with diverse life-history strategies globally.     

Identifying unique populations in long-dispersal marine species: Gulfs as priority conservation areas

Identification of areas which should be a subject of protection is crucial for safeguarding the marine ecosystems. Amongst the reasons for protecting a region or location, the existence of unique populations or evolutionary significant units for one or more key species is a priority. The North American silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, is currently managed as two stocks (northern and southern) without considering gulf areas separately. Employing microsatellite and mitochondrial markers we have detected significant F_ST values between hake individuals inhabiting gulfs and those distributed in the open sea, and asymmetric gene flow, higher from the gulf to the open sea than in the opposite direction. These differences can be interpreted as signals of separate populations in gulfs which may act as sources of variability for hake species. Occurrence of similar phenomena in Atlantic waters in both the northern and the southern Hemisphere, for these two pelagic–demersal hake species, suggests that gulfs may constitute a target for designing marine protected areas and confirms the adequacy of gulf-specific management already employed in Argentina.     

Bioaccumulation of POPs from contaminated sediment to lamprey<Emphasis Type="Italic">(lampetra fluviatilis l.</Emphasis>) larva

Background  Adult sea lampreys, a delicate food species catch from Baltic Sea rivers, migrate from sea and spawn to sediments of still river water areas. Their larva live there four years before return to sea. The few published studies of toxicity of the sediment contaminants to the lamprey larva, however, do not include chlorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), thus far. Kymijoki River in southeast Finland is known for high polychlorinated POP contamination which has been measured to accumulate in several bottom fauna and fish species. Goal of the Study  To obtain the first screening results of the bioaccumulation power of POPs from sediment to lamprey larva during their life stage in the contaminated sediment. The accumulated dioxin-type of toxic load (TEQ) was also studied as a possible human hazard. Methods  Surface sediment and lamprey larva were sampled from four localities of the lower Kymijoki River and analysed for MeO-PBDEs, PBDEs, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDEs, PCDFs, and PCDTs by solvent extraction, column clean up and GC/MS procedures. The larva were sorted to seven composites according to locality and (for one place) size of the specimens (to classes of small, medium and large individuals). From the analysis results, TEQ values for composites and the bioaccumulation factors from dry sediment to fresh larva (BSAF), from dry sediment to larva lipid (BSAFlw) and from sediment organic carbon to larva lipid (BSAFoc) were calculated. Results and Discussion  TEQ load was highest (about 500 pg g^-1 ww) in large larva composite due to high bioaccumulation of PCB 118, 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (D66) and toxic penta- to octa-CDFs. A high positive significant correlation was found between weight and length of larva. Instead, lipid content had no significant correlations with weight and length of larva. Larva lipid or sediment organic carbon did not correlate significantly with any of the calculated BSAF, BSAFlw and BSAFoc values. Therefore, statistical comparisons between substance properties and bioaccumulation rate were possible for BSAF alone. These comparisons indicated a slightly significant increase of PCBs, but very significant decrease of PCDF bioaccumulation from sediment to larva by increase of the number of chlorine atoms (NCI) in the molecule. This property of highly chlorinated PCDFs indicates, as found earlier for local fish, a kinetic control of bioaccumulation by slow release from sediment back to water and the food chain. Recommendation and Outlook  The results obtained point out that bioaccumulation of POPs in lamprey larva is a possible source of toxic hazard to human food consumption and to development of lamprey species. Therefore, both larva and adult lampreys should be studied further for significance of their POP contamination compared with other experiences on impact of POPs to human and wildlife.     

Assessing the potential impacts of climate change and their conservation implications in Japan: A case study of conifers

The Japanese archipelago is a biodiversity hotspot with a unique regional climate influenced by the Asian monsoon circulation, surrounding seas, and complex topography. Japan has numerous mountains and islands, which are potentially vulnerable to climate change. This study evaluated the potential impact of climate change on species diversity in Japan, using 25 conifer tree species as a case study. We applied ensemble models based on generalised additive models, artificial neural networks, generalised boostedmodels, and random forests to species’ locality records at 1 km² resolution. The results indicated a substantial impact, such that 80% of the species may lose over half of their current climatically suitable areas by 2100. The lower altitudinal range limits were projected to shift upwards by 293 m on average, suggesting that alpine/sub-alpine and sub-boreal species may face widespread local extinctions. The impacts on sub-alpine species may be moderated by assisted migration to the northern island where they currently do not occur. However, climatically suitable areas for these species and sub-boreal species that occur on the island overlapped significantly, indicating that assisted migration may entail the risk of introducing biotic competition or interbreeding. Thus, rugged topography and dispersal barriers between islands are likely to amplify the future impacts of climate change in Japan. Limited areas in the central mountain region were identified as potential bioclimatic refugia, which should be conserved as a priority.     

Assessing the Effect of Saltwater Intrusion on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Plumes Via Numerical Modelling

A contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons was detected in a sandy aquifer below a petrochemical plant in Southern Italy. The site is located near the coastline and bordered by canals which, together with pumping wells, control submarine groundwater discharge toward the sea and seawater intrusion (SWI) inland. In this study, a three-dimensional flow and transport model was developed using SEAWAT-4.0 to simulate the density-dependent groundwater flow system. Equivalent freshwater heads from 246 piezometers were employed to calibrate the flow simulation, while salinity in 193 piezometers was used to calibrate the conservative transport. A second dissolved species, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), was included in the numerical model to simulate the plumes originating from light non-aqueous-phase liquid. A detailed field investigation was performed in order to determine the fate of dissolved hydrocarbons. Fifteen depth profiles obtained from multilevel samplers (MLS) were used to improve the conceptual model, originally built using a standard monitoring technique with integrated depth sampling (IDS) of salinity and TPH concentrations. The calibrated simulation emphasises that density-dependent flow has a great influence on the migration pattern of the hydrocarbons plume. This study confirms that calibration of density-dependent models in sites affected by SWI can be successfully reached only with MLS data, while standard IDS data can lead to misleading results. Thus, it is recommended to include MLS in the characterization protocols of contaminated sites affected by SWI, in order to properly manage environmental pollution problems of coastal zones.     

Consequences of adult and juvenile movement for marine protected areas

Adult and juvenile mobility has a considerable influence on the functioning of marine protected areas. It is recognized that adult and juvenile movement reduces the core benefits of protected areas, namely protecting the full age–structure of marine populations, while at the same time perhaps improving fisheries yield over the no-reserve situation through export of individuals from protected areas. Nevertheless, the study of the consequences of movement on protected area functioning is unbalanced. Significant attention has been paid to the influence of certain movement patterns, such as diffusive movement and home ranges, while the impacts of others, such as density-dependent movements and ontogenetic migrations, have been relatively ignored. Here we review the diversity of density-independent and density-dependent movement patterns, as well as what is currently known about their consequences for the conservation and fisheries effects of marine protected areas. We highlight a number of ‘partially addressed’ issues in marine protected area research, such as the effects of reserves targeting specific life phases, and a number of essentially unstudied issues, such as density-dependent movements, nomadism, ontogenetic migrations, behavioral polymorphism and ‘dynamic’ reserves that adjust location as a realtime response to habitat changes. Assessing these issues will be essential to creating effective marine protected area networks for mobile species and accurately assessing reserve impacts on these species.     

过鱼设施进口区域水温对集诱鱼效果的影响

库区水温分层与过鱼通道隔断是水利水电工程建设随之产生的生态环境影响之一。过鱼效果是评估过鱼设施建设成功与否的关键指标。对于存在水温分层的高坝工程而言,过鱼设施进口附近存在的温差效应是否会对进口区域的集诱鱼效果产生影响是当前应该解决的首要问题之一。该研究通过建立三维水温水动力数学模型与包含过鱼设施进口段和明渠河流段的物理模型,分别开展了水温水动力预测及实鱼过鱼试验研究工作,研究结果表明：温差效应对进口附近水动力条件影响甚微,影响区域主要取决于鱼道流量,而岸边水温量值则取决于温差的大小;增大明渠流量将增加上溯鱼类发现鱼道进口的难度;沿冷水区域上溯样本量占总样本的39%,沿温水区域上溯样本量占总样本的61%,由此可知,温水区域对洄游鱼类更具有吸引力;温差效应在一定程度上有利于洄游鱼类发现鱼道进口并在进口区域聚集,与冷水区域相比,温水有效区域鱼进入鱼道进口的尝试率提高了17个百分点。研究成果可为相关人员尝试采用改变水温调整洄游鱼类上溯路线,改善鱼道进口集诱鱼,进而提升鱼道过鱼效果提供思路。     

电站尾水渠内鱼道进口位置布局

电站尾水渠是上溯鱼类较为理想的聚集场所,利用电站尾水渠合理布置鱼道进口,是目前大中型河流鱼道建设中的研究热点之一。该文通过数值模拟,结合鱼类游泳能力,对利用电站尾水诱鱼的鱼道进口布置进行研究。结果表明:机组运行方式、鱼道进口位置与出流方向均对鱼道进口诱鱼水流产生较大影响。机组运行方式决定了尾水渠内主流的位置,并在主流两侧形成多个回流区。回流区水流的旋转方向和位置对鱼道进口诱鱼水流的影响较大,鱼道进口的诱鱼水流动量较小,其出流方向应与回流区水流方向一致,并可根据电站运行方式,设置多个鱼道进口。主流与回流区之间的过渡区域是布置鱼道进口的重点区域。该研究结果可为优化改进大中型河流鱼道进口设计提供重要参考。     

Do native species limit survival of reintroduced Atlantic salmon in historic rearing streams?

Reintroduction of extirpated populations creates a unique context that can exacerbate the effects of interactions among species. Thus, reintroduced populations may be particularly vulnerable to predators and competitors, including native species with which they historically coexisted. In this study, we evaluated the effect of native fishes on survival of reintroduced Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the Connecticut River basin, where the native salmon population is extinct. Juvenile salmon are stocked annually in many Connecticut River tributaries. We sampled salmon reintroduction sites across tributaries with different fish communities to determine whether native fish reduce the success of salmon reintroductions (N = 19 site-years). Increased density of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a native generalist predator, was associated with reduced recruitment of reintroduced salmon. Salmon first-summer survival declined with increased sculpin density across sites, and low first-summer survival led to reduced densities of overyearling salmon the subsequent year. Hierarchical partitioning analysis showed that the negative relationship between sculpin and salmon was independent of potentially confounding variation in other fish community or habitat characteristics. Negative effects of native, historically-sympatric species, particularly generalist predators, can impede restoration of extirpated populations.     

Determination of niclosamide residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillet tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography

Bayluscide [the ethanolamine salt of niclosamide (NIC)] is a registered piscicide used in combination with 3-(trifluoromethyl)-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to control sea lamprey populations in streams tributary to the Great Lakes. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of NIC residues in muscle fillet tissues of fish exposed to NIC and TFM during sea lamprey control treatments. NIC was extracted from fortified channel catfish and rainbow trout fillet tissue with a series of acetone extractions and cleaned up on C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridges. NIC concentrations were determined by HPLC with detection at 360 and 335 nm for rainbow trout and catfish, respectively. Recovery of NIC from rainbow trout (n = 7) fortified at 0.04 microg/g was 77 +/- 6.5% and from channel catfish (n = 7) fortified at 0.02 microg/g was 113 +/- 11%. NIC detection limit was 0.0107 microg/g for rainbow trout and 0.0063 microg/g for catfish. Percent recovery of incurred radioactive residues by this method from catfish exposed to [(14)C]NIC was 89.3 +/- 4.1%. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for rainbow trout (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 78 +/- 5.1 and 68 +/- 2.4%, respectively. Percent recoveries of NIC from fortified storage stability tissue samples for channel catfish (n = 3) analyzed at 5 and 7.5 month periods were 88 +/- 13 and 76 +/- 21%, respectively.