Toxicological properties of metaflumizone

Metaflumizone is a new insecticide developed for crop protection and urban pest control by BASF. Its mammalian toxicological profile was assessed by conducting multiple toxicity studies in the rat, mouse, and dog, covering all relevant endpoints. Metaflumizone is characterized by very low acute toxicity, is not irritating to the eye or the skin and does not possess a potential to induce skin sensitization. The substance also shows relatively low toxicity following subchronic oral or dermal exposure to mammals. In addition, metaflumizone demonstrates low toxicological potential following chronic oral exposure to rats, mice, and dogs. Overall, the lowest no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is 12mg/(kgday) from the 1-year chronic dog study. In a battery of in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity assays, the weight-of-the-evidence indicates a lack of potential genotoxicity for metaflumizone. Furthermore, the compound demonstrated a lack of potential oncogenicity in long-term toxicity studies in rats and mice. Results from the rat multi-generation reproductive toxicity study as well as the rat and rabbit developmental toxicity studies indicate that metaflumizone is not selectively toxic to the offspring or fetus, as compared to the parents. Also, metaflumizone is not teratogenic in the rat or rabbit. Lastly, no neurotoxicity could be detected in acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies in rats.     

丝胶蛋白滋养润白保湿面膜的毒理学试验结果

本品以丝胶蛋白为主要配料,经特殊工艺提取处理和配制,研制成功产品丝胶蛋白滋养润白保湿面膜。依据卫生部《化妆品卫生规范》(2007),对它进行了毒理学试验。本文简要介绍了丝胶蛋白滋养润白保湿面膜的毒理学试验检测结果。     

Metabolism of Saponins From Narthecium Ossifragum - a Plant Implicated in the Aetiology of Alveld,a Hepatogenous Photosensitization of Sheep

One sheep was dosed over 4 consecutive days with 2.1 kg of leaves and flower stems of Narthecium ossifragum before it was killed. Sarsasapogenin and smilagenin glycosides, in the ratio 9:1, were the dominant saponins present in the dosed plant material. GC-MS analyses of the free and conjugated sapogenin content of samples recovered from the sheep identified three distinct regions of metabolic activity. In the first metabolic region, in the rumen and omasum, the ingested plant saponins were hydrolysed to the parent sapogenins, before being oxidized at C-3 and reduced to give the epi analogues of the ingested sapogenins. The second metabolic region consisted of the duodenum, jejunum, the liver and associated ducts. Sapogenins appear to be absorbed in the jejunum and may be transported via the portal vein to the liver, where 3-OH-5-H sapogenins (epismilagenin and episarsasapogenin), but not 3-OH-5-H sapogenins (smilagenin and sarsasapogenin), are conjugated and excreted into the bile as episarsasapogenin and epismilagenin conjugates in the ratio 4:1. In the third metabolic region, in the caecum and the colon, the epi-sapogenin conjugates were hydrolysed to free epi-sapogenins. The absence of free and/or conjugated sapogenins in urine, collected 24 h after dosing commenced, indicates that saponins and their metabolites are not likely to be implicated in the kidney disease occurring in ruminants ingesting N. ossifragum.     

木鳖子不同皂甙组分免疫佐剂作用的研究

本实验用OVA作为抗原,木鳖子粗皂甙及其经硅胶G分离得到的5个组分（A、B、C、D和E）作为佐剂,免疫ICR雌性小鼠,测定各试验组小鼠抗体效价及抗体亚类。结果表明各组分均有佐剂作用,其活性随流出顺序（A→B→C→D→E）呈递增趋势。     

皂苷生物活性及应用研究进展

皂苷具有抗肿瘤、提高免疫力、调节脂类代谢等多种生物学活性。随着分离与提纯技术的不断发展,人们对皂苷的生物活性、研究价值、开发前景等认识更加明晰。该文综述了皂苷的结构、生物学活性和在动植物生产及药物开发中的应用价值,旨在为进一步认识、研究、开发、利用皂苷提供科学参考。     

类噻唑烷酮离子阻断剂药物毒理学安全性评价

本研究对实验室合成的一种用于治疗动物腹泻的药物囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator,CFTR)抑制剂——类噻唑烷酮进行了毒理学安全性评价。将受试物通过灌胃给予试验动物,通过全身毒性试验、小鼠精子致变试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验和Ames试验进行安全性评价。结果显示,受试物没有全身急性毒性;在体内没有对生殖细胞致突变作用;不会对染色体和细胞有丝分裂造成损伤;没有诱变性。本研究为进一步将该类噻唑烷酮应用于治疗仔猪腹泻提供可靠的试验依据。     

9种豆科牧草总黄酮和总皂苷积累规律的研究

黄酮和皂苷不仅是植物中重要的防御性次生代谢产物,而且具有显著的药理和生理活性,对于植物的抗性研究和工业化应用具有重要意义。对鹰嘴紫云英(Astragalus cicer L.)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop)、百脉根(Lotus corniculatus L.)、小冠花(Coronilla varia L.)、黄花草木樨(Melilotus officinalis(L.)Desr.)和苜蓿(Medicago L.)多种豆科牧草中总黄酮和总皂苷的周年积累规律和分布特点进行研究,以期为豆科牧草建立科学的牧刈制度和合理应用提供理论依据。结果表明:总黄酮和总皂苷在不同属间和品种间的动态变化各不相同;在不同组织中的分布也不同,在整个生育时期,均为叶片中的含量多于茎秆中的。前5种豆科牧草的总黄酮含量显著高于苜蓿,是提取总黄酮的优质材料;红豆草、鹰嘴紫云英、黄花草木樨及苜蓿的总皂苷含量均高于小冠花和百脉根,是提取皂苷产品的优质材料。     

苜蓿皂苷对山羊瘤胃细菌发酵的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿皂苷对山羊瘤胃细菌发酵功能的影响。选择4只22月龄、体况良好、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的徐淮山羊,晨饲后3 h采集瘤胃液,分离出细菌后,采用批次培养法进行体外发酵。试验分0%(对照组)、1%、2%及3%4个组,每组3个发酵瓶,每个发酵瓶为1个重复,体外厌氧培养24 h后,分别测定各处理组pH值、氨态氮浓度、微生物蛋白浓度及总挥发性脂肪酸含量。结果表明:添加1%~3%的苜蓿皂苷可以降低瘤胃细菌发酵液的pH值,提高总挥发性脂肪酸和氨态氮的浓度,但未对微生物蛋白浓度产生显著影响。     

皂甙对畜禽的营养作用

皂甙是含甾体或三萜结构的糖苷配基 ,在植物和植物产品中大量存在 ,与人类和动物的营养有重要关系。皂甙的功能主要包括膜通透性、抑菌抗肿瘤作用、提高饲料采食量、促进动物的生长、杀原虫及抗氧化作用     

超声波法提取苜蓿皂甙最适条件的研究

为了优化紫花苜蓿中苜蓿皂甙的提取工艺,采用L9(34)正交试验方法,以苜蓿总皂甙提取量为评价指标,优选苜蓿皂甙的提取条件。结果表明,甲醇浓度、甲醇用量、提取时间、提取次数对苜蓿皂甙的提取量都有极显著影响,最佳提取工艺为50%的甲醇,苜蓿草粉15倍量,超声波提取2次,每次30min。     

超声波法提取苜蓿皂甙最适条件的研究

为了优化紫花苜蓿中苜蓿皂甙的提取工艺，采用L9（3^4）正交试验方法，以苜蓿总皂甙提取量为评价指标，优选苜蓿皂甙的提取条件。结果表明，甲醇浓度、甲醇用量、提取时间、提取次数对苜蓿皂甙的提取量都有极显著影响，最佳提取工艺为50％的甲醇，苜蓿草粉15倍量，超声波提取2次，每次30min。     

苜蓿皂苷对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响

本文以460日龄的褐壳蛋鸡为试验对象,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加不同水平紫花苜蓿皂苷,研究其对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响。试验将200只蛋鸡随机分为5个处理,分别饲喂基础日粮(Ⅰ),基础日粮+0.5%胆固醇(Ⅱ),基础日粮+0.5%胆固醇+120 mg·kg^-1苜蓿皂苷(Ⅲ),基础日粮+0.5%胆固醇+240 mg·kg^-1苜蓿皂苷(Ⅳ),基础日粮+0.5%胆固醇+480 mg·kg^-1苜蓿皂苷(Ⅴ),试验期为63 d。结果表明:在蛋鸡饲粮中添加胆固醇或胆固醇+不同水平的苜蓿皂苷均能改善其产蛋率、增加蛋重、降低料蛋比,其中0.5%胆固醇+120 mg·kg^-1组效果显著。添加胆固醇对蛋黄重改进作用较大;各试验组的蛋黄颜色都有改进,其中0.5%胆固醇+240 mg·kg^-1苜蓿皂苷组(Ⅳ)和0.5%胆固醇+480 mg·kg^-1苜蓿皂苷组(Ⅴ)的蛋黄颜色显著提高;各试验组的哈氏单位都较对照组高,其中0.5%胆固醇+480 mg·kg^-1组(Ⅴ)提高显著。综合认为,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加胆固醇或胆固醇+苜蓿皂苷有提高蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的作用。     

Ruminal Metabolism in Sheep of Saponins from Yucca schidigera

Fifty-five mg per kg live weight of crystallized Yucca schidigera saponins, corresponding to 26 mg/kg live weight of sapogenins, was given daily intraruminally to two lambs for 11 consecutive days. Neither of the lambs showed any sign of toxicity throughout the experimental period. One lamb was killed 5 h after the last dose and GC-MS analysis of the free and conjugated sapogenin content samples of liver, and of the contents of the rumen, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon and rectum, of faecal samples collected before dosing started, and of parts of the administered Yucca saponin were performed. The Yucca material contained mainly sarsasapogenin and smilagenin saponins. Ingested saponins were quickly hydrolysed in the rumen to free sapogenins and, in part, epimerized at C-3 to afford episapogenins. The absorption of free sapogenins appeared to occur in the jejunum. The metabolism of Yucca saponins was identical to that of Narthecium ossifragum saponins, and it is suggested that Yucca saponins could replace N. ossifragum saponins for toxicity studies on the latter plant.     

苜蓿皂甙对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨苜蓿(Medicago sativa)皂甙对断奶仔猪生长性能和抗氧化性能的影响,选用72头体重7.5 kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交断奶仔猪进行研究。试验随机分为4组:基础日粮组(C)、基础日粮添加0.5%苜蓿皂甙组(T1)、基础日粮添加1%苜蓿皂甙组(T2)和基础日粮添加2%苜蓿皂甙组(T3),每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪(公母各3头)。结果表明:苜蓿皂甙可以显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重(P<0.05),降低料重比,以T2组(1%苜蓿皂甙)效果最好;苜蓿皂甙可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清和组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性(P<0.05),降低丙二醛(MDA)的含量(P<0.05),而且随着苜蓿皂甙水平的增加,仔猪血清和组织中GSH-PX,SOD的活性呈升高趋势,MDA的含量呈下降趋势。因此,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加苜蓿皂甙可以提高其抗氧化能力,促进其生长。     

苜蓿皂甙对蛋品质及胆固醇含量的影响

本试验以海兰褐蛋鸡为研究对象,探索苜蓿皂苷对蛋品质及胆固醇含量的影响。将480只23周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为8组,每组5个重复进行试验,对照组(基础日粮),苜蓿草粉组(5%苜蓿草粉),处理I~VI组在基础日粮中分别添加500,1 000,1 500,2 000,2 500,3 000mg·kg-1苜蓿皂甙(总甙含量34%),于试验第1,15,30,45天时测定蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳相对重、蛋黄指数、蛋黄颜色和蛋黄胆固醇含量。结果表明:苜蓿皂甙和苜蓿草粉对常规蛋品指标无显著影响;苜蓿草粉对蛋黄颜色有明显提高作用(P0.05),皂甙处理组蛋黄颜色较对照组有所降低。苜蓿草粉处理下蛋黄颜色均高于对照组和处理组,且在15天和45天时显著高于所有处理组;苜蓿皂甙对蛋黄胆固醇浓度和鸡蛋胆固醇含量无显著影响;但是,在15,30和45天时,处理组与苜蓿草粉组的蛋黄胆固醇浓度较对照组有所降低但差异不显著,在15天和45天时,处理组与苜蓿草粉组的鸡蛋胆固醇浓度较对照组有所降低但不显著。因此苜蓿皂甙对常规蛋品指标没有影响,对降低鸡蛋中胆固醇浓度与胆固醇含量没有显著作用。     

苜草素多糖、黄酮和皂苷对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7β-防御素基因表达的影响

本研究旨在观察苜草素活性成分多糖、黄酮、皂苷对小鼠β-防御素表达的影响。分别采用含有30、60、90、150μg.mL-1苜草素多糖、含有10、20、30、50μg.mL-1苜草素黄酮、含有30、60、90、150μg.mL-1苜草素皂苷的细胞培养液处理RAW264.7细胞,观察其对小鼠RAW264.7细胞β-防御素(mouse beta-defensin,mBD)mRNA表达水平的影响。结果发现,苜草素多糖对mBD1的表达水平没有影响,对mBD2、mBD3的表达有促进作用,30μg.mL-1效果最明显;苜草素黄酮促进mBD1的表达,10μg.mL-1效果最明显,对mBD2、mBD3的表达有抑制作用;苜草素皂苷对mBD1的表达有促进作用,对mBD2的表达水平没有影响,对mBD3表达有抑制作用。苜草素中的多糖、黄酮、皂苷对RAW264.7细胞mBDs表达的作用效果不同,苜草素多糖可能主要促进动物的特异性免疫功能,苜草素黄酮、皂苷可能促进动物的先天性免疫功能。     

蒺藜皂苷对体外瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在利用人工瘤胃双外流连续培养系统,初步研究日粮中添加不同浓度(0、0.15、0.30、0.60 g/L)蒺藜皂苷(GSTT)对反刍动物瘤胃发酵参数的影响。结果表明,日粮添加不同水平GSTT对瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度无显著影响(P>0.05);随着GSTT添加水平的提高,人工瘤胃液内NH₃-N浓度、乙酸摩尔比例和乙酸/丙酸比例显著降低(P<0.05),丙酸摩尔比例显著升高(P<0.05)。提示,GSTT可望作为一种潜在的反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控剂来改变瘤胃发酵模式,改善对饲料能量和蛋白质的利用效率。综合考虑,0.30 g/L GSTT为较适宜添加量。     

苜蓿皂苷对高脂血症大鼠胆固醇代谢及其相关基因表达的影响

本文旨在探讨苜蓿皂苷对高脂血症大鼠胆固醇代谢及肝脏组织中胆固醇7α-羟化酶( CYP7 A1)、低密度脂蛋白受体(LDL-R)基因表达的影响.取雄性健康SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组,分别为:正常对照组、高脂模型组、苜蓿皂苷预防组和苜蓿皂苷治疗组,每组10只.正常对照组饲喂基础饲粮,其余3组均饲喂高脂饲粮,其中苜蓿皂苷预防组从第1周开始灌胃240 mg/kg苜蓿皂苷,苜蓿皂苷治疗组从第5周开始灌胃240 mg/kg苜蓿皂苷,试验期共8周.测定试验大鼠体重、肝脏系数、血脂水平和肝脏病理变化情况,并采用酶联免疫法和实时荧光定量PCR技术分别检测大鼠肝脏CYP7A1和LDL-R的蛋白和mRNA表达结果.结果表明:1)和高脂模型组相比,苜蓿皂苷极显著降低预防组大鼠体重及预防组和治疗组血清总胆固醇及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P＜0.01),同时改善肝脏脂化程度.2)苜蓿皂苷预防组和治疗组CYP7 A1和LDL-R的蛋白和mRNA表达量极显著高于高脂模型组(P＜0.01).结果提示,苜蓿皂苷通过促进肝脏CYP7A1和LDL-R的表达,增强肝脏胆固醇的排泄,发挥其对高脂血症的预防和治疗作用.     

Summer Variation in the Concentration of Steroidal Sapogenins in and the Degree of Fungal Infection on Narthecium ossifragum plants from Møre og Romsdal County,Norway

Thirty-nine leaf samples ofNarthecium ossifragum collected from eight sites in More og Romsdal County, Norway, during June–September 1997 and 41 leaf samples collected at five sites in the same county during June–August 1998 were analysed for the concentrations of steroidal sapogenins using GC-MS. The 1998 samples were also examined for fungal elements (conidia and hyphae) after incubation in a moist chamber for 10–14 days. The highest 1997 and 1998 leaf sapogenin concentrations (4881 and 7115 mg/kg dry matter, respectively) were 13–14 times greater than the lowest sapogenin concentrations found (344 and 531 mg/kg dry matter, respectively). The results did not reveal systematic differences in sapogenin concentrations between the two seasons, or between samples harvested early or late in the same seasons, or between sapogenin concentrations in plants harvested at different sites.Cladosporium magnusianum was the predominant fungus found in the samples. The degree of fungal infection on the samples was in generally low, but the number ofC. magnusianum colonies in the moist chamber preparations and fungal elements (conidia and hyphae) in leaf washings and on leaves tended to increase with time. Factor analysis and multiple regression analysis performed on the chemical and fungal results suggest that sporulation may have occurred in the fungi in response to increase in sapogenin concentrations.