牛白细胞介素-2在毕赤酵母中的表达

将编码牛白细胞介素-2(BoIL2)成熟肽的cDNA克隆到巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达载体pPICZB中，构建出含BoIL2基因的重组质粒BoIL2-pPICZB。将经Sac Ⅰ酶切后线性化的BoIL2-pPICZB电转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33中，转化子经高浓度Zeoein抗性筛选鉴定后，用1％甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。经SDS-PAGE及Western blotting检测，表明BoIL2在酵母中获得了胞内表达；通过金属螯合亲和层析(MCAC)获得纯化的重组蛋白；培养小鼠CTLL2细胞进行活性检测，证实所表达的重组BoIL2具有生物活性。     

猪瘟病毒E2基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

猪瘟是严重危害养猪业的一种烈性传染病,病死率高,被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为必须报告的动物疫病。E2蛋白是猪瘟病毒中最主要的保护性抗原,因此,围绕E2的基因工程疫苗研究已成为热点。本研究以含有猪瘟E2基因的重组质粒pMD18-T-E2为模板,设计一对特异性引物扩增去除跨膜区的E2基因,将PCR产物插入巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA中,构建重组质粒pPICZαA-E2,将该质粒用SacⅠ酶切线性化后,电穿孔导入巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33中,经Zeocin筛选得到高拷贝转化子,通过甲醇诱导表达、SDS-PAGE和Western bolt试验验证,结果表明E2蛋白在酵母中获得成功表达。     

猪白细胞介素2基因的克隆和酵母表达

以伴刀豆球蛋白A（ConA）诱导的猪外周血淋巴细胞中提取的总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR技术扩增出约500 bp的DNA片段,对阳性克隆进行测序与分析。结果：所克隆的基因与GenBank上公布的猪白细胞介素2（PoIL-2）基因的同源性为100%,表明试验成功获得了PoIL-2基因的全序列克隆;以该重组质粒为模板进行PCR,扩增出PoIL-2成熟蛋白的基因片段,连接真核表达载体pPICZαA,成功地构建了重组PoIL-2成熟蛋白基因的真核表达载体pPICZαA-PoIL-2;电转化pPICZαA-PoIL-2于巴斯德毕赤酵母X-33,诱导表达后进行表达产物的SDS-PAGE鉴定,结果表明试验成功地建立了重组PoIL-2的酵母表达系统。     

传染性法氏囊病毒免疫原基因在毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达

从国内分离的鸡传染性法氏囊病毒（IBDV）众多流行株中获得超强毒株（vvIBDV）,应用RT-PCR方法,扩增得到IBDV主要保护性抗原VP2基因的开放编码框,克隆至巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA,将该重组质粒pPICZαA-VP2以电转化方法转入毕赤酵母X-33感受态细胞中,通过PCR鉴定、表型筛选和抗生素浓度梯度筛选,获得高拷贝阳性重组酵母菌株X-33-pPICZαA-VP2。经摇瓶诱导表达试验获得稳定高效分泌表达的酵母工程菌,表达量为0.459mg/ml,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）、免疫印迹（Western-blot）以及动物试验表明,重组酵母工程菌表达的目的蛋白具有鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒天然蛋白的生物活性和免疫原性。     

堆形艾美球虫广东株3-1E基因在毕赤酵母中的表达

以重组质粒pGEM-3-1E为模板，扩增了序列两端分别含有EcoRⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点的堆形艾美球虫（Eimeria acervulina）广东株3-1E基因（长度为529bp），将3-1E基因克隆至巴斯德毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPICZαC中，构建了酵母表达质粒pPICZαC-3-1E。转化毕赤酵母X-33得到含有3-1E基因的重组酵母，甲醇诱导产生的目的蛋白经SDS-PAGE分析和免疫印迹检测，表明毕赤酵母成功表达了3-1E基因。     

犬细小病毒结构蛋白VP2基因的克隆和在毕赤酵母中表达

表达犬细小病毒VP2蛋白（CPV—VP2）,用于重组蛋白免疫小鼠制备单克隆抗体,并为犬细小病毒病的诊断奠定基础。采用PCR方法对CPVVP2基因进行扩增,将CPVVP2基因克隆到毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPICZAA中,构建真核重组表达载体pPICZAA-VP2,将该重组质粒线性化后,转化巴斯德毕赤酵母（Pichiapastoris）X-33中,甲醇诱导表达CPVVP2,SDs_PAGE和Westernblotting鉴定表达蛋白。结果,成功扩增了CPV—VP2基因,构建了真核重组表达载体pPICZAA—VP2,在毕赤酵母菌中表达出约68000蛋白。Western—blotting鉴定表明,表达蛋白为目的蛋白VP2。表达菌株扩大表达体系于培养基中培养,上清液用70％过硫酸铵4℃沉淀浓缩,采用His选择镍-亲和层析柱分离纯化获得重组的酵母表达的带组氨酸标签的VP2蛋白,表达量约3mg／L。结果表明,在毕赤酵母中成功地表达了CPV—VP2蛋白,且能被犬细小病毒VP2单克隆抗体特异识别。     

重组猪β防御素2在毕赤酵母中的表达及其鉴定

根据GenBank猪β防御素2(pBD-2)的氨基酸序列,参照酵母偏爱的密码子,设计无信号肽序列的pBD-2的基因编码序列,并由公司合成.将合成的基因通过SnaB Ⅰ和Not Ⅰ位点插入到酵母表达载体pPIC9K的α因子信号肽序列下游,构建成pBD-2基因的分泌表达载体pPIC9K/pBD-2.利用电穿孔法将经Sal Ⅰ线性化的pPIC9K/pBD-2质粒导入毕赤酵母GS115中,通过G418加压筛选得到His+Mut+表型的高拷贝转化子.经PCR检测证明pBD-2基因在毕赤酵母染色体上得到整合.阳性重组酵母经摇瓶发酵培养和甲醇诱导,用SDS-PAGE方法在发酵上清中检测到重组pBD-2的存在,说明构建重组酵母菌能够分泌性表达pBD-2.琼脂孔穴扩散法检测结果显示,pBD-2对金黄色葡萄球菌有较好的抑菌活性.     

猪圆环病毒2型ORF2基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

为探索猪圆环病毒2型ORF2基因(PCV2 ORF2)的高效表达,本实验将ORF2基因整合到酵母表达载体p GAPZαA中,构建重组质粒p GAPZαA-ORF2。通过AvrⅡ酶切线性化,经电穿孔法转到毕赤酵母菌X33中。经ZeocinTM抗性筛选得到转化子,在GAP强启动子调控下,通过SDS-PAGE分析和Western blotting鉴定,结果证实Cap蛋白在酵母载体p GAPZαA中得到成功分泌表达。     

金黄色葡萄球菌聚集因子A基因与牛IL-18基因真核共表达载体的构建与表达

参照聚集因子A(Clumping factor A,ClfA)和牛白介素18(BoIL-18)cDNA序列分别设计引物进行扩增,将ClfA基因和BoIL-18基因分别插入到真核双表达载体pBUDCE4.1的CMV和EF-1α2个启动子的下游,构建携带2个目的基因的重组真核双表达载体pBUDCE/ClfA/BoIL-18。在Cellfectin Reagent的作用下转染293T细胞,用间接免疫荧光试验检测ClfA和BoIl-18蛋白。结果表明,重组质粒pBUDCE/ClfA/BoIL-18在293T细胞中同时表达了ClfA和BoIL-18蛋白。该重组载体的成功构建为研究ClfA和BoIL-18重组共表达产物的生物学活性及其防治奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳腺炎的作用奠定基础。     

禽流感病毒NA基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母系统中的表达

采用PCR扩增禽流感病毒(AIV)NA基因，克隆入pMD18-T载体中，再亚克隆入含有AOX1启动子和α分泌信号肽序列的巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达载体pPIC9k中，构建了重组转移载体pPIC9kNA。经电穿孔转化酵母宿主菌GSll5和筛选高拷贝重组转化子及筛选His^ Mut^ 表型转化子后，摇瓶培养，10mL／L甲醇诱导表达后，经SDS-PAGE、Western-blotting、双向琼脂扩散试验、神经氨酸酶试验分析证明，获得了几株高效表达重组表达株，并且该重组NA蛋白具有免疫学活性。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -